中国内江猪肾脏的的解剖学研究

根据医学异种移植研究的需要,选取５－６月龋中国内江猪１９头,处死后甲醛固定肾脏标本,进行测量并与国人肾脏解剖学资料对比,以了解中国内江猪肾脏解剖学特点及与人肾脏的差别。结果表明内江猪肾脏与国人肾脏无大的解剖学差异。并具有分支型、速走型肾动脉出现率低的优点。认为从解剖学角度看,中国内江能脏完全符合异种移植的要求。     

PERV病毒在异种移植中的感染风险及预防对策

猪与人体在器官结构、生理解剖上相似性高,被认为是最佳的异种移植供体,能够有效解决人类供体器官短缺的问题。猪内源性逆转录病毒(porcine endogenous retrovirus, PERV)是一种C型逆转录病毒,以一种前病毒DNA的形式整合在猪的细胞基因组中,随细胞染色体的复制而复制,无法通过无特定病原体(specific pathogen-free, SPF)培育消除,其在异种移植中具有潜在的感染风险。了解PERV的特性,探索PERV预防策略,将有助于猪作为异种移植供体在临床的应用。     

异种移植的病毒安全性研究进展

猪-人异种移植有望解决人源器官短缺的严重问题。然而,以前病毒（provirus）形式整合入猪基因组中的猪内源性反转录病毒（porcine endogenous retrovirus,PERV）难以去除,PERV有可能通过异种移植传播给人类,甚至产生新的病毒性疾病。本文回顾了PERV与异种移植病毒安全性及我国特有小型猪中PERV的相关研究。     

版纳小型猪近交系内分泌器官的解剖观察

猪在生理、解剖、组织、免疫及营养代谢等方面与人类有很多相似之处,已被应用于生物学及医学研究的各个领域。近年来随着异种器官移植研究的深入,猪成了人最理想的异种器官供给［１］。版纳小型猪近交系［２］目前已进入１８世代,近交系数达９７．８％,是目前最理想的人类异种器官供体［２］和最理想的实验用小型猪之一［３,４］。但缺乏翔实的解剖学资料。本实验对版纳小型猪近交系的内分泌器官进行了解剖观察,以期提供版纳小型猪近交系内分泌器官的解剖学资料。１　　材料和方法１．１　　材料　　选取中国版纳小型猪近交系５头,１…     

版纳小型猪近交系椎骨、肋骨的形态及生物力学研究

本研究观察了版纳小型猪近交系椎骨、肋骨的解剖学、组织学形态,并对其腰椎进行轴向载荷压缩试验。小型猪椎骨及肋骨在解剖学、组织学方面与人近似,其腰椎能承受人类正常生理载荷。因此,版纳小型猪椎骨、肋骨可以作为异种骨移植的材料。     

基因修饰猪作为异种器官移植供体的研究进展

器官移植是治疗脏器器官终末病变的根本方法,目前器官移植的最大障碍是供体器官的缺乏。异种器官移植为解决上述难题打开了一扇门。猪与人类在解剖学和生理学等方面非常相似,是理想的器官移植的供体。基因修饰猪在异种器官移植中有着重要的应用,该文就猪–人异种器官移植发生免疫排斥的机制及其对策、器官移植后的生理功能以及潜在的病毒感染风险等方面的研究进行了综述和讨论,为异种器官移植提供理论基础。     

反义RNA对猪α-1,3-半乳糖苷转移酶活性的影响

 α 1,3 半乳糖表位是猪 人异种移植超急性排斥反应的主要抗原 ,由α 1,3 半乳糖苷转移酶催化合成 .用RT PCR方法扩增中国实验用小型猪α 1,3 半乳糖苷转移酶cDNA的前 582bp ,测定碱基序列并构建其反义表达载体pLXRN ,将其转染入猪主动脉内皮细胞 .NorthernBlotting表明α 1,3 半乳糖苷转移酶mRNA减少 .检测α 1,3 半乳糖苷转移酶活性表明 ,反义RNA可使其活性下降32 2 % .研究结果表明可能通过反义RNA来抑制猪 人异种移植超急性排斥反应     

猪作为异种器官移植供体的研究进展

异种器官移植是现代和未来医学的重要研究领域之一,转基因猪有望为人类提供移植所需的器官,本对猪作为异种器官移植供体的可能性,移植引起的免疫排斥反应及病毒感染等问题进行了综述和讨论。     

中国版纳小型猪近交系动脉异种移植靶抗原研究

目的　研究中国版纳小型猪近交系动脉的异种靶抗原α -Gal的分布和半定量分析 ,为研究异种移植超急性排斥反应和异种生物材料提供资料。方法　通过亲和免疫组织化学法和图象分析对 10头版纳小型猪的四级动脉进行α Gal的分布和半定量研究。结果　 (1)各级血管组织中血管内皮细胞阳性表达明显 ,弹性纤维、胶原纤维和平滑肌细胞未见表达 ,外膜有微弱表达 ;(2 )图象分析显示 ,管径越细 ,其内皮细胞的表达越高 (P <0 .0 1) ,各级动脉内皮细胞阳性表达的面积密度比的组间差异显著 (P <0 .0 1) ,t检验发现每两组间的动脉内皮细胞阳性表达面积密度比相差显著 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　 (1)版纳小型猪动脉内皮细胞均有异种抗原α Gal分布 ,但是分布不均匀 ;(2 )微血管血栓是异种移植超急性排斥反应中的重要环节 ,小型猪的异种器官移植、彻底解决异种移植超急性排斥反应的关键是防治微血管栓塞     

转人源免疫球蛋白猪胚胎的研究进展

转基因猪能够为人类提供可移植的异种器官,从而缓解临床医学应用上供体移植器官短缺的压力.本文综述了异种器官移植后发生免疫排斥的研究进展,讨论了应用原核显微注射法和精子栽体法生产转人源免疫球蛋白基因(DAF、MCP、CD59)巴马香猪胚胎的方法,力争为解决异种移植的技术"瓶颈"提供技术支撑,为后续的异种器官移植做初步的研究.     

小型猪在肾脏疾病研究中的应用

随着对小型猪研究的不断深入,其作为人类疾病模型的优势日益明显,在生物医学研究中的应用也日趋增多。比较解剖学和生理学研究表明,小型猪的诸多生物学特性均与人类极为相似,尤其在肾脏的解剖和功能方面几乎是人类的复制品,使其在复制肾脏疾病模型,研究疾病发病机制和评估治疗策略等中具有无可替代的作用。本文将综述小型猪作为疾病动物模型在肾脏疾病研究中的应用。     

Construction of a transgenic pig model overexpressing polycystic kidney disease 2 (PKD2) gene

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common human genetic disease, affecting millions of people worldwide. The progressive growth of cysts in kidneys eventually leads to renal failure in 50 % of patients, and there is currently no effective treatment. Various murine models have been studied to elucidate the disease mechanisms, and much information has been acquired. However, the course of the disease cannot be fully recapitulated using these models. The pig is a suitable model for biomedical research, and pig PKD2 has high similarity to the human ortholog at the molecular level. Here, a mini-pig PKD2 transgenic model was generated, driven by a ubiquitous cytomegalovirus enhancer/promoter. Using somatic cell nuclear transfer, four transgenic pigs with approximately 10 insertion events each were generated. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting showed that PKD2 was more highly expressed in transgenic pigs than in wild-type counterparts. Because of the chronic nature of ADPKD, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were continuously measured to assess the pig kidney function. The transgenic pigs continue to show no significant alteration in kidney function; it is estimated that 1–2 more years may be required for manifestation of renal cystogenesis in these pigs.     

The pig: a model for human infectious diseases

An animal model to study human infectious diseases should accurately reproduce the various aspects of disease. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) are closely related to humans in terms of anatomy, genetics and physiology, and represent an excellent animal model to study various microbial infectious diseases. Indeed, experiments in pigs are much more likely to be predictive of therapeutic treatments in humans than experiments in rodents. In this review, we highlight the numerous advantages of the pig model for infectious disease research and vaccine development and document a few examples of human microbial infectious diseases for which the use of pigs as animal models has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve both animal and human health.     

Characterization of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in pigs: comparison of Meishan and Large White breeds.

Corticosteroids receptors were characterized and compared in central and peripheral tissues of two pig breeds, the Meishan (MS) and the Large White (LW) pigs, that display differences in the basal activity and stress-induced reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In vitro kinetic experiments on kidney and liver cytosols from adrenalectomized pigs allowed to identify two distinct corticosteroid receptors referred to as mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors. The binding specificities were determined for kidney and hippocampal MR and for liver and hippocampal GR. In hippocampus and peripheral tissues, cortisol showed a greater affinity for MR than for GR. As already described in the dog, mouse and human, dexamethasone and progesterone display a moderate affinity for MR. Putative differences in corticosteroid receptors binding capacities and affinities were investigated by saturation binding studies in specific regions implicated in the regulation of HPA axis (hippocampus and pituitary). The MS pigs evidenced higher densities of hippocampal MR, while LW pigs had higher densities of pituitary GR. Thus, this study suggests that a difference in the MR/GR balance in hippocampus and pituitary could be implicated in the different HPA activity between MS and LW pigs.     

Generation of c-Myc transgenic pigs for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

After several decades of research, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is still incurable and imposes enormous physical, psychological, and economic burdens on patients and their families. Murine models of ADPKD represent invaluable tools for studying this disease. These murine forms of ADPKD can arise spontaneously, or they can be induced via chemical or genetic manipulations. Although these models have improved our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of ADPKD, they have not led to effective treatment strategies. The mini-pig represents an effective biomedical model for studying human diseases, as the pig’s human-like physiological processes help to understand disease mechanisms and to develop novel therapies. Here, we tried to generate a transgenic model of ADPKD in pigs by overexpressing c-Myc in kidney tissue. Western-blot analysis showed that c-Myc was overexpressed in the kidney, brain, heart, and liver of transgenic pigs. Immunohistochemical staining of kidney tissue showed that exogenous c-Myc predominantly localized to renal tubules. Slightly elevated blood urea nitrogen levels were observed in transgenic pigs 1 month after birth, but no obvious abnormalities were detected after that time. In the future, we plan to subject this model to renal injury in an effort to promote ADPKD progression.     

Virus Pneumonia of Pigs; Attempts at Propagation of the Causative Agent in Cell Cultures and Chicken Embryos

Two strains of the agent of virus pneumonia, were tested for the ability to propagate in 12 types of cell cultures and in chicken embryos. The 5 primary cell cultures used were: swine kidney, lung, bone marrow, testicle, and chicken embryo kidney; and the 7 serial passage cell cultures were: swine kidney, kidney-tumor, testicle, bone-marrow, bovine kidney, and human cervical carcinoma (HeLa). The agent of virus pneumonia was propagated in primary swine kidney and in HeLa cell cultures as shown by the production of typical gross and microscopic lesions in pigs inoculated with cell future fluids. Third passage cell culture fluids, produced typical gross lesions in pigs, but fourth passage cell culture fluids produced only microscopic lesions, and no lesions were produced by sixth and eleventh passage fluids. Control pigs receiving fluids from uninoculated cell cultures remained free of gross or microscopic lesions, as did uninoculated controls. Cytopathic effects were not detected in any of the inoculated cell cultures and no cellular changes were detected by staining with Giemsa stain or acridine orange. Neither lesions nor deaths occurred in chicken embryos inoculated with both strains of virus pneumonia virus. Pneumonia was not produced in pigs inoculated with suspensions from second chicken embryo passage of the 2 strains inoculated by the chorioallantioic sac, the amniotic sac, and the yolk sac routes. Identical gross and microscopic lesions were produced in pigs inoculated with either pneumonic lung suspensions or with virulent cell culture fluids. Gross lesions consisted of areas of light to reddish-purple consolidation usually limited to the anterior, cardiac, and intermediate lobes of the lungs. Pleuritis and pericarditis were never present in experimentally produced virus pneumonia. The microscopic lesions were characterized by: 1. perivascular and peribronchiolar lymphoid infiltration and hyperplasia, 2. alveolar interstitial thickening and infiltration, and 3. alveolar exudates consisting of alveolar cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophiles.     

Genetically Modified Pig Models for Human Diseases

Genetically modified animal models are important for understanding the pathogenesis of human disease and developing therapeutic strategies.Although genetically modified mice have been widely used to model human diseases,some of these mouse models do not replicate important disease symptoms or pathology.Pigs are more similar to humans than mice in anatomy,physiology,and genome. Thus,pigs are considered to be better animal models to mimic some human diseases.This review describes genetically modified pigs that have been used to model various diseases including neurological,cardiovascular,and diabetic disorders.We also discuss the development in gene modification technology that can facilitate the generation of transgenic pig models for human diseases.     

Expression of key enzymes in bile acid biosynthesis during development: CYP7B1-mediated activities show tissue-specific differences

The developmental variation of cytochrome P450 (CYP)7A1, CYP7B1, CYP27A1, and 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-C(27)-steroid dehydrogenase, key enzymes in bile acid biosynthesis, were investigated in pigs of different ages. As part of these studies, peptide sequences from a purified pig liver oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase were analyzed. The sequences showed a high degree of identity with those of murine and human CYP7B1. Enzymatic activities and mRNA levels of CYP27A1 and 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-C(27)-steroid dehydrogenase were similar in livers of newborn and 6-month-old pigs. Enzymatic activity mediated by CYP7A1 increased several-fold between infancy and adolescence. Hepatic CYP7A1 and CYP7B1 mRNA levels increased several-fold with age. Hepatic microsomal 7alpha-hydroxylation of 27-hydroxycholesterol and dehydroepiandrosterone, substrates typical for CYP7B1, increased about 5-fold between infancy and adolescence whereas the activities in kidney microsomes decreased at least 10-fold. In conclusion, the results indicate that the expression of CYP27A1 and 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-C(27)-steroid dehydrogenase are similar in livers of newborn and 6-month-old pigs whereas the levels of CYP7A1 increase. The finding that the levels of CYP7B1 increase with age in the liver but decrease in the kidney suggest a tissue-specific developmental regulation of CYP7B1. The age-dependent variation in the liver and kidney suggests that hormonal factors are involved in the regulation of CYP7B1.     

Carnitine synthesis and uptake into cells are stimulated by fasting in pigs as a model of nonproliferating species

In rodents, fasting increases the carnitine concentration in the liver by an up-regulation of enzymes of hepatic carnitine synthesis and novel organic cation transporter (OCTN) 2, mediated by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α. This study was performed to investigate whether such effects occur also in pigs which like humans, as nonproliferating species, have a lower expression of PPARα and are less responsive to treatment with PPARα agonists than rodents. An experiment with 20 pigs was performed, which were either fed a diet ad-libitum or fasted for 24 h. Fasted pigs had higher relative mRNA concentrations of the PPARα target genes carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and acyl-CoA oxidase in liver, heart, kidney, and small intestinal mucosa than control pigs, indicative of PPARα activation in these tissues (P<.05). Fasted pigs had a higher activity of γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), enzyme that catalyses the last step of carnitine biosynthesis in liver and kidney, and higher relative mRNA concentrations of OCTN2, the most important carnitine transporter, in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and small intestinal mucosa than control pigs (P<.05). Fasted pigs moreover had higher concentrations of free and total carnitine in liver and kidney than control pigs (P<.05). This study shows for the first time that fasting increases the activity of BBD in liver and kidney and up-regulates the expression of OCTN2 in various tissues of pigs, probably mediated by PPARα activation. It is concluded that nonproliferating species are also able to cover their increased demand for carnitine during fasting by an increased carnitine synthesis and uptake into cells.