胡麻专化型尖孢镰刀菌ISSR-PCR最佳反应体系的建立

采用正交试验设计原理,对尖孢镰刀菌ISSR-PCR反应体系中的5种主要因素进行优化筛选,确立了适合尖孢镰刀菌ISSR分析的反应体系,即25μL PCR反应体积中合有20 ng模板DNA、1 U Taq酶、0.4 μmol/L引物、0.2 mmol/LdNTPs、4.0 mmol/L Mg2+和2.5 μL 10 × buffer.PCR反应最佳退火温度根据引物而定,在此基础上筛选出12条扩增稳定、多态性丰富的ISSR引物.此研究为今后利用ISSR技术分析尖孢镰刀菌遗传多样性和群体结构奠定了基础.     

白木香SRAP-PCR反应体系的建立

本实验对白木香SRAP-PCR反应体系的影响因素(模板DNA,Taq 酶,Mg2+,dNTP,引物)在4个水平上进行优化试验,筛选出各反应因素的最佳水平,建立白木香SRAP-PCR反应的最佳体系(20 μL):模板DNA 50 ng、引物0.30 μmol/L、Mg2+ 1.5 mmol/L、dNTP 0.4 mmol/L和Taq DNA聚合酶1.0 U.适用于白木香的SRAP-PCR反应体系迄今未见报道,这一优化系统的建立为今后利用SRAP标记技术对白木香进行基础研究提供了一个标准化的程序.     

南药益智SRAP-PCR体系优化及引物筛选

为了建立适用于南药益智的SRAP-PCR体系,并筛选特异性引物用于研究不同地理居群的南药益智的遗传多样性,采集了海南不同地理居群的益智资源,利用植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取益智基因组DNA,并检测其纯度和浓度。采用正交试验对SRAP-PCR体系进行优化,最终建立了最优反应体系（总体积为25 μL）：Taq酶0.5 U,dNTPs 4 mmol/L,Mg2+ 2 mmol/L,引物各2 μmol/L,DNA模板10 ng,10×PCR buffer 2.5 μL。再利用最优反应体系对144对引物进行筛选,共获得7对特异性引物,其扩增片段的大小均在100~2 000 bp以内且分布较均匀,多态性条带比率皆达85%以上。该研究结果为南药益智遗传多样性的研究奠定了基础。     

海南特有极小种群植物文昌锥的SCoT-PCR体系建立及有效引物评价

为了应用SCoT分子标记研究文昌锥种质资源,通过单因素试验和正交试验2种方法,分析DNA、引物、dNTPs、Taq DNA聚合酶这4种因素对文昌锥SCoT-PCR扩增结果的影响,优化建立文昌锥SCoT-PCR体系,并对文昌锥SCoT标记引物进行有效性评价。结果表明：各个因子对SCoT-PCR扩增影响大小依次为：DNA > dNTPs > 引物 > Taq DNA聚合酶;最优反应体系为：总体系为20 μL,DNA含量为2.5 ng,引物浓度为0.8 μmol·L^-1,dNTPs浓度为0.2 mmol·L^-1,Taq DNA聚合酶的含量1 U;经验证,该体系获得的扩增产物清晰、稳定;应用该体系筛选出15条多态性好且适合文昌锥扩增的引物,为今后利用SCoT分子标记技术对文昌锥及其他壳斗科植物进行相关研究提供技术支持。     

均匀设计在枇杷ISSR-PCR反应体系优化中的应用

本实验通过U25(54)均匀设计实验研究,对枇杷ISSR-PCR分子标记体系中模板DNA、dNTPs、Taq DNA聚合酶、Mg2+、引物5个组分的浓度进行优化.获得25 μL反应体系中各成分的适宜浓度或用量分别是:模板DNA为10ng、dNTPs为0.5 mmol/L、Taq DNA聚合酶为1 U、Mg2+为2.5 mmol/L,引物为0.4 μmol/L.与单因素梯度优化体系相比,操作简便,简化了实验步骤,获得的实验结果可靠,从100条ISSR引物中筛选出27条扩增良好的引物,并获得了这些引物的最佳退火温度,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳获得了清晰的图谱.这一优化体系的建立为进一步利用ISSR标记技术进行枇杷种质鉴定及遗传多样性分析提供了一个标准化程序.     

澳洲坚果SCoT反应体系的建立及应用

为建立澳洲坚果(Macadamia spp.)的SCoT最适反应体系,用单因素设计方法对影响SCoT-PCR反应体系的主要影响因素进行了优化筛选,并构建了澳洲坚果种质的指纹图谱。结果表明,澳洲坚果的SCoT最适反应体系为:反应体系总体积为20μL,包含2.5 mmol L–1Mg2+,0.3 mmol L–1dNTPs,0.8μmol L–1引物,40 mg L–1模板DNA和1.0 U Taq DNA聚合酶。最适退火温度为50℃。该反应体系对澳洲坚果种质具有良好的稳定性、可靠性和较高的分辨率。选用多态性良好的单引物SC5和引物组合SC34+SC39,可以将12份澳洲坚果种质完全区分开,每份种质都各有独特的指纹图谱,置信概率达到99.988%。构建的SCoT反应体系可为澳洲坚果种质鉴定和遗传多样性分析等提供技术支持。     

RAPD 技术在药用植物绞股蓝鉴别中的初步研究

运用RAPD技术对绞股蓝(Gynostemma pentaphyllum)及其伪品进行DNA指纹图谱的鉴别研究.采用改进的CTAB法提取七叶绞股蓝、五叶绞股蓝、乌蔹莓(Cayratia japonica)3种植物的总DNA,主要以七叶绞股蓝DNA为模板,采用随机引物WGS001进行PCR扩增,对反应体系包括模板、Mg2 、Taq酶、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、退火温度进行优化.优化的反应体系总体积25 μL ,含MgCl2 2 mmol/L、dNTP 0.2 mmol/L、引物 0.4 μmol/L、模板60 ng、Taq 酶1 U、BSA 2 μg/μL,退火温度58℃.用10条含20个碱基的随机引物对以上3种植物总DNA作PCR扩增,进行引物筛选.筛选得到的两条随机引物(WGS001、WGS004)可扩增得到识别这些物种基因组DNA的多态性片段.这些片段可以有效地鉴别绞股蓝和乌蔹莓.     

葡萄SRAP反应体系优化及引物筛选

本试验利用L16(45)正交试验设计探寻葡萄SRAP-PCR反应体系中的关键因子,同时结合单因素试验简单、快捷的特点逐个对PCR反应体系的主要成分进行优化.充分利用两种方法的优点并降低试验工作量取得了较好的效果,建立了适于葡萄的SRAP反应体系.结果表明Mg2+浓度为影响葡萄SRAP-PCR反应的关键因素:优化的20 μL SRAP-PCR反应体系中各组分的最适含量为:10×Buffer 2.0μL,Mg2+2.5mmol/L,dNTPs 0.3 mmol/L,引物0.4 μmol/L,DNA聚合酶1.0 U,模板DNA 1.0 ng/L.利用SRAP反应体系,从100对SRAP引物组合中筛选出扩增稳定,条带清晰,多态性好的引物19对.本研究建立的适于葡萄SRAP-PCR扩增的反应体系,将为葡萄种质遗传多样性评价、基因组分析、指纹图谱构建,分子标记辅助育种和遗传改良研究提供基础.     

甜叶菊RAPD反应体系的优化

以甜叶菊为试材,对影响其RAPD反应体系的7个因子进行优化.结果表明,20 μL的优化体系包括:双蒸水13.6 μL,10×Buffer(含15 mmol/L MgCI2)溶液3μL,2.5 mmol/L的dNTPS 1.2 μL,10 μmol/L的引物1μL,20 ng的模板DNA 1μL,1UTaq聚合酶;热循环...     

落羽杉属树木基因组总DNA的提取及SRAP反应体系的优化

本文针对落羽杉属植物组织中多糖、多酚等次生物质含量高的特点,对其基因组DNA提取方法进行研究,比较了SDS法、CTAB法提取落羽杉属植物基因组DNA的效果,结果表明:CTAB法提取效果较佳.在此基础上,利用正交设计法,对SRAP反应体系中的各个主要影响因子Mg2+、dNTP、引物、Taq DNA聚合酶进行了优化筛选,确立了适合落羽杉属植物SRAP-PCR反应的最佳体系,即10 μL体系中含有1 μL10×PCR buffer,Mg2+ 2.0 mmol/L,dNTP 100 μmol/L,引物0.3 μmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶0.5 U和50 ng模板DNA.利用该优化体系,通过48对SRAP引物组合对2个落羽杉属植物(落羽杉和墨杉)及4个杂交后代进行SRAP扩增,结果发现,SRAP引物及优化后的反应体系能够有效地用于落羽杉属植物种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性分析等研究.     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

Partial purification and properties of Galleria mellonella larvae proteolytic inhibitors acting on Metarhizium anisopliae toxic protease

Gel permeation, preparative isoelectric focusing, and affinity chromatography were used to purify three inhibitors of proteolytic activity from perchloric acid extracts of last instar Galleria mellonella larvae. Electrofocusing experiments revealed three isoinhibitors with different isoelectric points: inhibitor I-1 with p1 of pH 5.6, inhibitor I-2, pH 7.7, and inhibitor I-3 (of small inhibitory activity), pH 8.6. By affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose 4B the I-1 was purified 9.7 ×, but 71.1% of inhibitory activity was lost. Molecular mass of the inhibitory complex was 12,600 Da. I-1 and I-2 are relatively stable to heat at several pHs with minor stability at pH 10. I-1 and I-2 inhibit serine proteases about 2.5 times as much as sulfhydryl proteases. In the same ratio protease P-1 and protease P-2 from Metarhizium anisopliae are inhibited.     

Survival and metabolism of the harpacticoid copepod Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson) fed on different diatoms

Survival times and oxygen consumption rates have been determined for a benthic harpacticoid copepod, Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson), when fed different algal diets. Nauplii and adults lived slightly longer on a diet of Navicula sp. than did those fed N. pelliculosa or a mixture of both naviculoid species. Mean numbers of harpacticoids hatched were significantly higher in cultures of N. pelliculosa. Metabolic rates of non-gravid females fed for one week on N. sp. were significantly lower than those fed N. pelliculosa or the mixture. There was no significant difference in oxygen uptake between animals fed N. pelliculosa and those fed the mixed culture. The smaller size and lower food energy content of N. pelliculosa are reflected in the higher respiratory rates of animals led this diatom species.Based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the M.S. degree in Marine Science at the University of South Carolina. Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research Contribution No. 114. Research supported by the Oceanography Section, National Science Foundation, NSF Grant DES72-01573 A01.     

THE DEATH OF BIOETHICS (AS WE ONCE KNEW IT)

Fast forward 50 years into the future. A look back at what occurred in the field of bioethics since 2010 reveals that a conference in 2050 commemorated the death of bioethics. In a steady progression over the years, the field became increasingly fragmented and bureaucratized. Disagreement and dissension were rife, and this once flourishing, multidisciplinary field began to splinter in multiple ways. Prominent journals folded, one by one, and were replaced with specialized publications dealing with genethics, reproethics, nanoethics, and necroethics. Mainstream bioethics organizations also collapsed, giving way to new associations along disciplinary and sub‐disciplinary lines. Physicians established their own journals, and specialty groups broke away from more general associations of medical ethics. Lawyers also split into three separate factions, and philosophers rejected all but the most rigorous, analytic articles into their newly established journal. Matters finally came to a head with global warming, the world‐wide spread of malaria and dengue, and the cost of medical treatments out of reach for almost everyone. The result was the need to develop plans for strict rationing of medical care. At the same time, recognition emerged of the importance of the right to health and the need for global justice in health. By 2060, a spark of hope was ignited, opening the door to the resuscitation of bioethics and involvement of the global community.     

Strategy for Stabilizing Enzymes Part Two: Increasing Enzyme Stability by Selective Chemical Modification

The molecular mechanisms of change in the thermal stability of proteins modified with low molecular weight reagents are discussed. The choice of stabilization mechanisms to be used as a general strategy for increasing enzyme stability by chemical modification is addressed. Hydrophilization of nonpolar surface areas is the most simple and reliable approach to artificial stabilization of enzymes for use in applied biochemistry and biotechnology.     

两个猪苓菌株生长速度及酯酶同工酶比较研究

对不同地理分布的猪苓纯培养菌株进行了种性和酯酶同工酶的比较研究,结果表明,鸡爪苓（Z）纯培养菌株和猪屎苓（ZJ）纯培养菌株的种性有很大不同,两个纯培养菌株的酯酶同工酶酶带类型差异较大,亲缘关系较远。     

Primeval cells: Possible energy-generating and cell-division mechanisms

Summary It is proposed that the first entity capable of adaptive Darwinian evolution consisted of a liposome vesicle formed of (1) abiotically produced phospholipidlike molecules; (2) a very few informational macromolecules; and (3) some abiogenic, lipid-soluble, organic molecule serving as a symporter for phosphate and protons and as a means of high-energy-bond generation. The genetic material had functions that led to the production of phospholipidlike materials (leading to growth and division of the primitive cells) and of the carrier needed for energy transduction. It is suggested that the most primitive exploitable energy source was the donation of 2H⁺+2e^– at the external face of the primitive cell. The electrons were transferred (by metal impurities) to internal sinks of organic material, thus creating, via a deficit, a protonmotive force that could drive both the active transport of phosphate and high-energy-bond formation.This model implies that proton translocation in a closed-membrane system preceded photochemical or electron transport mechanisms and that chemically transferable metabolic energy was needed at a much earlier stage in the development of life than has usually been assumed. It provides a plausible mechanism whereby cell division of the earliest protocells could have been a spontaneous process powered by the internal development of phospholipids. The stimulus for developing this evolutionary sequence was the realization that cellular life was essential if Darwinian survival of the fittest was to direct evolution toward adaptation to the external environment.