李斯特菌诱导宿主细胞骨架重排与磷脂酶D

无论是免疫细胞对病原体的主动吞噬,还是病原体诱导非吞噬细胞的被动吞噬,均是不同细胞膜受体介导的细胞肌动蛋白骨架重排过程,受到单体G蛋白和肌动蛋白骨架相关蛋白的精密调控。细胞内重要信号蛋白,磷脂酰胆碱专一性磷脂酶D(PLD)的活性变化与细胞肌动蛋白骨架重排密切相关,其参与调节了由抗体受体(FcγR)及补体受体(CR3)介导的免疫细胞的主动吞噬,而细胞肌动蛋白骨架解聚蛋白cofilin被磷酸化后可与PLD结合并激活PLD,进而调节肌动蛋白骨架重排。另一方面,cofilin磷酸化状态严格调控李斯特菌感染细胞过程中的肌动蛋白骨架重排。因此,阐明PLD是否在李斯特菌感染细胞过程中被激活并参与调节肌动蛋白骨架重排,将有助于揭示PLD激活对感染发生的调控作用,对透彻理解细菌感染宿主细胞的分子机制具有重要意义。     

肌动蛋白相关蛋白2/3复合体的结构、功能与调节

微丝参与了细胞形态维持及细胞运动等多种重要的细胞过程。微丝由肌动蛋白单体组装而成 ,肌动蛋白相关蛋白 2 / 3(Arp2 /Arp3,Arp2 / 3)复合体在微丝形成过程中起重要作用。Arp2 / 3复合体由 7个亚单位组成 ,在细胞内受到多种核化促进因子的调节 ,并与这些因子协同作用来调节肌动蛋白的核化。Arp2 / 3复合体结构、功能及调节的研究对于阐明微丝形成机制及细胞骨架与某些信号分子的关系有重要意义。     

Rho GTPases和细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡涉及细胞骨架的形态学改变,Rho GTPases在细胞骨架改变中起着至关重要的作用。近年来的研究揭示了Rho蛋白家族在肌动蛋白(actin)聚合、解聚及actin-myosin的分子调节机制。同时越来越多的研究表明,Rho GTPases在巨噬细胞吞噬凋亡小体中也发挥了关键作用。本综述就Rho GTPases信号途径在细胞凋亡中细胞骨架的结构改变及凋亡小体被吞噬过程中的作用进行具体讨论。     

α辅肌动蛋白的结构和功能

α辅肌动蛋白是近年来在细胞骨架与细胞运动研究中的热点蛋白 .目前发现有α辅肌动蛋白 1、2、3和 4四种类型 ,呈细胞或组织特异性分布 .这四种蛋白的共同结构特征是在细胞内均为反向平行的二聚体 ,并具有N末端肌动蛋白结合结构域 (ABD)、血影蛋白样中央重复结构域和C末端“EF手”结构域 .作为细胞骨架中一种重要的肌动蛋白交联蛋白 ,α辅肌动蛋白通过与其相关蛋白包括整合素 (integrins)、钙粘素 (cadherin)以及细胞信号传导通路中的信号分子等的协同作用 ,在稳定细胞粘附、调节细胞形状及细胞运动中发挥着重要作用 .因此 ,肿瘤的发生、发展和恶化与α辅肌动蛋白的结构、功能密切相关 .本文结合本实验室的研究工作 ,综述了α辅肌动蛋白家族成员的结构、功能及其与肿瘤发生的相关性 .     

蛋白分子O-糖基化的研究进展

蛋白分子的氧连接糖基化（O-糖基化）修饰是生物体内必不可少的转录后化学修饰之一,其作用方式类似磷酸化,并且两者之间相互作用,共同调节生物大分子的活性。O-糖基化修饰在生物体的转录、翻译、核运输、细胞骨架的形成以及调节细胞器的功能中发挥着重要的作用。通过影响细胞信号的传导,在细胞吞噬、炎性细胞的迁移以及细胞内大分子物质的循环中也起着重要作用。该文主要通过介绍蛋白分子O-糖基化修饰的基础理论以及。一糖基化修饰作用的几个方面,来简要阐述O-糖基化修饰在生物体内发挥的作用。     

Cofilin-1在细胞核中的功能研究进展

Cofilin-1是一种肌动蛋白结合蛋白,主要通过切割肌动蛋白丝对细胞骨架进行动态重组,维系细胞内多种分子事件的有序进行。近年来,随着肌动蛋白在细胞核内的功能被逐步揭示,Cofilin-1作为肌动蛋白丝的关键调节因子之一,其在细胞核中的功能受到了广泛关注。该文通过系统阐述Cofilin-1在细胞核中的功能,如介导肌动蛋白入核,参与调控细胞核形状、染色体组织、基因转录、DNA损伤修复和细胞凋亡等,以期为深入研究Cofilin-1及其相关功能分子探索新的发展方向。     

肿瘤抑制因子CYLD对细胞功能的调控作用

肿瘤抑制因子（cylindromatosis,CYLD）是一种在体内广泛分布的去泛素酶,其包含去泛素化酶结构域和富含甘氨酸细胞骨架相关蛋白结构域,前者可通过去泛素化信号分子,调控细胞信号传导途径,后者主要通过对微管的调节,改变多聚化和乙酰化过程,进而调控其组装和排列。CYLD主要通过对信号传导和细胞骨架的调节,从而调控细胞增殖、细胞凋亡、细胞运动和细胞分化等细胞功能。该文对近年来肿瘤抑制因子CYLD对细胞功能调控的研究进行概述。     

肌动蛋白集束调控因子及G蛋白信号转导通路

细胞骨架由微丝、微管及中等纤维组成受不同蛋白因子调控以不同方式组装成不同直径的纤维 ,遍布于一切细胞 ,决定细胞的形状 ,赋予其抗压强度 ,对细胞器及大分子进行空间组织 ,实现胞内的能量转换。在肌动蛋白 (ａｃｔｉｎ)组装成张力纤维和张力纤维解离成肌动蛋白单体过程中有多种蛋白因子参与调控 ,从而使细胞骨架处于一个生理的动态平衡中 ,执行和完成不同的生化反应。在众多的调控蛋白中 ,肌动蛋白集束调控蛋白因子 (ａｃｔｉｎｂｕｎｄｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ)不仅参与肌动蛋白结构调节 ,还与细胞内信号传导有密切关系。已发现的肌动蛋…     

Calponin蛋白家族在细胞骨架重构中的作用

Calponin蛋白家族包括calponin(CaP)和平滑肌(SM)22α,此家族的重要结构特征是由单一CH结构域和CLR结构域组成。CaP和SM22α属于肌动蛋白细胞骨架结合蛋白,可通过与F-肌动蛋白相互作用来调节肌动蛋白细胞骨架重构,影响细胞的生物学行为,进而影响相关疾病的发生与发展。     

ADF／cofilin分子家族的研究进展

细胞骨架中的肌动蛋白参与了一系列重要生理活动,如肌肉收缩、胞质环流、细胞运动、胞质分裂等。这些过程的发生除了需要肌动蛋白以外,还需要一些与之结合的调节蛋白参与,现在已经发现了100多种肌动蛋白结合蛋白,其中有一类分子量为15—20KD的蛋白,如肌动蛋白解聚因子(actin depolymerizing factor,ADF)、cofilin、profilin、actophorin、depactin、de-strin、UNC-60)等,在一定条件下可以使肌动蛋白微丝解聚,统称为ADF/cofilin分子家族。     

Dynamics of the Dictyostelium Arp2/3 complex in endocytosis, cytokinesis, and chemotaxis.

The Arp2/3 complex is a ubiquitous and important regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. Here we identify this complex from Dictyostelium and investigate its dynamics in live cells. The predicted sequences of the subunits show a strong homology to the members of the mammalian complex, with the larger subunits generally better conserved than the smaller ones. In the highly motile cells of Dictyostelium, the Arp2/3 complex is rapidly re-distributed to the cytoskeleton in response to external stimuli. Fusions of Arp3 and p41-Arc with GFP reveal that in phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, and chemotaxis the complex is recruited within seconds to sites where actin polymerization is induced. In contrast, there is little or no localization to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. Rather the Arp2/3 complex is enriched in ruffles at the polar regions of mitotic cells, which suggests a role in actin polymerization in these ruffles.     

The coronin family of actin-associated proteins.

Coronin was first isolated from Dictyostelium, but similar proteins have been identified in many species and individual cell types. The coronin-like protein in yeast promotes actin polymerization and also interacts with microtubules. Dictyostelium mutants lacking coronin are impaired in cytokinesis and all actin-mediated processes. Analysis of coronin-GFP (green-fluorescent protein) fusions and knockout mutants shows that coronin participates in the remodelling of the cortical actin cytoskeleton that is responsible for phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Likewise, in mammalian neutrophils, a coronin-like protein is also associated with the phagocytic apparatus. The diversity of function in this family of actin-associated proteins is just beginning to be explored.     

The regulation of actin polymerization and cross-linking in Dictyostelium

It is clear that the polymerization and organization of actin filament networks plays a critical role in numerous cellular processes. Inhibition of actin polymerization by pharmacological agents will completely prevent chemotactic motility, macropinocytosis, endocytosis, and phagocytosis. Recently there has been great progress in understanding the mechanisms that control the assembly and structure of the actin cytoskeleton. Members of the Rho family of GTPases have been identified as major players in the signal transduction pathway leading from a cell surface signal to actin polymerization. The Arp2/3 complex has been added to the list of means by which new actin filaments can be nucleated. However, it is clear that actin polymerization by Arp2/3 complex is not the whole story. In principle, the final structures formed by actin filaments will depend on factors such as: the length of actin filaments, the degree of branching, how they are cross-linked and the tensions imparted on them. In addition, the means by which actin polymerization generates protrusion of membranes is still controversial. A phagosome, filopodium and a lamellipodium all require polymerization of new actin filaments, but each has a characteristic morphology and cytoskeletal structure. In the following chapter, we will discuss actin polymerization and filament organization, especially as it relates to the machinery of phagocytosis in Dictyostelium.     

The role of unconventional myosins in Dictyostelium endocytosis

Dictyostelium discoideum is a simple eukaryote amenable to detailed molecular studies of the endocytic processes phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Both the actin cytoskeleton and associated myosin motors are well-described and a range of mutants are now available that enable characterization of the role of the cytoskeleton in a range of cellular functions. Molecular genetic studies have uncovered roles for two different classes of Dictyostelium unconventional myosins in endocytosis. The class I myosins contribute to both macropinocytosis and phagocytosis by playing a general role in controlling actin-dependent manipulations of the actin-rich cortex. A class VII myosin has been shown to be important for phagocytosis. This brief review summarizes what is known about the role of these different myosins in both fluid and particle uptake in this system.     

Molecular motors and membrane traffic in Dictyostelium

Phagocytosis and membrane traffic in general are largely dependent on the cytoskeleton and their associated molecular motors. The myosin family of motors, especially the unconventional myosins, interact with the actin cortex to facilitate the internalization of external materials during the early steps of phagocytosis. Members of the kinesin and dynein motor families, which mediate transport along microtubules (MTs), facilitate the intracellular processing of the internalized materials and the movement of membrane. Recent studies indicate that some unconventional myosins are also involved in membrane transport, and that the MT- and actin-dependent transport systems might interact with each other. Studies in Dictyostelium have led to the discovery of many motors involved in critical steps of phagocytosis and membrane transport. With the ease of genetic and biochemical approaches, the established functional analysis to test phagocytosis and vesicle transport, and the effort of the Dictyostelium cDNA and Genome Projects, Dictyostelium will continue to be a superb model system to study phagocytosis in particular and cytoskeleton and motors in general.     

Paxillin and phospholipase D interact to regulate actin-based processes in Dictyostelium discoideum

The actin cytoskeleton forms a membrane-associated network whose proper regulation is essential for numerous processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, adhesion, chemotaxis, endocytosis, exocytosis, and multicellular development. In this report, we show that in Dictyostelium discoideum, paxillin (PaxB) and phospholipase D (PldB) colocalize and coimmunoprecipitate, suggesting that they interact physically. Additionally, the phenotypes observed during development, cell sorting, and several actin-required processes, including cyclic AMP (cAMP) chemotaxis, cell-substrate adhesion, actin polymerization, phagocytosis, and exocytosis, reveal a genetic interaction between paxB and pldB, suggesting a functional interaction between their gene products. Taken together, our data point to PldB being a required binding partner of PaxB during processes involving actin reorganization.     

Phg2, a kinase involved in adhesion and focal site modeling in Dictyostelium

The amoeba Dictyostelium is a simple genetic system for analyzing substrate adhesion, motility and phagocytosis. A new adhesion-defective mutant named phg2 was isolated in this system, and PHG2 encodes a novel serine/threonine kinase with a ras-binding domain. We compared the phenotype of phg2 null cells to other previously isolated adhesion mutants to evaluate the specific role of each gene product. Phg1, Phg2, myosin VII, and talin all play similar roles in cellular adhesion. Like myosin VII and talin, Phg2 also is involved in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, phg2 mutant cells have defects in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton at the cell-substrate interface, and in cell motility. Because these last two defects are not seen in phg1, myoVII, or talin mutants, this suggests a specific role for Phg2 in the control of local actin polymerization/depolymerization. This study establishes a functional hierarchy in the roles of Phg1, Phg2, myosinVII, and talin in cellular adhesion, actin cytoskeleton organization, and motility.     

Cytoskeletal alterations in Dictyostelium induced by expression of human cdc42

The rho family of small G proteins has been shown to be involved in controlling actin filament dynamics in cells. To evaluate the functional overlap between human and Dictyostelium G proteins, we conditionally expressed constitutively active human cdc42 (V12-cdc42) in Dictyostelium cells. Upon induction, cells adopted a unique morphology: a flattened shape with wrinkles running from the cell edge toward the center. The appearance of these wrinkles is highly dynamic so that the cells cycle between the wrinkled and relatively normal morphologies. Phalloidin staining indicates that the stellate wrinkles contain dense actin structures and also that numerous filopods project vertically from the center of these cells. Consistent with the hypothesis that cdc42 induces actin polymerization in vivo, cells expressing V12-cdc42 show an increase in the amount of F-actin associated with the cytoskeleton. This is accompanied by an increase in the association of the actin-binding proteins 34-kDa bundler, ABP-120 and alpha-actinin with the cytoskeleton. In conclusion, human cdc42 has various effects on the Dictyostelium actin cytoskeleton consistent with a conserved role of small GTPases in control of the cytoskeleton.     

An Elmo-like protein associated with myosin II restricts spurious F-actin events to coordinate phagocytosis and chemotaxis

Elmo proteins positively regulate actin polymerization during cell migration and phagocytosis through activation of the small G protein Rac. We identified an Elmo-like protein, ElmoA, in Dictyostelium discoideum that unexpectedly functions as a negative regulator of actin polymerization. Cells lacking ElmoA display an elevated rate of phagocytosis, increased pseudopod formation, and excessive F-actin localization within pseudopods. ElmoA associates with cortical actin and myosin II. TIRF microscopic observations of functional ElmoA-GFP reveal that a fraction of ElmoA localizes near the presumptive actin/myosin II cortex and the levels of ElmoA and myosin II negatively correlate with that of polymerizing F-actin. F-actin-regulated dynamic dispersions of ElmoA and myosin II are interdependent. Taken together, our data suggest that ElmoA modulates actin/myosin II at the cortex to prevent excessive F-actin polymerization around the cell periphery, thereby maintaining proper cell shape during phagocytosis and chemotaxis.     

Phagosomal Proteins of Dictyostelium discoideum

ABSTRACT. In recognizing food particles, Dictyostelium cell-surface molecules initiate cytoskeletal rearrangements that result in phagosome formation. After feeding D. discoideum cells latex beads, early phagosomes were isolated on sucrose step gradietns. Protein analyses of these vesicles showed that they contained glycoproteins and surface-labeled species corresponding to integral plasma membrane proteins. Cytoskeletal proteins also were associated with phagosomes, including myosin II, actin and a 30 kDa-actin bundling protein. As seen by the acridine orange fluorescence of vesicles containing bacteria, phagosomes were acidified rapidly by a vacuolar H⁺-ATPase that was detected by immunoblotting. Except for the loss of cytoskeletal proteins, few other changes over time were noted in the protein profiles of phagosomes, suggesting that phagosome maturation was incomplete. The indigestibility of the beads possibly inhibited further endocytic processing, which has been observed by others. Since nascent phagosomes contained molecules of both the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane, they will be useful in studies aimed at identifying specific protein associations occurring between membrane proteins and the cytoskeleton during phagocytosis.