不同密度巨桉人工林林下植物多样性及根际土壤化感物质

为探究巨桉人工林林下植物多样性的影响因素,选择四川省丹棱县4和8年生不同密度(1200、1600和2000株·hm^-2)巨桉人工林为对象,研究林下植物多样性和根际土壤酚类化感物质。结果表明: 共发现植物45种,隶属于33科44属;随林龄增加和林分密度降低,巨桉人工林林下植物种类增加且重要值分布更为均匀;各林分植物生活型以高位芽植物为主。4年生林地灌木Shannon指数和Margalef指数在1600株·hm^-2下显著升高,4年生林地除Margalef指数外其余草本多样性指数及8年生林地草本Pielou指数随林分密度降低均显著升高;灌木Shannon指数及Margalef指数在1200株·hm^-2下8年生林地显著高于4年生林地。根际土壤中鉴定出5种酚类化感物质,4年生林地根际土壤中水杨酸浓度在1600株·hm^-2下显著降低,5,7-二羟基黄酮浓度随林分密度降低而显著降低;水杨酸浓度在8年生林地根际土壤中随林分密度降低显著升高;水杨酸浓度在2000株·hm^-2下4年生林地显著高于8年生林地,在1600株·hm^-2下相反;5,7-二羟基黄酮浓度在1200株·hm^-2下8年生林地显著高于4年生林地。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,土壤pH、容重、有机质、全磷、全氮及化感物质是林下植物多样性的主要环境影响因子。适度延长轮伐期、调节林分密度以改善林内微环境、缓冲巨桉的化感作用,可促进林下植被发育。     

Assessing potential biological control of the invasive plant, tree-of-heaven, Ailanthus altissima

Tree-of-heaven, Ailanthus altissima, is a deciduous tree indigenous to China and introduced into North America and Europe. It is a serious threat to ecosystems in introduced areas, as the plant is very competitive, and also contains allelopathic chemicals that may inhibit growth of surrounding native plants. In addition, the plant contains secondary chemicals that make it unpalatable to some insects. In this paper we assess potential biological control of this plant by reviewing literature associated with natural enemies of the plant from both its native and introduced regions in the world. Our literature surveys revealed that 46 phytophagous arthropods, 16 fungi, and one potyvirus were reported attacking tree-of-heaven, some apparently causing significant damage in China. Two weevils, Eucryptorrhynchus brandti and E. chinensis, are major pests of the plant in China and are reportedly restricted to tree-of-heaven, showing promise as potential biological control agents. Nymphs and adults of a homopteran insect, Lycorma delicatula and larvae of two lepidopteran species, Samia cynthia and Eligma narcissus, may also cause severe damage, but they are not host specific. Two rust fungi, Aecidium ailanthi J. Y. Zhuan sp. nov. and Coleosporium sp. have been reported on tree-of-heaven in China and are also promising potential candidates for biological control of the plant. Nine insect herbivores and 68 fungi are associated with tree-of-heaven in its introduced range in North America, Europe, and Asia. An oligophagous insect native to North America, the ailanthus webworm, Atteva punctella, may be a potential biocontrol agent for the plant. Among the fungal species, Fusarium osysporum f. sp. perniciosum, caused wilt of tree-of-heaven in North America and may have the potential to control the plant, but its non-target effect should be carefully evaluated. Our review indicates that there is potential for using insects or pathogens to control tree-of-heaven.     

蒙古栎次生林的生长更新与林下植被多样性对林分密度的响应

以辽宁省抚顺市清源县蒙古栎天然次生林为对象,在2018年对6块面积为0.1 hm²的蒙古栎样地进行疏伐,并于2020年调查样地内植被的生长情况,研究疏伐后形成的600(低密度)、720(中密度)、900株·hm^-2(高密度)3种密度对林木生长、林下实生苗更新与林下植被多样性的影响。结果表明: 由于疏伐后间隔年份较短,不同密度下树高、胸径无显著差异。但低密度下林冠对称指数显著高于高密度,表明树冠生长对于林分密度的响应比树干生长更迅速。中密度下实生更新苗数量最多,且相同苗高的实生苗地径显著高于其他两个密度,中密度下实生苗更新与幼苗生长都好于高、低密度。林中共有植物70种,隶属于41科67属,其中木本植物蒙古栎、胡枝子与草本植物山罗花、三叶委陵菜占优势地位。灌木层与草本层的优势度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数在中密度下表现最佳,表明该立地条件下林分密度保持在720株·hm^-2时更有助于辽东山区蒙古栎次生林的可持续发展。     

Intraguild predation by the generalist predator Dicyphus hesperus on the parasitoid Encarsia formosa

Predation was measured in the laboratory by Dicyphus hesperus females on patches of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) pupae. The patches contained different proportions of unparasitized pupae and those parastisized as nymphs by Encarsia formosa. Dicyphus hesperus fed readily on parasitized pupae and the number of parasitized pupae consumed increased with the proportion available indicating a capacity for intraguild predation. However, D. hesperus females did not display a preference for feeding on parasitized pupae versus unparasitized pupae. Dicyphus hesperus adults were released at three densities into greenhouse enclosures containing tomato plants harbouring greenhouse whitefly and immature E. formosa. Numbers of killed and parasitized whitefly nymphs and pupae and the total number of healthy whitefly were compared among Dicyphus density treatments. On upper leaves, the amount of predation on whitefly nymphs was higher at the highest predator density than at the lower density or in enclosures where D. hesperus was not released. On lower leaves, the number of parasitized pupae was lowest with the highest predator density indicating a negative effect of intraguild predation by D. hesperus on E. formosa. Despite this, Dicyphus density did not affect the density of whitefly in the presence of E. formosa. The results are discussed as they relate to concurrent use of D. hesperus and E. formosa for regulation of greenhouse whitefly populations.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区人工林叶面积特征

 该文通过对黄土丘陵区4个密度的刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）人工林、3个密度的侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）人工林生长季叶面积变化的研究,揭示了不同密度林分叶面积生长与林分密度的关系;通过对灌木生长季叶面积变化的研究,建立了灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）和紫穗槐（Amorpha fruticosa）叶面积与叶鲜重、枝条基径的经验公式,为半干旱区灌木生长调查提供了一种方便、快捷的方法。结果表明：1）刺槐和侧柏各密度林分的单株林木叶面积和叶面积指数均在9月达到最大值,其中刺槐林叶面积指数峰值可达到10.5,侧柏峰值可达到3.2;灌木柠条、沙棘和紫穗槐叶面积和叶面积指数都在8月份达到各自的最大值,柠条、沙棘和紫穗槐的叶面积指数峰值分别为1.1 95、1.123和1.882;2）刺槐叶面积与叶鲜重具有极显著相关的幂函数关系,侧柏、柠条、沙棘、紫穗槐叶面积与叶鲜重具有极显著相关的线性函数关系,其中柠条枝条基径与叶面积还具有极显著相关的幂函数关系,沙棘、紫穗槐枝条基径与叶面积还具有极显著相关的线性函数关系;3）黄土丘陵区,由于林地土壤水分条件的限制,承载力有限。人工林进入生长盛期后, 不同密度刺槐和侧柏林分叶面积指数趋于一致,与最初的造林密度和现存密度没有关系。在不同密度的刺槐和侧柏林分间,单株叶面积与其林分密度成反比。在对上述结果分析的基础上得出：黄土丘陵区,由于林地土壤水分条件的限制,承载力有限。该文所研究的刺槐和侧柏各林分均已达到了当地土地承载力的上限,基于提高单株林木质量的考虑,建议刺槐林郁闭后的密度不超过833株&;#8226;hm^-2,侧柏则不超过1 111株&;#8226;hm^－2。如以全林分生物量为目标,林分密度也可适当减小。     

不同林龄和密度对马尾松人工林凋落叶养分变化的影响

该文选择广西南宁市横县镇龙林场的4种林龄(幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林和过熟林)和4种密度(低密度林、中低密度林、中高密度林和高密度林)马尾松人工林共8种林分作为研究对象,分析了未破碎和破碎两个不同降解阶段的凋落叶C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量学特征。结果表明:(1)不同林龄中,凋落叶初始C、N含量在过熟林和成熟林中较高,P含量没有显著变化,且C∶N比值和C∶P比值从幼龄林到成熟林逐渐升高,说明较高林龄马尾松对N和P重吸收较低,而较低林龄马尾松对N和P重吸收较强,需要较大。(2)不同密度林中,随着林木密度的增加,凋落叶初始C含量逐渐升高,N含量无显著变化,P含量降低;高密度林凋落叶的初始C∶P比值和N∶P比值较高,说明高种植密度下马尾松可能对N和P养分的需求较大,P重吸收较强。(3)不同林龄和不同密度马尾松林的破碎凋落叶C含量、C∶N比值、C∶P比值和N∶P比值比未破碎凋落叶的低,N和P含量较高,说明凋落物在降解过程中出现N和P养分的富集现象。(4)中林龄和较高种植密度的马尾松破碎凋落叶与未破碎凋落物的C含量差值最大,C∶N比值和C∶P比值较低,说明这两种林分的凋落叶C的降解速率可能较大。上述结果说明,中龄林和中高、高密度林的马尾松可能对N和P养分的需求较大,重吸收效率较高,且凋落叶C的潜在分解速率较高,可能利于有机碳较快进入土壤中。     

林分密度对马尾松林下植物与土壤种子库多样性的影响

林分密度是影响林下植物多样性的重要因子。本研究以马尾松人工林为对象,设置低密度(1575株·hm^-2,D₁)、中密度(2474株·hm^-2,D₂)和高密度(3550株·hm^-2,D₃)3个林分密度,分析林下植物和土壤种子库多样性及二者的关系,为马尾松人工林实现多目标可持续发展提供科学依据。结果表明: 3种林分密度林下草本与灌木植物共有42科62属70种,D₁密度以喜光植物种类分布较多,而D₂、D₃密度以耐阴植物为主;3种林分密度间的草本、灌木的Margalef (M)、Shannon (H)、Simpson (D)、Pielou (J_sw)、Alatalo (Al)指数均随林分密度增加而呈下降趋势,且在草本与灌木层中对密度的响应不同。在草本层中,D₁与D₃的H、D、J_sw、Al指数均存在显著差异;在灌木层中,不同林分密度J_sw和Al指数存在显著差异,H和D指数差异不显著。土壤种子库H、D、J_sw和Al指数均随林分密度增加呈先下降后升高趋势,D₁密度的物种丰富度及多样性最高;不同林分密度下土壤种子库Jaccard与Sorensen相似性系数均较低。草本层M与J_sw指数呈显著正相关;灌木层林分密度与H、D、J_sw、Al指数的相关性大于草本层,而草本、灌木层的林分密度与J_sw指数均呈显著负相关。林分密度1575株·hm^-2是马尾松林下植被生长发育较为合适的密度,能够维持林下植物多样性,有利于马尾松人工林的可持续经营。     

不同密度华北落叶松林天然更新及其影响因子

以关帝山区8种林分密度(128、240、320、400、480、560、640和720株·hm^-2)华北落叶松纯林为研究对象,分析了不同密度下华北落叶松天然更新优劣及其影响因子。结果表明: 更新指数随林分密度增大先升高后降低,中密度(400～560株·hm^-2)林分更新效果明显优于过疏和过密林分;林下光环境、草本植物及凋落物对落叶松更新有双重作用,光照过强、草本植物盖度过大或凋落物过厚不利于林下更新,土壤有机质可使土壤质地松软、水分含量充足并形成低磷高氮环境促进林分更新;各因子对更新指数的影响依次为:土壤含水量(0.798)>全氮(0.621)>凋落物厚度(-0.597)>土壤孔隙度(0.504)>土壤有机质(0.493)>全磷(-0.404)>林下总光照(-0.274)>草本植物盖度(-0.021)。在后续森林经营中,可通过抚育间伐或补植将林分密度控制在480株·hm^-2左右,并适当清理林下凋落物,改善土壤条件,促进华北落叶松天然更新。     

Population dynamics of the harmful diatom Eucampia zodiacus Ehrenberg causing bleachings of Porphyra thalli in aquaculture in Harima-Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

The diatom Eucampia zodiacus Ehrenberg is one of the harmful diatom species which indirectly cause bleachings of Nori (Porphyra thalli) in aquaculture through competitive utilizing of nutrients (especially nitrogen) and resultant nutrient depletion in water columns during the bloom events. The seasonal changes in environmental factors, cell density and cell size of E. zodiacus were investigated for 4 years (April 2002–December 2005) to understand the population ecology of this diatom in Harima-Nada, the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Vegetative cells of E. zodiacus were usually detected year-round. Total cell densities of E. zodiacus annually peaked from mid-February to early April, and high cell densities were observed in the whole water columns during the bloom-period. Nutrient concentrations decreased with the increase of cell density of E. zodiacus, and low nutrients concentrations continued throughout the E. zodiacus bloom-period. The average cell size (length of apical axis) of E. zodiacus populations ranged from 10.8 μm to 81.2 μm, and the restoration of cell size occurred once in autumn every year just after reaching the minimum cell size. In addition, its great seasonal regularity was confirmed by the decrease and restoration of its cell size through 4-year study period. Temperature and nutrients were suitable in autumn for the growth of E. zodiacus, its blooms never occur in that season. These results strongly suggest that E. zodiacus did not have a resting stage, and it spends autumn for size restoration and starts to bloom thereafter in Harima-Nada in winter and spring, causing fishery damage to Nori aquaculture by resulting nutrient deprivation.     

Population structure of Adenostoma fasciculatum in mature stands of chamise chaparral in the southern Sierra Nevada,California

Summary In the low elevation chaparral areas of Sequoia National Park, California, pure stands of chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) are periodically rejuvenated by fire. Mature stands showed considerable variability in density and total biomass even though a positive correlation exists between the two. Mature stands showed a preponderance of individuals in the smaller size classes (inverse-J shape distribution). Dead shrubs found in mature stands also tended to be in the smaller size classes. This relatively high mortality of small individuals is important to post-fire stand development. In addition, resprout and seedling biomass one year after fire both showed inverse-J shaped size-class structures. A positive correlation existed between the preburn basal area of a shrub and its first year resprout biomass. Shrub biomass and distance to nearest neighbor were poorly correlated. A significant correlation existed between stand density and a stand's variance-to-mean ratio, indicating a trend toward more regular spacing as density increases. Pre-burn and fire-induced mortality tended to move the stand towards a more clumped distribution. Seedlings replaced dead individuals after a fire and thus restored regular spacing.     

湖北九宫山成熟常绿落叶阔叶混交林 3种优势种的邻域效应研究

以最近邻株距离统计研究了湖北九宫山成熟常绿落叶阔叶混交林3种优势种青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)、甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)和短柄枹栎(Quercus serrata var.brevipetiolata)的邻域效应,进而探讨了局域尺度上的竞争/帮促关系与物种共存格局。结果显示,青冈栎、甜槠和短柄枹栎的最近邻株距离不存在下限;青冈栎的胸径大小与其种内最近邻株距离存在正相关(p= 0.029),甜槠的胸径大小与种内、种间最近邻株距离均无相关性(p≥ 0.360),而短柄枹栎的胸径大小与种间最近邻株距离为负相关(p= 0.040);3树种中任意一个的种内与种间最近邻株距离都没有显著差异(p≥ 0.122)。这些结果表明,九宫山成熟常绿落叶阔叶混交林内邻域尺度上的竞争排斥并未充分激化,但是青冈栎的种内竞争仍然在起作用,而甜槠的竞争效应不明显,短柄枹栎则依赖种间帮促甚于相互竞争。同种和异种之间的排斥效果没有差异表明局域尺度的物种共存格局可能出于随机过程而非负密度制约过程。     

内生真菌感染对宿主羽茅及邻生植物抗病性的影响

Epichloë内生真菌能够影响宿主植物的抗病性, 但目前关于内生真菌感染对宿主邻生植物抗病性影响的研究很少。该研究首先调查了内蒙古呼伦贝尔天然草地中植物病害发生情况, 发现在常见牧草中禾本科植物病害最为严重, 其中感染内生真菌的羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)的总病情指数最低。进一步比较了与羽茅邻生及非邻生植物的病害差异, 结果显示羽茅显著降低了邻生羊草(Leymus chinensis)、狼针草(Stipa baicalensis)和冰草(Agropyron cristatum)的褐斑病病情指数。为探究羽茅对邻生植物病害的影响是否与其内生真菌有关, 分别从内生真菌发酵液、离体叶片和植株层面进行了室内验证试验。结果表明: 羽茅的2种内生真菌Epichloë gansuensis和Epichloë sibiricum发酵液显著抑制了新月弯孢(Curvularia lunata)、根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotioru)和三叶草核盘菌(Sclerotinia trifoliorum)的生长; 对于离体叶片, E. gansuensis和E. sibiricum显著减小了宿主叶片受4种病原真菌侵染后的病斑长度。在新月弯孢和根腐离蠕孢的植株接种条件下, 内生真菌显著降低了宿主羽茅及邻生植物羊草的病害程度。该研究首次发现并验证了羽茅内生真菌对邻生禾草抵御褐斑病有一定的增益作用。     

Tree dispersion in oak-dominated forests along an environmental gradient

Summary Spatial pattern was analyzed in seventeen stands of oak-dominated forest to address the hypothesis that species tended to be aggregated under favorable conditions and widely spaced in xeric, nutrient poor conditions. Trees were sampled at 80–100 points in each stand with the distance-to-nearest neighbor method. Soil samples were collected in each stand for analysis of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, soil pH, soil texture, and soil organic matter. Growing season precipitation was also recorded from climate stations near each stand. Quercus stellata (Wang.) dominated 10 stands, Q. marilandica (Muenchh.) dominated three stands and these species were codominant in four stands. Principal components analysis identified a soil texture/fertility gradient across the study area. Quercus stellata and all species combined were aggregated in most stands, whereas Q. marilandica was mostly randomly distributed within a stand. Small trees of all species combined tended to be aggregated and large trees were randomly dispersed in all but two stands, suggesting competition. Mean distance between large-large pairs was always greater than mean distance between small-small pairs in all stands, but this difference was only significant in one stand. Correlations between nearest neighbor distance and combined size of nearest neighbors were significant and positive in 12 of 17 stands. In all cases, however, slopes were shallow suggesting that competition is weak in these communities and has a limited effect on spacing of neighboring trees. Contrary to our hypothesis, trees were more aggregated on coarse-textured soils with low organic matter content. For all species combined, degree of aggregation was unrelated to growing season precipitation. Aggregation appears to be common in these forests because environmental stress in many stands reduces growth rates. Trees have not yet reached a size at which competition or other interactions can greatly increase interplant distances and reduce the degree of aggregation. A simple graphical model is developed to describe the relationship between patterns, stress and competition in plant communities.     

根系隔离条件下的谷子亲缘识别

在根系隔离情况下, 通过研究邻株身份(亲缘株、非亲缘株、陌生株)及其与种植密度(高、低)和土壤养分水平(高、低)交互作用对谷子(Setaria italica)形态学特征和生物量分配的影响, 探索谷子地上部分是否能够识别亲缘邻株, 以及谷子的这种亲缘识别能力对环境因子如何响应。结果显示: 1)亲缘组谷子叶生物量分配显著降低, 茎秆显著增粗, 暗示着亲缘组谷子植株间减少竞争, 并增强对当地多风气候的适应。而非亲缘组谷子叶生物量分配显著增加, 表明非亲缘组谷子植株间竞争较强。2)与非亲缘组相比, 陌生组谷子种子生物量分配显著增加, 株高显著减少, 表明陌生组谷子植株通过不对称竞争(与邻株糜(Panicum miliaceum)植株相比, 株高显著增加), 进一步限制邻株(糜)生长, 从而增强竞争能力, 同时, 将更多的生物量投资于繁殖, 增加适合度。3)在高密度种植条件下, 谷子茎生物量和叶生物量分配在各邻株身份处理间无显著差异, 而在低密度种植条件下, 与非亲缘组相比, 亲缘组谷子茎生物量显著增加, 叶生物量分配显著减小; 随着种植间距的增大(种植密度减小), 亲缘组谷子叶生物量分配显著减少, 而非亲缘组和陌生组叶生物量分配在高、低种植密度条件下无显著差异。4)在低土壤养分条件下, 亲缘组和非亲缘组谷子叶生物量分配无显著差异, 前者穗长显著小于后者, 而在高土壤养分条件下, 亲缘组谷子叶生物量分配显著小于非亲缘组, 前者穗长显著大于后者。结果表明, 在根系隔离的情况下,谷子能够识别亲缘邻株, 且谷子地上部分竞争信号在亲缘识别过程中扮演重要角色。较低种植密度和较高土壤养分水平有利于谷子亲缘识别能力的表达。     

Kin recognition in Setaria italica under the condition of root segregation

Aims Kin recognition may play an important part in the performance and productivity of crop plants. However, so far, little is known about whether crop plants can recognize their kin neighbors. The aim of this study was to explore kin recognition in Setaria italica, and its responses to changes in environmental and biological conditions.Methods A field experiment was conducted in the suburb of Shanghai. Setaria italica grew with different neighbors (kin, non-kin and strangers), under the condition of root segregation and different plant densities (high and low) and soil nutrient levels (high and low), respectively. We investigated how neighbor identity and its interactions with plant density and soil nutrient level affected the morphology and biomass allocation of S. italica.Important findings Under the condition of root segregation, 1) Leaf biomass allocation and stem diameter of plants in the kin groups significantly decreased and increased, respectively, suggesting that plants of S. italica in the kin groups reduced inter-individual competition, and adapted to the local windy climate. 2) Compared with the non-kin groups, plants in the stranger groups significantly increased the biomass allocation to seeds, while plant height decreased significantly, suggesting that the plants of S. italica in the stranger groups may reduce the growth of their neighbors due to asymmetric competition (S. italica significantly increased height compared with the neighboring plants, Panicum miliaceum). Therefore, the S. italic plants in the stranger groups allocated more biomass to reproduction and increased fitness than those in non-kin groups. 3) Under the condition of high plant density, no significant differences were found in stem biomass and leaf biomass allocation of plants among different neighbor identity treatments. While under the condition of low plant density, compared with the non-kin groups, biomass allocation to stem and leaf in the kin groups significantly increased and decreased, respectively. As the plant density decreased, plants in the kin groups decreased leaf biomass allocation significantly, while plants in the non-kin and stranger groups did not show such a response. 4) Under the condition of low soil nutrient level, no significant difference was found in leaf biomass allocation between the kin and non-kin groups, while the ear length of plants in the kin groups decreased significantly. Under the condition of high soil nutrient level, the biomass allocated to leaves in the kin groups decreased significantly, while ear length increased significantly compared with the non-kin groups. Therefore, under the condition of root segregation, plants of S. italica showed the ability to recognize their kin neighbors, and the aboveground competitive cues may play important roles in the course of kin recognition in S. italica. Lower plant density and higher soil nutrient level may facilitate the ability of kin recognition in S. italica.     

紫茎泽兰入侵对土壤细菌的群落组成和多样性的影响

外来生物入侵可能对生物群落结构和生态系统功能产生多种影响, 但入侵植物与土壤微生物群落组成和多样性的关系尚不清楚。为了揭示外来植物紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)入侵对土壤化学性质和细菌群落组成及多样性的影响, 本研究利用第二代高通量测序技术, 比较了紫茎泽兰不同入侵程度的生境(本地植物群落、紫茎泽兰与本地植物混生群落、紫茎泽兰单优群落)土壤中细菌群落的差异。土壤化学性质分析表明, 土壤pH值、有机质、全N和全K随着紫茎泽兰的入侵而逐渐降低, 而土壤全P则在入侵程度最高的生境土壤中最高。通过测序共获得7,755个细菌OUT (operational taxonomic unit)。结果表明, 紫茎泽兰入侵对土壤的细菌多样性影响较小, ACE和Chao指数在3种不同生境间的差异不显著。细菌在紫茎泽兰与本地植物混生群落中的Shannon指数最低, 即细菌的多样性在中等入侵程度的生境最低。此外, 紫茎泽兰入侵改变了土壤细菌组成和结构, 酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度, 从本地植物群落、混合群落到紫茎泽兰单优群落, 呈现出先增加后减少的趋势。可见, 紫茎泽兰入侵一定程度上改变了土壤微生物的多样性和群落结构, 并改变了土壤的化学性质。     

Short-Term Response of Land Birds to Ponderosa Pine Restoration

We monitored the short‐term (>3 years) response of land birds to forest restoration treatments in Ponderosa pine forests located on the east slope of the North Cascade Range. Restoration treatments were designed to create stand structure and composition similar to pre‐settlement forests, which were influenced by a frequent fire regime. Overall, avian community composition was changed as a result of the treatments. Cassin’s Finch, Chipping Sparrow, and Yellow‐rumped Warbler were found at higher densities in treated stands, whereas Mountain Chickadee, Western Tanager, and Red‐breasted Nuthatch had higher densities in untreated stands. White‐headed Woodpecker and Western Bluebird were only detected in the treated stands. Brown‐headed Cowbird showed no response to treatments. We detected changes in the density of four of five foraging guilds in response to restoration treatments. Tree seedeaters, low understory and ground insectivores, and aerial insectivores all increased in density in treated stands. Overall, bark insectivores showed no density response to treatments. Tree foliage insectivore density was lower in treated than in untreated stands. Overall avian density, density of neotropical migrants, and density of some focal species were higher in treated stands. Monitoring should be continued to understand the longer‐term (5–10 year) responses of land birds and to guide future forest restoration efforts.     

芸芥自交亲和性变异的初步研究

为了判断芸芥(Eruca sativa)自交亲和性的变异情况, 采用套袋自交、剥蕾自交和开放授粉3种方法, 对来源于中国、伊朗和巴基斯坦的52份芸芥的自交亲和指数及相对亲和指数进行了统计分析。结果表明: (1) 芸芥为高度自交不亲和植物, 其不同品种(系)中存在自交亲和基因; (2) 芸芥不同品种间自交亲和性存在广泛的变异, 品种间自交亲和指数介于0-4.98之间, 品种内不同个体间自交亲和性也存在广泛的变异; (3) 参试材料分为4种类型, 即高自交亲和、自交亲和、自交不亲和(0<自交亲和指数<1.00)及高自交不亲和; (4) 芸芥自交亲和性因生态类型而异, 西南地区的材料自交亲和性最高, 西北地区次之, 华北地区最低。总之, 芸芥为一种高度自交不亲和植物, 其自交亲和性状存在广泛的变异, 共有4种变异类型。     

钠盐胁迫对河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带典型一年生草本植物种子萌发的影响

研究不同浓度盐分(NaCl和NaHCO₃,0、40、80、120、160和200 mmol·L^-1)对6种河西走廊荒漠绿洲边缘人工林典型一年生草本植物(禾本科:狗尾草、虎尾草和小画眉草;藜科:雾冰藜、刺沙蓬和蒙古虫实)种子在当年秋季和次年春季的萌发和复萌的影响。结果表明: NaCl和NaHCO₃对6种植物种子的萌发有显著影响,NaHCO₃对种子萌发的抑制作用大于NaCl。NaHCO₃浓度达到160 mmol·L^-1时,6种植物基本不萌发或萌发率较低;NaCl浓度达到200 mmol·L^-1时,6种植物仍能够保持相对较高的萌发率。种子当年秋季萌发率(2.8%～20.0%)远低于次年春季萌发率(21.7%～81.6%),秋季复萌率(3.3%～20.0%)低于春季复萌率(5.0%～41.1%),当年生种子秋季多保持休眠,次年春季休眠减弱。6种一年生草本植物种子的耐盐性为:虎尾草＞狗尾草＞刺沙蓬＞雾冰藜＞蒙古虫实＞小画眉草。     

A modification of the method of the regular stand density increment

The employment of the classic stand density experiments in studies of the horizontal organization of plant stands is very laborious and requires a large experimental field area. The procedure based on the regular thickening of plant stands is more convenient for plants grown in a lower density. A simplified modification of this method is described which keeps a constant square nutritional area regardless of the plant densities.