Taxonomic characterization of populations ofHyacinthoides sect.Somera (Hyacinthaceae) in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula

A classical morphological study ofHyacinthoides sect.Somera in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula revealed the new speciesH. paivae. It differs from the closely related speciesH. italica, H. hispanica, andH. mauritanica by vegetative and generative characters, such as leaf length, raceme shape, tepal length and width. It typically occurs in woodlands in the A Coruña province of NW Spain.     

Allozyme variation in the diploid (A genome) populations ofScilla scilloides (Hyacinthaceae)

Allozyme variation at eleven loci encoding seven enzyme systems were examined in 20 populations of diploid (genome AA, 2n = 16)Scilla scilloides in China. In comparison with the average species of seed plants studied, populations of this species display a high amount of genetic variation (A = 2.0, P = 58.6%, H_o = 0.172, and H_e = 0.185). Allozyme variation pattern revealed predominant outcrossing within populations and considerable differentiation (F_ST = 0.314) among populations as well as between the subtropic and temperate regions. The wide distribution, long existence and outcrossing are presumably the main factors responsible for the high genetic diversity within populations. But the gravity dispersal of seeds and pollination by small insects set limits to the increase of genetic variation within populations and promote differentiation between populations and regions. In addition, allozyme variation does not distinguishS. scilloides var.albo-viridis and suggests that subtropic populations may be considered as a genetic entity.     

Studies on systematic embryology inScilla (Hyacinthaceae)

Scilla persica and 5 species of the so-calledS. hohenackeri group, namely,S. furseorum, S. puschkinioides, S. vvedenskyi, S. hohenackeri, andS. greilhuberi, have been investigated embryologically with special reference to embryo sac and endosperm development.Polygonum-type embryo sac development was stated inS. puschkinioides andS. greilhuberi. 8-nucleate, normally structured embryo sacs, which could not be specified further due to sparse availability of the material, were stated inS. furseorum, S. vvedenskyi, andS. hohenackeri. InS. persica the embryo sac develops according to the bisporicAllium-type. In most species endosperm development was stated to be nuclear, exceptS. hohenackeri, where the type could not be specified. Other traits of possible taxonomic significance are the number of layers in the outer integument, which is mostly 4, or 5–6 inS. furseorum, and the occurrence of polyploid versus haploid and early degenerating antipodal nuclei, the latter occurring only inS. persica andS. furseorum. These embryological characters may be useful for assessing taxonomic relationship of the present species with other allied groups withinScilla, in particular, theS. siberica alliance,S. messeniaca, and theS. bifolia alliance. TheAllium-type embryo sac, which occurs inS. persica, is also characteristic for theS. siberica alliance, and may be a common derived character. Lack of antipodal polyploidization, as characteristic forS. persica andS. furseorum, occurs also in theS. siberica alliance, and is perhaps another common derived trait indicating phylogenetic relationship. Nuclear endosperm development is more frequent in spring-flowering squills than helobial development, which has previously been stated inS. messeniaca, some species of theS. siberica alliance, and inS. litardierei. While helobial endosperm may be primitive forHyacinthaceae in general, it may, by reversal, also occur as a derived character, at least in some species of theS. siberica alliance.     

A biometric study of theOrnithogalum umbellatum (Hyacinthaceae) complex in France

Macromorphological variation within theOrnithogalum umbellatum L. (Hyacinthaceae) complex in France was studied. The resulting data were treated by numerical taxonomy methods. Three morphs can be identified: one corresponding to diploid plants, another made up of triploids and a third which encompasses plants having ploidy level above 3x (4x, 5x, and 6x). A systematic interpretation of the complex is proposed wherein only one species,O. umbellatum, is retained. This species corresponds to a polyploid complex undergoing evolution.     

A new low chromosome number forOrnithogalum tenuifolium (Hyacinthaceae)

A new chromosome number (2n=4) forOrnithogalum tenuifolium Delaroche is reported. The new chromosome race is postulated to have originated by a Robertsonian translocation from a Southern African chromosome race with six chromosomes, and represents thus the final step in a series of decreasing basic number of the species.     

A taxonomical revision ofThymus sect.Teucrioides (Lamiaceae)

TheThymus teucrioides Boiss. & Spruner aggregate is revised and the following new taxa, all from the alpine zone in the Greek mountains, are described:Th. leucospermus Hartvig from the calcareous mountains of Pindhos and Mt Parnassos in Sterea Ellas,Th. rechingeri Hartvig with the subsp.macrocalyx Hartvig from calcareous mountains in Sterea Ellas and N Peloponnissos, andTh. teucrioides subsp.alpinus Hartvig from the serpentine areas of N Pindhos. In the variableTh. teucrioides s. str. many characters have turned out to be markedly geographically correlated and many local populations can be distinguished by a particular combination of characters.Dedicated to Prof.K. H. Rechinger on the occasion of his 80th birthday.     

Contributions of numerical taxonomy toOrnithogalum subg.Beryllis (Hyacinthaceae) in Morocco

In North Africa,Ornithogalum L. subg.Beryllis Baker is represented by three taxa (O. narbonense L.,O. pyrenaicum L., andO. sessiliflorum Desf.), often difficult to identify. 90 individuals from 4 localities were subjected to a biometric study based on 19 morphological characteristics. Several types of multivariate analyses allow a perfect identification of the three species. Studies on the reproductive biology, cytotaxonomy, and ecology supplement these data.     

C-bands and chiasma distribution inScilla amoena,S. ingridae,andS. mischtschenkoana (Hyacinthaceae)

An effect of C-band pattern and polymorphism on chiasma distribution in pollen meiosis was recently demonstrated inScilla siberica. A further meiotic banding study has been performed in the alliesS. amoena, S. ingridae, andS. mischtschenkoana in order to analyze the effect, if any, of their specific C-band patterns and cytochemically different heterochromatin types on recombination. No clear evidence for a preferential formation of chiasmata adjacent to homozygous intercalary heterochromatin and no consistent reduction of chiasma frequency near strongly heterozygous intercalary heterochromatin blocks, as observed inS. siberica, could be found. Terminal C-band heteromorphism is suspected to cause distal chiasma defaults. The results suggest once more that there is no uniform effect of heterochromatin on crossover distribution.     

铁线莲属铁线莲组修订

对毛茛科铁线莲属(Clematis)中单型的翅果铁线莲组(sect. Pterocarpa)进行了分类学修订,写出了此组及其惟一种,翅果铁线莲(C. brachyura)的分类学简史和形态描述,给出此种的插图。根据其体态及花构造近似亚洲东部的辣蓼铁线莲(C. mandshurica Rupr.)和圆锥铁线莲(C. terniflora DC.)[二种均为威灵仙组(sect. Clematis)的成员],推测翅果铁线莲可能源自威灵仙组。     

Chromosome banding and genome size differentiation inProspero (Hyacinthaceae): Diploids

Prospero is a Mediterranean autumn-flowering genus ofHyacinthaceae commonly classified inScilla asS. autumnalis andS. obtusifolia. Extensive dysploid and polyploid variation has been reported. In the present study 77 diploid accessions from the western to the eastern part of the area of distribution, the major part being from continental Greece and Crete, have been analysed for karyotype structure and, in part, for genome size. Methods employed were acetocarmine staining, Giemsa C-banding, fluorochrome staining mainly with chromomycin A₃/DAPI, silver impregnation, and Feulgen densitometry. Banded idiograms were established with a computer assisted karyotype analysis procedure. Chromosome numbers were 2n = 8 inP. obtusifolium, and 2n = 12 and 14 inP. autumnale s. l. Dispensable euchromatic chromosome segments and different types of B chromosomes occurred. Among the cytotypes with 2n = 14 two karyotypes from Turkey differed from each other and from the rest in form, position of the nucleolar constriction, and in genome size. The remaining accessions were similar in karyotype shape but three levels of genome size could be discerned, the highest (1C = 7.50 pg) being found on the Iberian Peninsula, an intermediate one on Corsica and Malta, and the lowest (4.27 pg) in the Aegean. The karyotype with 2n = 12 had an intermediate genome size, and that ofP. obtusifolium a relatively low one. Heterochromatin amount was generally low, but some karyotypes showed characteristic banding patterns. The relationship between the chromosome complements with 2n = 14, 12 and 8 is discussed on the basis of idiograms and DNA amounts.The authors respectfully dedicate this papers to emer. o. Prof. Dr.Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess on the occasion of her 80th birthday.     

Molecular (RAPD) analysis on Italian taxa of theOphrys bertolonii aggregate (Orchidaceae)

The RAPD technique has been used for analyzing the genetic material of seven Italian populations of theOphrys bertolonii aggregate (Orchidaceae). For comparison the related speciesO. sphegodes andO. fuciflora have also been analyzed. A high genetic variability has been observed within the same populations, and on the whole onlyO. bertolonii can be safely differentiated from the other taxa of the aggregate, which are undistinguishable with this method.     

直果银莲花(毛茛科)确认在越南有分布

毛茛科直果银莲花(Anemone orthocarpa Hand.-Mazz.)长期以来仅记录分布于我国贵州西南部兴义县。通过标本检查,我们确认该种在越南北部老街省沙巴市也有分布。     

Phenetic,biogeographical, and evolutionary study ofOrnithogalum subg.Heliocharmos (Hyacinthaceae) in the western Mediterranean basin

A macromorphological study is made on taxa of the genusOrnithogalum subg.Heliocharmos in North Africa, Spain, and France. The results obtained are consistent with data from cytogenetics, reproductive biology and strategies of reproduction. They allow the retention of two species:O. algeriense andO. umbellatum. A biogeographical and phylogenetic interpretation of the subgenus is proposed for the western Mediterranean. Theoretical views on phenetics are discussed.     

Distribution and synonymy of Plagiochila punctata (Taylor) Taylor, with hypotheses on the evolutionary history of Plagiochila sect. Arrectae (Plagiochilaceae, Hepaticae)

For a long time, Plagiochila (sect. Arrectae) punctata (Taylor) Taylor has been treated as an endemic of Atlantic Europe. Studies of larger specimen sets demonstrated that the species is widespread in mountainous regions of the Neotropics where it is known under several names including P. stolonifera Lindenb. & Gottsche, P. choachina Gottsche and P. patzschkei Steph. In tropical Africa P. punctata is established as Plagiochila subalpina Steph., nom. illeg. The sporophyte of P. punctata is described for the first time, based on material from Costa Rica. A maximum likelihood analysis of a nrITS sequence alignment with sequences of P. sects. Fuscoluteae (outgroup), Arrectae, and Rutilantes as well as of P. rubescens (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Lindenb. results in a tree with well bootstrap supported Arrectae and Rutilantes clades. ITS sequences of Plagiochila punctata from the Comoros and Zaire are placed in an unsupported monophyletic lineage together with P. punctata sequences from the British Isles and Ecuador. The species is nested in a robust clade with P. spinulosa (Dicks.) Dumort. and P. stricta Lindenb. The weak genetic separation of these three species indicates a recent diversification; the disjunct ranges may be the result of long range dispersal events. Plagiochila rubescens from southern South America is placed sister to P. sect. Arrectae. The latter section possibly originated from southern South American ancestors, diversified in tropical America after the uplift of the Andes and reached the Holarctics and tropical Africa by long range dispersal of diaspores.We are grateful to the curators and owners of the herbaria cited in the text for the loan of specimens, especially to Tamás Pócs, Volker Buchbender and Eberhard Fischer for their continuous support with recent collections from tropical Africa. David Rycroft kindly sent a duplicate of P. rubescens. Financial support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant HE 3584/1) is gratefully acknowledged.     

A reexamination of infraspecific taxa of a wild potato,Solanum microdontum (Solanum sect.Petota:Solanaceae)

Current taxonomic interpretations ofSolanum microdontum Bitter partition the species into two or three infraspecific taxa, variously recognized as subspecies or varieties. The present study reexamines these taxa using morphological data from four individuals each of 69 accessions from most of the range of the species, planted in a common field plot. Our results show that the character states used to recognize infraspecific taxa inS. microdontum often vary within accessions and have no correlation with geography. We conclude that past hypotheses have used typological concepts and that infraspecific taxa are not warranted. This study questions other hypotheses of infraspecific taxa in sect.Petota.     

A Giemsa C-banding and DNA content study inScilla cilicica andS. morrisii,two little known sibling species of theS. siberica alliance (Hyacinthaceae)

S. cilicica Siehe andS. morrisii Meikle are two little known sibling species of theScilla siberica alliance with previously difficult taxonomy, especially with regard to specific delimitation and geographic distribution. Quantitative C-band karyotyping and DNA content determinations were performed in four provenances, including the type localities. Both species (2n = 12) differ strikingly in their banding patterns despite of similar DNA content. Karyotype diversification involved changes in eu- and heterochromatin quantities and resulted in some changes of chromosome form. Despite this, actual phylogenetic relatedness is indicated by a chromosomal marker (NOR-position) of rare occurrence in the alliance. Karyological results and circumstantial evidence from the literature suggest thatS. morrisii is an endemic, exclusive to Cyprus as a member of theS. siberica alliance.S. cilicica seems to be restricted to continental S. Anatolia opposite to Cyprus. Its occurrence on Cyprus is questionable.The authors dedicate this paper respectfully to emer. O. Univ.-Prof. DrLothar Geitler on the occasion of his 90th birthday.     

A phylogenetic analysis ofDuguetia (Annonaceae) based on morphological data

In this paper we present a phylogeny based on a study of the general morphology of 61 of the ca. 80 species ofDuguetia. Analyses were performed with PAUP. The resulting phylogeny is compared with the classification ofDuguetia as suggested byFries (1934, 1937, 1939, 1959). The results are partly corresponding withFries's classification. SectionAlcmene includingD. rionegrensis, and sects.Geanthemum, Synsepalantha, andCalothrix withoutD. uniflora, are upheld by this analysis. It is concluded that sect.Xylopipetalum should be united with sect.Duguetia. Before other taxonomic decisions at the section level can be made, more solid data must be available. Most dissimilarities found are considered to be not strong enough to propose alterations.Studies inAnnonaceae XXIII. For 22nd part seeZuilen & Maas (1994).     

披碱草属3组植物叶片解剖特征及其系统关系

采用石蜡切片法对披碱草属中小颖组、宽颖组和长颖组主要代表种的叶片横切面形态学特征进行观察。结果显示:(1)披碱草属3个组植物的叶片均为等面叶,由表皮、叶肉和维管束三部分构成,表现为典型的狐茅型,即表皮细胞形状、大小和排列不均,叶肉无栅栏组织和海绵组织之分,具有双层维管束鞘,周围叶肉细胞呈不规则排列,厚壁组织与表皮相接;但3个组植物在上表皮细胞形状、大小、沟的深浅,以及大型导管数目等叶片横切面特征上存在明显差异。(2)根据3个组植物叶片横切面性状的演化趋势,对各组的演化关系和系统位置分析表明,小颖组最原始,宽颖组较进化,长颖组最高级;小颖组可能直接派生了较进化的宽颖组,并在宽颖组的基础上进而产生了最高级的长颖组;小颖组、宽颖组和长颖组的这一系统关系与利用外部形态特征所获得的演化趋势基本一致。     

Phylogenetic relationships among species and genera of Lycoperdaceae based on ITS and LSU sequence data from north European taxa

Phylogenetic relationships, limits of species, and genera within Lycoperdaceae, were inferred by use of ITS and LSU nu-rDNA sequence data. Lycoperdaceae was confirmed as monophyletic, and Mycenastrum corium as a sister taxon to the ingroup. Four major clades were identified and received weak to moderate support and correspond with the genera Lycoperdon, Bovista, Calvatia, and Disciseda. The Lycoperdon clade includes species from Lycoperdon, Vascellum, Morganella, Handkea, Bovistella, and Calvatia. The structure within the Lycoperdon clade is unresolved and several clades are more or less unsupported, which suggests treating the supported Lycoperdon clade as the genus Lycoperdon. L. nigrescens and L. caudatum occur on single branches and their phylogenetic positions could not be resolved. The phylogenetic analyses identified 31 species of Lycoperdon, 11 species of Bovista, six species of Calvatia, and two species of Disciseda. In Lycoperdon three new species were recognized. A new species closely related to B. limosa is identified and discussed. A classification of Lycoperdaceae is proposed based on the results of the phylogenetic analyses. Morphological characters of species within and among identified clades are discussed.