华南浅海相泥盆系吉维特阶和弗拉阶四射珊瑚组合特征

中泥盆世吉维特晚期(更精确的说是在中吉维特期末)发生的生物更替事件使大量的头贝、全部的泡沫珊瑚亚目以及大多数的绳珊瑚科和内板珊瑚科惨遭灭绝。晚泥盆世弗拉期出现了许多新生分子,诸如Micto-phyllum,Wapitiphyllum,Pseudozaphrentis,Peneckiella等。根据珊瑚的不同组合特征可以鉴别出它们的地质时代。华南自上而下可划分出4个四射珊瑚组合,分别为上泥盆统弗拉阶(Frasnian):4)Disphyllum-Wapitiphyl-lum组合(牙形类gigas或rhenana带和hassi-jamieae带),3)Mictophyllum-Pseudozaphrentis组合(牙形类asymmetricus带);中泥盆统吉维特阶(Givetian):2)Endophyllum-Sunophyllum组合(牙形类varcus带的中部和下部之上段),1)Stringophyllum-Paramixogonaria组合(牙形类hemiansatus带-varcus带最下部)。     

福建晚石炭世—早二叠世早期的四射珊瑚动物群*

福建西部龙岩、宁化、顺昌等地广泛出露的晚石炭世至早二叠世早期海相碳酸盐地层,富含珊瑚、(竹蜓)类等化石,其中四射珊瑚动物群迄今无专文报道。1984至1986年,笔者曾先后数次前往龙岩经洋和宁化湖村等地,详细测制了6条中甲阶及马平阶剖面,系统采集了大量四射珊瑚和(竹蜓)类等化石。经鉴定,四射珊瑚共有38属83种(或亚种),其中2新属10新种。根据它们在地层中的分布规律,笔者建立了3个组合,自下而上依序为:1).Nephelophyllum组合,2).Anfractophyllum-Kepingophyllum组合,3).Wentzellophyllum volzi组合。     

江西晚石炭世晚期及早二叠世早期的四射珊瑚

记述江西彭泽、于都、乐平、玉山、崇义及上高等地上石炭统船山组和下二叠统栖霞组的四射珊瑚16种,其中船山组有11属12种(包括8新种、1未定种),栖霞组有3属4种(包括3新种、1未定种).根据珊瑚化石的分布规律,将船山组的珊瑚建立2个组合,并与有关地区的珊瑚组合进行了对比.通过对这些珊瑚形态构造特征的剖析,文章还探讨了晚石炭世晚期及早二叠世早期本区珊瑚的生态特征.     

安徽巢湖地区石炭系和州组的四射珊瑚

石炭纪密西西比亚纪是四射珊瑚相对繁盛的时期。维宪晚期至谢尔普霍夫期, 受晚古生代大冰期和海西运动的影响, 西欧等不少地区的海相沉积发生相变, 四射珊瑚记录稀少。华南在此时仍广泛发育浅海相碳酸盐岩沉积, 含有丰富的四射珊瑚化石记录。通过对安徽省巢湖地区和州组四射珊瑚的研究, 共鉴定出11属15个种, 其中包含2比较种1、亲近种和3未定种。珊瑚动物群面貌具有典型华南大塘晚期四射珊瑚的特征, 属于Aulina rotiformis带(原Yuanophyllum带上部), 年代为谢尔普霍夫期。和州组的四射珊瑚组合可与湘中梓门桥组上部 Yuanophyllum带的Neoclisiophyllum yengtzeense–Koninckophyllum stellatum亚带和Lophophyllum lophyphylloidea亚带对比 , 也可与黔西赵家山组的 Palaeosmillia murchisoni murchisoni 组合带和 Lithostrotion decipiens–Dibunophyllum bipartitum组合带对比。根据珊瑚动物群的组成、生长形态、共生关系和围岩的岩性特征, 可判断动物群生活在相对浑浊、局限、富营养化的近岸浅海环境中。     

河北唐山西域山晚寒武世长山组的树形笔石

本文对东秦岭南部湖北郧西地区早石炭世四射珊瑚进行了研究,系统描述了11科中的24属和39种,其中包含2新属和21新种。本区早石炭世四射珊瑚拟划分为4个组合带:范家坪组上部Palaeosmilia-Lithostrotion组合带,下部Yuanophyllum组合带。袁家沟组上部Shennongia majus组合带,下部Zaphrentoides组合带。范家坪组是新建的组名。文中也讨论了Cystophrentis的分布时限,及其与Shennongia的亲缘关系。此外,Neoclisiophyllum在本区与岩关期的Shennongia共生,出现的时间早于华南各地。     

湖南沅陵地区晚石炭世的四射珊瑚北大核心CSCD

湖南沅陵地区上石炭统发育完整,自下而上分为大埔组和马平组。其中下部大埔组产大量复体四射珊瑚,经鉴定计有7属11种,包括2个新种:Orionastraea yuanlingensis sp.nov.,Ivanovia yuanlingensis sp.nov.,另有2个未定种。根据四射珊瑚的分布特征,建立了Lithostrotionella-Arachnastraea四射珊瑚组合,与华南该时期的四射珊瑚组合能很好的对比,并主要对应于研究区的Fusulinella-Fusulina带,确定了其时代为晚石炭世早期。通过对这些四射珊瑚的组成特征及形态功能分析,并结合岩相古地理特征,判断其生活在一种水较浅、能量较高、陆源碎屑充足的近岸环境。     

广西桂林菜子岩剖面中-上泥盆统界线附近的珊瑚动物群

中泥盆世吉维特期至晚泥盆世弗拉期早期,桂林菜子岩剖面处于浅水台地与较深水盆地过渡相区,因而含有较丰富的底栖生物(珊瑚、腕足类等)和浮游生物化石,包括有重要的牙形石带分子,因此该剖面是一重要的浅水相区与较深水相区对比的参考剖面。总体来看,菜子岩剖面的吉维特期晚期较弗拉期早期的四射珊瑚及床板珊瑚均要常见,其中四射珊瑚Truncicarinulum广泛分布,吉维特期晚期(自牙形石Schmidtognathus hermanni带至吉维特期结束)可以称为Truncicarinulum liujingense-Planocoenites guilinensis组合,但其主要特点则是以含有丰富的床板珊瑚为特征。弗拉期早期则以Phacellophyllum的较广分布为特点,可以称为Phacellophyllum stereoseptatum四射珊瑚动物群。文中共描述和图示了5属8种四射珊瑚和9属10种床板珊瑚。其中四射珊瑚有一个新种:Phacellophyllum stereoseptatum Liao and Ma sp.nov.;床板珊瑚有2个新种:Crassialveolites gaoshangtianensis Deng and Ma sp.nov.,Planocoenites guilinensis Deng and Ma sp.nov.。     

福建宁化泉下黄龙组的四射珊瑚动物群*

福建宁化泉下出露的晚石炭世碳酸盐地层以黄龙组最为发育,富含珊瑚、(竹蜓)类等化石。1983年秋,笔者等详细测制了该剖面,并逐层采集化石。经室内系统研究,共获四射珊瑚27属59种,包括2新属6新种。根据它们在地层中的分布规律,笔者建立了2个珊瑚组合,即下部Yinophyllum组合和上部Protoivanovia-Arachnastraea组合,后者可进一步划分为2个亚组合。如此丰富的四射珊瑚动物群在我国同期地层中尚不多见,这一四射珊瑚动物群的发现,对全面了解我国这一时期四射珊瑚动物群的总体面貌,对黄龙组的划分、对比都有较大的意义。本文描述的珊瑚化石均采自福建宁化泉上镇泉下石灰窑边,化石鉴定得到赵嘉明副研究员的帮助,化石照片由胡尚卿及解小健摄制,谨此一并致谢。     

扬子区中、晚奥陶世和兰多维利世四射珊瑚起源、扩散及生物古地理关系

扬子区中奥陶世—志留纪兰多维利世四射珊瑚产出丰富 ,尤以兰多维利世最为繁盛。目前已报道的1 2 3属 (包括中奥陶世 4属 ,晚奥陶世 2 5属 ,兰多维利世 94属 )中 ,有 30属最早出现在扬子区 ,尔后扩散到欧洲、北美和其它邻区。例如 :Calostylis最早出现在川南的中奥陶世 (Llandeilo)地层中 ;Aphyllum和Cantrillia最早出现在浙西的晚奥陶世中Ashgill地层 ;扭心珊瑚类Briantelasma ,Pycnactis和Tunguselasma等 ,最早出现在黔东北晚Ruddanian地层 ;柱珊瑚类Ceriaster、Stauria、Amplexoides、Synamplexoides等 ,泡沫珊湖类Maikottia ,Rhizophyl lum等均最早出现在黔东北的中兰多维利统 (MiddleLlandovery)。根据这些资料 ,我们认为扬子区应该是奥陶纪和志留纪四射珊瑚起源中心之一。文中论述扬子区中奥陶世—兰多维利世四射珊瑚动物群特征及其生物古地理关系。该区中奥陶世珊瑚以穿孔珊瑚类的Calostylis和Yohophyllum为特征。下扬子区浙西晚奥陶世三衢山组 (中Ashgill)四射珊瑚群有某些澳大利亚分子Hillophyllum和Bowanophyllum ;而上扬子区晚Ashgill观音桥层的四射珊瑚动物群与北欧同期珊瑚群有高度的相似性。这表明扬子区当时与欧洲具有较密切的古生物地理关系。扬子区兰多维利世四射珊瑚群与西伯利亚。     

苏皖石炭纪四射珊瑚新属种

本文描述苏皖地区和州组产四射珊瑚1新属、1新种;黄龙组产11属、13新种;船山组产6属、10新种且附栖霞组底部产1属、1新种。安徽广德县独山黄龙组、船山组出露良好,产四射珊瑚甚丰,可分3个化石带及2个亚带,与苏南的完全相当,唯苏南船山组上部的Parawentzellophyllum带在独山没有发现。     

华南中泥盆世艾菲尔期浅海相四射珊瑚的组合特征和古生物地理区系

虽然在华南中泥盆世艾菲尔期(Eifelian)较深水或斜坡相地层中产有许多国际标准的牙形类带化石,但在广阔的浅海相地层中却很难寻觅到其踪影。华南浅海相沉积地区是否缺失艾菲尔阶?在野外众多剖面的实地考察中表明,从下泥盆统埃姆斯阶到中泥盆统吉维特阶都是连续沉积,中间并没有发现地层的缺失或间断现象。浅海相的艾菲尔阶与其上覆的吉维特阶和下伏的埃姆斯阶都是连续沉积,说明可能是由于海水太浅,不太适合那些国际标准分子的生存而已。艾菲尔期中期末发生一次生物灭绝事件(Mid-Eifelian event),favositids,heliolitids和许多古老类型的珊瑚在地球上灭绝。华南艾菲尔期四射珊瑚可以划分成下、上两个完全不同的组合:1)Utara-tuiasinen sis-Sociop hyllum minor组合(牙形类partitus带—costatus带);2)Columnaria spinosa-Dendrostella praerhenana组合(牙形类australis带—kocklianus带)。     

青海省南部治多-杂多一带早石炭世有孔虫动物群

在青海省南部的治多—杂多一带1／25万地质填图中，于杂多群中首次发现非筵有孔虫，建立2个组合，即Endothyra-Mediocris—Archaediscus组合和Bradyina-Endothyranopsis组合，地质时代为早石炭世大塘期德坞期，与华南、塔里木盆地、西秦岭、前苏联等地同期生物群可很好地对比，同时结合大冢相似系数的计算表明，青海南部地区在早石炭世属于特提斯大区华夏生物区华南省。     

Upper Permian (Murghabian) rugose corals from Oman (Ba’id area,Saih Hatat): Community structure and contributions to reefbuilding processes

Summary Coral-dominated communties are rare in Upper Permian reefs. The study of Murghabian rugose and tabulate corals from allochtonous carbonates (‘Oman exotics’) of the Hawasina Complex and autochthonous carbonates of the Saih Hatat area/Arabian Platform (Oman) provides evidence for a significant contribution of rugose corals to the formation of Late Permian reefs. The corals are described with respect to taxonomy, microfacies and community structure. 8 genera and 7 species were recognized.Monothecalis minor n.sp.,Praewentzelella regulare n.sp. andWentzelella katoi magna n.ssp. are new. The corals represent three communities: (1)Praewentzelella community (Hawasina Complex), (2) cerioid coral community (Hawasina Complex), and (3)Waagenophyllum community (Hawasina Complex and Saih hatat). The corals from the Hawasina Complex and the Saih Hatat flourished in significantly different environments: Rugosa from the Hawasina Complex are representatives of reefs, whereas their counterparts from the Saih Hatat lived in level-bottom communities. Coral-bearing reefal boundstones are characterized by a diverse assemblage of sphinctozoans, inozoans, chaetetids, bryozoans, crinoids,Tubiphytes, Archaeolithoporella and algae. These communities produced bafflestones or framestones and were part of a sponge reef complex. The level-bottom community of the Saih Hatat is low-diverse only comprising rugose and tabulate corals. These of isolated colonies locally acted as bafflers.     

THE NEW ORDOVICIAN GENUS HILLOPHYLLUM AND THE EARLY HISTORY OF RUGOSE CORALS WITH ACANTHINE SEPTA

Two species of the new rugose coral genus Hillophyllum are described from Ordovician limestones of central-western New South Wales. The larger species, H. priscum sp. nov., is the earliest rugosan to be found in New South Wales successions, first appearing in horizons of probable Gisbornian age (about middle Lower Caradocian), and seems to be the earliest record of a solitary to fasciculate species exhibiting monacanthine septa. A smaller species, H. sp., occurs with H. priscum and the first species of Palaeophyllum in higher horizons, of probable Lower Eastonian age (approximately upper Lower Caradocian). The history of the Ordovician rugose corals exhibiting acanthine septa is reviewed. Hillophyllum shows relationships with the massive, cerioid rugose species of Foerstephyllum type, and with the solitary, non-tabulated Lambeophyllum, Coelostylis , and Primitophyllum. Together they appear to be the earliest representatives of the Suborder Cystiphyllina.     

CLASSIFICATION AND CONTROLS OF INTERNAL BANDING IN PALAEOZOIC STROMATOPOROIDS AND COLONIAL CORALS

Abstract:  Palaeozoic corals and stromatoporoids exhibit a variety of internal banding phenomena, many of which have been commonly interpreted as annual growth bands. We evaluate bands through analysis of colonial corals and stromatoporoids from three stratigraphic intervals: Upper Ordovician of Manitoba Canada, and Llandovery–Wenlock and Ludlow of Gotland, Sweden. Banding features are divided into four categories: (1) absence of banding; (2) density banding formed by variation in density or form of elements; (3) growth-interruption banding indicating growth cessation and regeneration; and (4) post-mortem banding caused by compaction or diagenesis. For discrimination of band types, it is essential to examine internal structures and skeletal margins in thin sections or acetate peels. Species vary considerably in degree and type of banding; each has a distinct pattern of variation. We propose criteria to determine if banding is consistent with seasonally induced growth variation: (1) consistency in band character and thickness; (2) continuity of skeletal growth; (3) marginal features; and (4) evidence of diagenetic alteration. Density bands in tabulate and rugose corals probably represent annual growth variations, but results for stromatoporoids are more ambiguous; although stromatoporoids commonly show banding, unequivocal density banding is poorly developed and growth interruption generated most stromatoporoid banding. Cerioid rugose and tabulate corals possess the thickest density bands; the thinnest bands are in stromatoporoids and heliolitid tabulates.     

南海北部大陆架琼东南盆地西南部新近纪沟鞭藻类

首次报道的低纬度晚第三纪(新近纪)丰富多样的海相沟鞭藻类,产自南海北部大陆架琼东南盆地西南部的两钻孔(主要是Ya2112井,少量为Ya2111井),经鉴定达40余种。文中仅对其中的31种4亚种进行了照相和对15种2亚种和1新种(Impletosphaeridiumcapillaresp.nov.)在我国进行了首次描述;在新近系建立2个沟鞭藻组合:即Hystrichosphaeropsisobscura组合(下部)和ReticulatosphaeraactinocoronataPolysphaeridiumzoharyi组合(上部),并讨论了它们的组合特征及其地质时代,认为其下部的组合时代为中新世,上部的组合时代为上新世。     

Rugose corals and associated carbonate microfossils from the Brigantian (Mississippian) of Castelsec (Montagne Noire, southern France)

The disused quarry east of Castelsec offers a view of shallow-marine carbonates of the poorly known Uppermost Mississippian of the Montagne Noire. At Castelsec, sections are studied in two characteristic facies types (bioclastic wackestone and microbial dominated boundstone) of the Upper Mississippian. The succession is rich in rugose corals and carbonate microfossils. Six genera with seven species belonging to a rugose coral fauna consisting of at least eight genera with several species are described herein; Dibunophyllum castelsecensis sp. nov. is described as new. Twenty-seven carbonate microfossils of different groups have been identified. The Castelsec succession is Brigantian in age, based on the stratigraphic occurrence of rugose corals, foraminifers, and calcareous algae observed in both sections. The rugose coral fauna shows relationships with the well-known fauna of northwestern Europe and the Ouralian-Asian Province. Typical elements of northwestern Europe are missing at Castelsec and vice versa. This differentiation between north and south is interpreted as responses to different palaeolatitudes and tectonic settings.     

MODES OF REPRODUCTION IN RUGOSE CORALS

A consideration of reproduction among fossil compound and 'solitary' rugose corals leads to the conclusion that(1) compound corals belonging to the order Rugosa must have been dimorphic and alternated between an asexual generation and a sexual generation; and (2) 'solitary' forms of rugose corals, although dominantly sexually-reproducing, included some individuals in which evidence of a repressed asexual generation is present.
The presence of a sexually-reproducing generation among compound corals cannot be demonstrated by clear morphological evidence, but is deduced from the observation that this is the most likely explanation for the origin of the initial corallite ('protocorallite') of a compound corallum.
It is proposed to restrict the term 'solitary' to non-compound individual corallites in which asexual budding is not observed and which therefore are presumed to have reproduced sexually. Simple corallites in which budding is observable are referred to as 'simple budding' forms. Thus, several described species of non-colonial rugose corals include both solitary individuals and simple budding individuals, including 'Lonsdaleoides' nishikawai Hayasaka & Minato, Timania rainbowensis Rowett, and 'Clisaxophyllum' awa atetsuense Minato & Nakazawa.     

东昆仑山西段上石炭统的四射珊瑚

青海柴达木盆地西南缘祁曼塔格山一带的上石炭统分下部缔敖苏组和上部四角羊沟组,该组的珊瑚化石自下而上可分两组合：１）Ｂｒａｄｙｐｈｙｌｌｕｍ ｓｔｅｒｅｏｍａｒｇｉｎａｔｕｍ－Ｃｙｓｔｏｐｈｏｒａｓｔｒａｅａ ｍｏｌｌｉ－Ｓｋｏｌｅｋｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍ ｂｕｌｌｉｔａｂｕｌａｔｕｍ组合,２）Ａｍｙｇｄａｌｏｐｈｙｌｌｏｉｄｅｓ ｍａｎｇｎａｉｅｎｓｅ－Ｎｅｏｋｏｎｉｎｃｋｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍ ｐｅｔｉｌｕ