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1.
Mary Beth Mader 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2010,7(2):187-203
The paper treats several ontological questions about certain nineteenth-century and contemporary medical and scientific conceptualizations
of hereditary relation. In particular, it considers the account of mid-nineteenth century psychiatric thought given by Foucault
in Psychiatric Power: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1973–1974 and Abnormal: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1974–1975. There, Foucault argues that a fantastical conceptual prop, the ‘metabody,’ as he terms it, was implicitly supposed by that
period’s psychiatric medicine as a putative ground for psychiatric pathology. After presenting the heart of Foucault’s thought
on the ‘metabody,’ the paper investigates the possibility that a contemporary version of a ‘metabody’ may operate today as
a conceptual analog of the nineteenth-century psychiatric theory and practice that Foucault began to expose in the texts examined
here. It speculates that we might identify a contemporary genetic version of a ‘metabody’ in a particular current conception
of the gene as replicator, an item marked by an ambiguous temporal ontology. 相似文献
2.
Bodily rights and collective claims: the work of legal activists in interpreting reproductive and maternal rights in India
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Carolyn Heitmeyer Maya Unnithan 《The journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute》2015,21(2):374-390
This article engages with anthropological approaches to the study of global human rights discourses around reproductive and maternal health in India. Whether couched in the language of human rights or of other social justice frameworks, different forms of claims‐making in India exist in tandem and correspond to particular traditions of activism and struggle. Universal reproductive rights language remains a discourse aimed at the state in India, where the primary purpose is to demand greater accountability in the domain of policy and governance. Outside of these spheres, other languages are strategically chosen by activists for their greater resonance in addressing individual cases of women claiming reproductive violence within the context of the family as well as localized histories of feminist struggle and social justice. In focusing on the work of legal activists and the discourses which inform their interventions, this article seeks to understand how the language of reproductive rights is used in the context of India, not as a `Western import' which is adapted to local contexts, but rather as one of multiple frameworks of claims‐making drawn upon by legal activists emerging from distinct histories of struggle for gender equality and social justice. 相似文献
3.
Infant feeding occurs in the context of continued gender inequities and in the context of a feminist movement that left women vulnerable to a system that defined the male body and mind as the norm. This paper draws from a qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with women artists at the 2005 Mamapalooza music festival in New York City, and conference participants at the 2005 La Leche League International and International Lactation Consultant Association Conferences and at the 2007 Reproductive Freedom Conference to understand our collective alienation from breastfeeding and to outline a process for how we might repossess breastfeeding as a positive function in women's lives. These women find power in honoring and validating their own experiences, in claiming those experiences as legitimate feminist actions, and then drawing on these experiences to seek new meanings, customs and norms that similarly honor, value and support their rights to those experiences. They argue that we need a feminist movement that fully incorporates women's needs as biological and reproductive social beings, alongside their needs as productive beings, and a movement that defines the female body and mind as the norm. 相似文献
4.
A biophysically realistical model of the primary visual pathway is designed, including feedback connections from the visual
cortex to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) – the so-called corticofugal pathway. The model comprises up to 10 000 retina
and LGN cells divided into the ON and the OFF pathway according to their contrast response characteristics. An additional
6000 cortical simple cells are modeled. Apart from the direct excitatory afferent pathway we include strong mutual inhibition
between the ON and the OFF subsystems. In addition, we propose a novel type of paradoxical corticofugal connection pattern
which links ON dominated cortical simple cells to OFF-center LGN cells and vice versa. In accordance with physiological findings
these connections are weakly excitatory and do not interfere with the steady-state responses to constant illumination, because
during the steady-state inhibition arising from the active pathway effectively silences the nonstimulated pathway. At the
moment of a contrast reversal the effect of the paradoxical connection pattern comes into play and the depolarization of the
previously silent channel is accelerated, leading to a latency reduction of up to 4 ms using moderate synaptic weights. With
increased weights reductions of more than 10 ms can be achieved. We introduce different synaptic characteristics for the feedback
(AMPA, NMDA, AMPA+NMDA) and show that the strongest latency reduction is obtained for a combination of the membrane channels
(i.e., AMPA+NMDA). The effect of the proposed paradoxical connection pattern is self-regulating; because the levels of inhibition
and paradoxical excitation are always driven by the same inputs (strong inhibition is counterbalanced by a stronger paradoxical
excitation and vice versa). In addition, the latency reduction for a contrast inversion which ends at a small absolute contrast
level (small contrast step) is stronger than the reduction for an inversion with large final contrast (large contrast step).
This leads to a more pronounced reduction in the reaction times for weak stimuli. Thus, reaction time differences for different
contrast steps are smoothed out.
Received: 22 January 1996/Accepted in revised form: 20 May 1996 相似文献
5.
Gaynor Macdonald 《The Australian journal of anthropology》2002,13(1):88-110
Ethnography may lie at the heart of anthropological methodology but its claims are contested. Feminist anthropologists in particular have debated the challenges a critical academic discipline poses for a consciously politicised positioning of the ethnographer, examining the constraints this might impose on the ethnographic project. Such dilemmas are compounded in the context of advocacy work. This critique of a feminist ethnography (Diane Bell's Ngarrindjeri Wurruwarrin), which emerged from advocacy work in a litigious Australian context, suggests that the truth demands of advocacy work sit uneasily with both the partiality of critical ethnography and the politics of the feminist project. 相似文献
6.
This article focuses on the transformation of the female reproductive body with the use of assisted reproduction technologies
under neo-liberal economic globalisation, wherein the ideology of trade without borders is central, as well as under liberal
feminist ideals, wherein the right to self-determination is central. Two aspects of the body in western medicine—the fragmented
body and the commodified body, and the integral relation between these two—are highlighted. This is done in order to analyse
the implications of local and global transactions in women’s reproductive body parts for their right to self-determination
and individual agency and what this means for their embodiment. We conclude by exploring whether women can become embodied
subjects by exercising their proprietary right to their bodies through directing technology to achieve their own goals, while
at the same time being fragmented into parts and losing their personhood and bodily integrity.
This article has been translated and adapted from the Dutch version published in the Tijdschrift voor Humanistiek, 2006; 26(7). 相似文献
7.
Maan Barua 《The journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute》2022,28(3):896-919
Through an ethnography of parakeets and other denizens in London, this article expounds the concept of the feral and foregrounds its purchase for an anthropological inquiry into urban life. Ecological, cultural, and political connotations of ferality impinge upon evaluations of what counts and is allowed to flourish as metropolitan nature. Ferality is constructed through nativist and racial taxonomies which promote a biopolitics of eradicating parakeets. At the same time, parakeets trigger new ‘recombinant' ecological associations when they enter into relations with other avian life. They also foster affective alignments with people that create possibilities for a more just politics of dwelling. The feral recasts London's metropolitan nature as postcolonial and opens up novel ways of doing urban anthropology. 相似文献
8.
Engstrom EJ 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(4):546-562
The paper examines the admissions practices of the German Society for Racial Hygiene (Gesellschaft für Rassenhygiene) between 1905 and 1916. It assesses the Society’s changing statutes and the various charts (genealogical, anthropological,
and clinical) used to vet prospective members. The Society’s admissions procedures were dual-use technologies, at once serving
as evidence for both the larger goals of racial science research and the narrower aims of social inclusion/exclusion. But
these procedures can also be interpreted as reflexive practices by which members fashioned their sense of racial self and
cultivated relations to that self. Finally, the article situates these practices in the context of histories of human experimentation,
the self, and biopolitics. 相似文献
9.
Alexei Oskolski 《Biosemiotics》2011,4(2):201-222
Although the term taxon is one of the most common concepts in biology, a range of its meanings cannot be comprehended by an
universal definition. Usually, biologists construe their knowledge of “the same” taxon by substantially different interpretations,
so they find themselves in need either to justify this “multiplication of taxon essences”, or to surmount their plurality
unifying its interpretations into a single explanation of what a taxon is. In both cases, an ontological status (“reality”)
of that taxon is questioned. Therefore, discrepancy between universality of the taxon concept in biology and unavoidable plurality
of its interpretations can be regarded as a source of problem of the taxon ontology. The present work aims to clarify the
premises of this discrepancy using phenomenological approach. Three ways of the taxon positing (as a class, as a place in
the world, and as a individualized body) have been distinguished. Taxon as a class is established by common essence that is
shared by a set of living beings. These living beings are regarded as speculative objects beyond an idea of the world, i.e.
as objects of the experimental science. A question about ontology of taxon as a class refers to the scholastic problem of
universalia; its status can be defined within the scope of the nominalism/realism opposition. Taxon as a place of common appearance
of the specimens is regarded in the context of the etiological relations unifying various entities into the entire world.
Taxon as a place refers to a certain position in the Natural System that is construed as an etiological map of the world.
In this case a specimen of a living being is known as a curiosity, i.e. representant of its relationships as well as of the
place of its origin. Ontological status of a taxon as a place is to be clarified within the framework of the natural/artificial
opposition. The positing of a taxon as a collective body marked off by limits of joint survival of living beings is characteristic
for biology in the strict sense which arose in the very beginning of the 19 century. A taxon as a body established by the
techniques of disciplinary power sensu M. Foucault extended from the human bodies to bodies of other living beings. The ontological status of a taxon as a collective
body can be defined within the scope of the wild/domesticated opposition. Therefore, the discrepancy between the universality
of the taxon concept and the plurality of its interpretations is underlayed by interpenetration of three distinct modi of
taxon establishing. Distinguishing between these three modi can clarify sources of ontological problems concerned with the
term taxon in each case when they arise. 相似文献
10.
Luisa Steur 《Dialectical Anthropology》2011,35(1):59-76
Although the notion of the ‘adivasi’ has come under academic scrutiny and the ‘dark side’ of indigeneity discourses is increasingly
criticized, there has been relatively little attention to the question of why, under adverse circumstances, activists have nevertheless started articulating their political program in the language of
adivasi-ness while surpassing the particularistic politics of earlier tribal movements. Explaining the emergence of indigenist
politics as a new democratic force is all the more pertinent for the case of Kerala since this state has the Communist movement
as an obvious alternative for the articulation of such a transformative political agenda. This article therefore seeks to
explore the forces that gave rise to the politics of indigenism. It begins with a discussion of shifts in the structural power
context shaping subaltern activism in Kerala—particularly the impact of neoliberal restructuring and the new ideological environment
created with the demise of the Communist block. The paper then moves to consider the political dynamics operating within this structural context that led indigenist activists to form a separate political movement. It looks particularly at the
sense of both ideological and material disillusionment these activists feel toward the Communist party in Kerala. 相似文献
11.
Despite persistent debate on the nature of species, the widespread adoption of Mayr’s biological species concept has led to
a heavy emphasis on the importance of reproductive isolation to the speciation process. Equating the origin of species with
the evolution of reproductive isolation has become common practice in the study of speciation, coincident with an increasing
focus on elucidating the specific genetic changes (i.e.—speciation genes) underlying intrinsic reproductive barriers between
species. In contrast, some have recognized that reproductive isolation is usually a signature effect rather than a primary
cause of speciation. Here we describe a research paradigm that shifts emphasis from effects to causes in order to resolve
this apparent contradiction and galvanize the study of speciation. We identify major elements necessary for a balanced and
comprehensive investigation of the origin of species and place the study of so-called “speciation genes” into its appropriate
context. We emphasize the importance of characterizing diverging phenotypes, identifying relevant evolutionary forces acting
on those phenotypes and their role in the causal origins of reduced gene flow between incipient species, and the nature of
the genetic and phenotypic boundaries that results from such processes. This approach has the potential to unify the field
of speciation research, by allowing us to make better “historical” predictions about the fate of diverging populations regardless
of taxon. 相似文献
12.
Chemouilli P 《Médecine sciences : M/S》2004,20(1):109-114
We present here the beginnings of public health politics in Meiji Japan (1868-1912). Due to a two century isolation of Japan, public health concepts developed in the West from the end of the 18th century were foreign in premodern Japan. Due to its isolation, Japan was also relatively preserved from some acute infectious diseases such as cholera. In this paper, we investigate the role of cholera epidemics in the emergence of public health concepts in the peculiar context of Meiji Japan. We show that chronic diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy were neglected for a long time and that the Meiji government set priority on acute infectious diseases that were considered as long as they disturbed public order. Nevertheless, some physicians and government officials considered issues of welfare and poverty. We also review some emerging concepts of social medicine. We try to show, that in Japan as well as in Western nations, public health politics were not exempt of contradictions and paradoxes and a permanent tension existed between coercitive policies and conceptions of welfare and rights to health. 相似文献
13.
Patricia Adair Gowaty 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1992,3(3):217-249
Evolutionary biology and feminism share a variety of philosophical and practical concerns. I have tried to describe how a
perspective from both evolutionary biology and feminism can accelerate the achievement of goals for both feminists and evolutionary
biologists. In an early section of this paper I discuss the importance of variation to the disciplines of evolutionary biology
and feminism. In the section entitled “Control of Female Reproduction” I demonstrate how insight provided by participation
in life as woman and also as a feminist suggests testable hypotheses about the evolution of social behavior—hypotheses that
are applicable to our investigations of the evolution of social behavior in nonhuman animals. In the section on “Deceit, Self-deception,
and Patriarchal Reversals” I have overtly conceded that evolutionary biology, a scientific discipline, also represents a human
cultural practice that, like other human cultural practices, may in parts and at times be characterized by deceit and self-deception.
In the section on “Femininity” I have indicated how questions cast and answered and hypotheses tested from an evolutionary
perspective can serve women and men struggling with sexist oppression.
Patricia Adair Gowaty studies the evolution of social behavior, particularly mating systems and sex allocation, primarily
in birds. She is most well-known for her long-term studies of eastern bluebirds, which began in 1977 and are on-going. She
was an undergraduate at H. Sophie Newcomb College of Tulane University (1963–1967). In the late sixties and early seventies,
while employed at the Bronx Zoo (New York Zoological Society), she belonged to a feminist “consciousness-raising” group. She
started graduate school in 1974 at the University of Georgia and received her Ph.D. from Clemson University (1980). She had
a postdoctoral position at the University of Oklahoma (1982–1983) and a visiting faculty position at Cornell University through
the Visiting Professorships for Women NSF program (1983–1984) before returning to her bluebird study sites at Clemson in 1985.
She has supported herself and her research efforts throughout her academic career on a series of awards and grants. She is
currently (1990–1995) supported by a Research Scientist Development Award from The National Institute of Mental Health. 相似文献
14.
Leonid Kalichman Ida Malkin Eugene Kobyliansky 《International Journal of Anthropology》2006,21(3-4):253-263
In the present cross-sectional study of the Chuvashian rural population, we examined the secular trends of age at menarche,
the age at menopause, the reproductive period, and the age of the first marriage of Chuvashian women. The cohort included
745 women aged 18–90 years; age at menarche (N = 653) ranging from 10 to 24 years (mean 15.42 ± 2.11). Data regarding menopausal age was obtained from 316 women born between
1920 and 1950 (mean 48.5 ± 4.6). Statistical analyses included the maximum likelihood estimation and a Whiskers plot. Women
born during the second through the fourth decade of the 20th century showed increasing mean values of age at menarche from
15.4 (second decade) up to 16.5 (fourth decade) and after that a decrease of the mean values to 14.0 (ninth decade). The mean
values of menopausal age increased from 47.0 (women born from 1920 to 1925) to 49.3 (born from 1945 to 1950). Age at first
marriage showed a trend of decreasing age. Our study demonstrated secular trends of age at menarche in Chuvashian women who
had matured after World War II and also confirmed secular trends of increased age at menopause and the duration of the reproductive
period. Women, whose maturation was during or immediately after World War II, showed a higher age at menarche and a higher
dispersion of age at menopause. 相似文献
15.
Chemouilli P 《Médecine sciences : M/S》2004,20(2):236-240
We present here the beginnings of public health politics in Meiji Japan (1868-1912). Due to a two century isolation of Japan, public health concepts developed in the West from the end of the 18th century were foreign in premodern Japan. Due to its isolation, Japan was also relatively preserved from some acute infectious diseases such as cholera. In this paper, we investigate the role of cholera epidemics in the emergence of public health concepts in the peculiar context of Meiji Japan. We show that chronic diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy were neglected for a long time and that the Meiji government set priority on acute infectious diseases that were considered as long as they disturbed public order. Nevertheless, some physicians and government officials considered issues of welfare and poverty. We also review some emerging concepts of social medicine. We try to show that in Japan as well as in western nations public health politics were not exempt of contradictions and paradoxes and a permanent tension existed between coercitive policies and conceptions of welfare and rights to health. 相似文献
16.
E. Crognier H. Amor A. Baali M. Cherkaoui M.-K. Hilali M. Loukid 《International Journal of Anthropology》2006,21(2):141-149
Morocco’s fertility pattern evolved in the 20th century from a traditional model close to ‘natural fertility’ to a modern pattern incorporating contraception. The very high fertility rate of nearly 7 offspring per woman observed in the 1960s was still at a level of 5.5 offspring per woman in the early 1980s. The total fertility rate subsequently declined to 2.5 by 2003. This decline was apparently, principally, the result of two factors in the urban context: the relative increase in women’s age at marriage and the use of contraception to regulate and to close reproduction. This research studied a group of Berber agriculturists in the region of Marrakech to better understand the extension and modalities of fertility changes in a rural environment. Though delayed, the changes observed in rural Berbers paralleled the general trends seen at the national level. As in the urban environment, the changes affecting reproductive patterns resulted from an increase in the age at marriage of women and the introduction of contraception. However, these changes were apparently minor adaptations to the traditional pattern, in that the progressive increase in mean age at marriage was obtained by the decrease in the frequency of pre-nubile unions (<15 years old) and not from the upward shift of the modal age. On the other hand, contraception apparently was employed to stop childbearing after the expected family size was already attained. 相似文献
17.
Angela Marino 《Dialectical Anthropology》2011,35(3):265-273
This essay explores the proclamation of a “liberated space” as deployed by artists and activists of the NUDEC, Nuevo Nuevo
Circo (New New Circus) in Caracas. Operating from a former bullring, these artists collectively interpret and define their
terms for liberation, in part through an anti-bullfighting campaign centered on humanism as a political assertion in a venue
for the arts. By examining the work of NUDEC in relation to the politics of public space during the first decade of the twenty-first
century, certain parallels can be drawn between the New New Circus and the nation. 相似文献
18.
Patrik Krebs Gianni B. Pezzatti Stefano Mazzoleni Lee M. Talbot Marco Conedera 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2010,129(1):53-69
“Fire regime” has become, in recent decades, a key concept in many scientific domains. In spite of its wide spread use, the
concept still lacks a clear and wide established definition. Many believe that it was first discussed in a famous report on
national park management in the United States, and that it may be simply defined as a selection of a few measurable parameters
that summarize the fire occurrence patterns in an area. This view has been uncritically perpetuated in the scientific community
in the last decades. In this paper we attempt a historical reconstruction of the origin, the evolution and the current meaning
of “fire regime” as a concept. Its roots go back to the 19th century in France and to the first half of the 20th century in
French African colonies. The “fire regime” concept took time to evolve and pass from French into English usage and thus to
the whole scientific community. This coincided with a paradigm shift in the early 1960s in the United States, where a favourable
cultural, social and scientific climate led to the natural role of fires as a major disturbance in ecosystem dynamics becoming
fully acknowledged. Today the concept of “fire regime” refers to a collection of several fire-related parameters that may
be organized, assembled and used in different ways according to the needs of the users. A structure for the most relevant
categories of parameters is proposed, aiming to contribute to a unified concept of “fire regime” that can reconcile the physical
nature of fire with the socio-ecological context within which it occurs. 相似文献
19.
Christopher L. Coe Amanda C. Connolly Helena C. Kraemer Seymour Levine 《Primates; journal of primatology》1979,20(4):571-582
The reproductive histories and behavior of six chimpanzees were analyzed in order to evaluate the female reproductive pattern.
This analysis indicated that captive females undergo an earlier menarche and an acceleration of subsequent reproductive phases
as compared to wild chimpanzees. Menarche occurred between 7.7–9.3 years of age and first conceptions occurred between 8.2–10.7
years of age. Changes in the females' sex skins across menarche, pregnancy, and the menstrual cycle were also evaluated. The
fluctuation in sex skin size was shown to have a marked effect on the occurrence of sexual behavior. In addition, the social
context and relative familiarity of the chimpanzees affected the choice of sexual partners. 相似文献