生长抑素基因有结构变异

生长抑素(SS)是具有广泛生理活性的14肽(S14),已在人及鼠、鱼等的几种组织内确认了其前体分子、并发现了SS的另一活性形式S28。通过cDNA核苷酸序列分析,在anglerfish及鲐鱼胰内分泌组织均发现有两种SS mRNA,分别对应121肽及125肽的SS前体分子;但在人和鼠的内分泌瘤组织仅发现有一种cDNA,编码116肽的前生长抑素原。美国德州大学CJ Su等新近又从牛胰提取出前生长抑素原的cDNA,据此编码出的116肽SS前体分子的一级结构与其它哺孔类SS前体极其近似,但有少数氨基酸差异。通过Nothern印渍法分子杂交,在胎     

生长抑素的生物合成

1968年Krulin等观察到大鼠下丘脑含有抑制生长激素(GH)释放的物质;1973年Braz-eau等确定其是含14个氨基酸的多肽,定名为GH释放抑制激素或生长抑素(SS)。在脊椎动物SS选择性地分布于全身的细胞内,脑、胃肠和胰腺内含量最高,占25%、70%和5%。SS抑制腺垂体分泌GH、促甲状腺素等,可能也抑制神经垂体激素的释放、抑     

生长抑素抑制剂—半胱胺促进大鼠,幼兔生长的研究

近年来许多研究表明,注射生长抑素(Somatostatin,SS)产生的抗体可消除SS的作用.加速幼畜的生长。但由于此法需制备高效价的抗体,或以SS纯品主动免疫动物以及存在机体对抗原、抗体的清除率等问题,因而在应用于生产之前,还需进一步深入研究。1981年Szabo等报道口服半胱     

生长抑素的生理作用及其与哺乳动物冬眠启动的关系

生长抑素(somatostatin, SS)是一种具有抑制性作用的脑肠肽,在哺乳动物的中枢神经系统及消化系统中广泛分布,具有抑制多种垂体激素的分泌、维持胃肠道功能等重要作用。冬眠是一种低体温和低代谢状态,以全身多器官功能暂时"休止"为特征,依据生长抑素特殊的"刹车"作用,推测其与冬眠启动过程相关。本文综述了生长抑素的生理作用及其与哺乳动物冬眠启动的关系。     

四种胃肠激素对链佐霉素诱发的小鼠高血糖的影响

本实验用腹腔注射链佐霉素(Streptozotocin简称STZ)方法破坏小鼠胰岛B细胞以诱发高血糖,观察生长抑素(Somatostatin,SS)、神经降压素(neurotensin,NT)、胰高血糖素(glucagon,GC)和促甲状腺素释放激素(TRH)4种胃肠激素对小鼠高血糖的影响。在每天腹腔注射STZ(60mg/kg)前10分钟分别经皮下注射上述4种胃肠激素,连续注射5天,在实验的第1,6,8,10,15天取血测血清葡萄糖浓度,对照组注射生理盐水(NS)。结果发现:(1)预先注射SS和NT可不同程度地抑制由STZ引起的实验性高血糖,并呈剂量一效应关系,(2)预先注射GC和TRH,血糖浓度仍明显升高,与NS对照组比较无显著差异,(3)取注射STZ后第15天的高血糖小鼠(血糖高于350mg％者)分为8组,分别以SS和NT作治疗性注射,每天一次共5日,并未见对小鼠高血糖有缓解效果;(4)正常小鼠单独皮下注射NS、SS、NT、GC、和TRH,每天一次连续5天,在注射后15天内未见对血糖水平有明显影响。以上结果提示:预防性注射SS和NT可显著抑制由STZ诱发的高血糖的产生。     

柴半六合汤对慢性肾衰竭模型大鼠血清胃泌素、胃动素及生长抑素的影响(英文)

目的:观察柴半六合汤对慢性肾衰竭(CRF)模型大鼠血清胃泌素(GAS)、胃动素(MTL)、生长抑素(SS)水平的影响,探讨其作用机制。方法:采用5/6肾切除的方法复制CRF大鼠模型,设立假手术组、模型组、柴半六合汤高剂量组、低剂量组、尿毒清对照组,检测血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、胃泌素(GAS)、胃动素(MTL)及生长抑素(SS),取胃粘膜行HE染色,光镜下观察其组织病理变化。结果:用药各组大鼠治疗后Scr、BUN低于模型组;柴半六合汤高剂量组大鼠Scr、BUN、GAS、MTL低于低剂量组、SS高于低剂量组;柴半六合汤高、低剂量组大鼠GAS、MTL低于尿毒清对照组、SS高于尿毒清对照组。结论:柴半六合汤通过降低CRF模型大鼠GAS、MTL水平、SS升高水平,改善胃肠道症状。     

生长抑素可预防链佐霉素诱发的大鼠胰岛 B 细胞分泌功能的损伤

本工作通过测定大鼠血清、胰腺灌流液以及肤腺组织中胰岛素含量,观察生长抑素(SS)对链佐霉素(STZ)诱发的实验性糖尿病的作用。结果如下:皮下注射生理盐水后10min,再向腹腔注射链佐霉素(35mg/kg),24h 后大鼠血清胰岛素浓度明显降低。胰腺组织匀浆中的胰岛素含量也明显减少。如若在注射链佐霉素前10min 皮下注射生长抑素,则可有效地防止上述两项指标的改变,(NS STZ)和(SS STZ)两组之间具有显著差异。单独注射生长抑素,24h 后血清胰岛素及胰腺组织中胰岛素含量与正常对照无明显差异。用分离的大鼠胰腺作体外灌流,观察到:NS STZ 组大鼠灌流胰腺对19.7mmol/L 的高浓度葡萄糖刺激无胰岛素释放反应,而 SS STZ 组大鼠的胰腺对高浓度葡萄糖有反应性,刺激后出现胰岛素分泌峰。上述结果表明,SS(30μg/kg)预防性注射可以防止 STZ 引起的胰岛 B 细胞分泌功能的障碍。     

经血管灌流生长抑素对大鼠离体胃运动的抑制作用

采用血管灌流大鼠离体胃模型,探讨生长抑素对胃运动的影响。结果表明：（１）生长抑素能明显抑制胃窦自发和胃动素兴奋的胃运动;（２）生长抑素可抑制离体胃内源性胃泌素释放;（３）抗生长抑素血清和前列腺素合成酶抑制剂消炎痛可阻断生长抑素对胃窦运动的抑制作用。上述结果提示：生长抑素的抑制作用除通过直接作用于生长抑素受体外,还可能通过胃窦局部前列腺素介导来抑制胃的运动。     

饥饿对大鼠胰岛素分泌的影响及其机制的分析

本工作探讨了大鼠饥饿时胰岛素分泌减少的机制。大鼠连续饥饿1至4d,其血浆胰岛素水平的变化不与血糖平行,二者虽均于饥饿第1天即显著下降,但胰岛素在饥饿期间一直维持于低水平。而血糖则于饥饿第3天开始回升,第4天接近正常水平。在离体实验中发现,禁食3d大鼠的离体灌流胰腺对精氨酸的胰岛素分泌反应明显地低于正常摄食大鼠。看来,饥饿时胰岛素分泌的减少似不是由于营养物质对胰岛β细胞刺激作用的减弱,而可能是由于局部抑制性影响加强所致。 我们进一步观察了胰内生长抑素的作用,发现饥饿3d的大鼠,在胰岛素分泌减少的同时,胰腺生长抑素的含量增高,如预先给动物注射半胱胺以耗竭内源性生长抑素,则使饥饿大鼠胰岛素分泌的抑制现象明显减轻。在离体实验中也发现,预先注射半胱胺的饥饿大鼠,其离体灌流的胰腺对精氨酸的反应恢复正常。这些结果提示,胰内生长抑素对β细胞局部抑制作用的增强,可能是饥饿引起胰岛素分泌减少的机制之一。     

两种新的抗癌分子

癌症是目前世界上最难征服的疾病之一。最近发现的血管生长抑素（ａｎｇｉｏｓｔａｔｉｎ）和内皮生长抑素（ｅｎｄｏｓｔａｔｉｎ）为人类征服癌症提供了希望。１９９４年,哈佛医学院的Ｆｏｌｋ－ｍａｎ实验室在Ｃｅｌ杂志上报道了一种新的能够抑制血管生长的因子——Ａ...     

应用分值计算法优选SS琼脂配方的研究

用分值计算法对四批ＳＳ琼脂质量检测,分值均小于质控标准分值５６．１２５。主要问题是抑制大肠杆菌（Ｅ.ｃｏｌｉ）生长和促鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（Ｓｔｙｐｈｉｍｕｒｉｕｍ）,痢疾志贺氏菌（Ｓ．Ｄｙｓｅｎｉｃｒｉａｅ）生长的能力不够。调整ＳＳ琼脂配方中各试剂的用量进行筛选,结果表明：０．５％胆盐抑制大肠杆菌（Ｅ/ｃｏｌｉ）能力达到分值质控要求,但对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（Ｓｔｙｐｈｉｍｕｒｉｕｍ）和痢疾志贺氏菌（Ｓ．Ｄｙｓｅｎｉｃｒｉａｅ）的生     

利用核糖体DNA限制性酶切谱(ARDRA)分子技术和小亚基单位核糖体RNA(SSrRNA)基因序列分析对五种双眉虫(原生动物,纤毛门,游仆目)种内及种间关系的探讨

从12种限制性内切酶中筛选出6种可获得种间多样性的内切酶:Alu Ⅰ,Taq Ⅰ,Hae Ⅲ,Hinf Ⅰ,Msp Ⅰ,Xba Ⅰ,对广义双眉虫Diophrys-complex5个种(伪寡毛双眉虫Diophrys apoligothrix、悬游双眉虫D.appendiculata、盾圆双眉虫D.scutum、秀丽拟双眉虫Paradiophrys irmgard、针毛类双眉虫Diophryopsis hystrix)共7个种群的核糖体基因(18S小亚基、部分23S大亚基及其内转录间隔区域)进行多位点酶切。结果显示,种间差异明显大于种内差异。利用RAPDistance1.04软件构建的邻接树表明,盾圆双眉虫的3个种群表现出高度的同源性;3个近缘属(双眉虫属、拟双眉虫属、类双眉虫属)可以被明确区分,并支持类双眉虫属与拟双眉虫属的独立性。从GenBank/EMBL数据库中获得广义双眉虫及相近种的小亚基单位核糖体RNA(SSrRNA)基因序列,利用邻接法(NJ),贝叶斯法(Bayesian)和最大简约法(MP)构建的系统发生树具有基本一致的拓扑结构,结果显示:狭义双眉虫属Diophrys为单源发生系,并与类双眉虫属Diophryopsis组成姐妹群;尽管拟双眉虫属Paradiophrys具有广义双眉虫典型的形态学特征,但与尾刺虫属Uronychia有着较近的亲缘关系。本工作同时表明,核糖体DNA限制性酶切(ARDRA)技术可靠地区分纤毛虫的形态相似种,并在双眉虫属间水平的系统关系推定中存在一定的适用性。     

游仆目纤毛虫(纤毛门,旋唇纲)的分子系统学研究

在最新GenBank分子信息的汇集、分析基础上,利用小亚基单位核糖体RNA基因序列分别构建了最大简约树、距离树、最大似然树及贝叶斯树,对长期存在争议的游仆目纤毛虫的系统关系进行了探讨和修订.工作显示:1)游仆目不是1个单源发生系;2)盘头虫类从游仆目中较早分化出来,呈现与排毛类、寡毛类平行的进化关系;3)腹棘虫科内的腹棘虫和拟游仆虫体现了密切的亲缘关系;4)游仆虫科、舍太虫科、檐纤虫科在所有分子树中均表现了十分稳定的拓扑结构;5)游仆虫属内可以细分为7个亚类群;6)尾刺虫科在游仆目内分化较早,支持前人有关其在系统演化时序中处于原始阶段的论断.     

Deciphering Legionella effector delivery by Icm/Dot secretion system reveals a new role for c-di-GMP signaling

Secretion of bacterial effector proteins into host cells plays a key role in bacterial virulence. Yet, the dynamics of the secretion systems activity remains poorly understood, especially when machineries deal with the export of numerous effectors. We address the question of multi-effector secretion by focusing on the Legionella pneumophila Icm/Dot T4SS that translocates a record number of 300 effectors. We set up a kinetic translocation assay, based on the β-lactamase translocation reporter system combined with the effect of the protonophore CCCP. When used for translocation analysis of Icm/Dot substrates constitutively produced by L. pneumophila, this assay allows a fine monitoring of the secretion activity of the T4SS, independently of the expression control of the effectors. We observed that effectors are translocated with a specific timing, suggesting a control of their docking/translocation by the T4SS. Their delivery is accurately organized to allow effective manipulation of the host cell, as exemplified by the sequential translocation of effectors targeting Rab1, namely SidM/DrrA, LidA, LepB. Remarkably, the timed delivery of effectors does not depend only on their interaction with chaperone proteins but implies cyclic-di-GMP signaling, as the diguanylate cyclase Lpl0780/Lpp0809, contributes to the timing of translocation.     

Effects of antifilarial drugs on the activities of the oxidative enzymes of mitochondria and microsomes of rat liver and kidneys

Centperazine or diethylcarbamazine, administered at various dose levels to rats inhibited the activity of succinate dehydrogenase significantly in 4 hrs in liver. Centperazine also inhibited the activity of cytochrome-c oxidase but stimulated the activity of benzo (a) pyrene hydroxylase in liver. In kidneys, activities of succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome-c oxidase and aniline hydroxylase were significantly inhibited by centperazine only, however, the activity of benzo (a) pyrene hydroxylase was inhibited by both the drugs. These drugs had no effect on the activity of aminopyrene N-demethylase and cytochrome P-450 contents of liver and kidneys.     

副溶血性弧菌分泌系统在致病力中作用的研究进展

致病菌借助分泌系统将特异蛋白直接注入宿主细胞内,破坏宿主细胞内的多种信号通路,是导致细菌定殖和感染的有效途径。作为一种重要的食源性致病菌,副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)的Ⅲ型分泌系统(Type Ⅲ secretion system,T3SS)和Ⅵ型分泌系统(Type Ⅵ secretion system,T6SS)是其对宿主细胞产生致病性的重要因素。本文综述了副溶血性弧菌T3SS和T6SS效应物在致病力中的具体作用,以及相关调控机理,为进一步了解由副溶血性弧菌导致的病症,研究其致病机理以及寻找致病性靶标提供参考。     

A DExH/D-box protein coordinates the two steps of splicing in a group I intron

Proteins of the DExH/D family are ATPases that can unwind duplex RNA in vitro. Individual members of this family coordinate many steps in ribonucleoprotein enzyme assembly and catalysis in vivo, but it is largely unknown how the action of these co-factors is specified and precisely timed. As a first step to address this question biochemically, we describe the development of a new protein-dependent group I intron splicing system that requires such an ATPase for coordinating successive steps in splicing. While genetic analysis in yeast has shown that at least five nuclear-encoded proteins are required for splicing of the mitochondrial aI5β group I intron, we show that efficient in vitro splicing of aI5β occurs with only two of these co-factors and, furthermore, they fulfill distinct functions in vitro. The Mrs1p protein stabilizes RNA structure and promotes the first step in splicing. In contrast, a DExH/D protein, Mss116p, acts after the first step and, utilizing ATP hydrolysis, specifically enhances the efficiency of exon ligation. An analysis of Mss116p variants with mutations that impair its RNA-stimulated ATP hydrolysis activity or reduce its ability to unwind duplexes show that the efficiency of ATP hydrolysis is a major determinant in promoting exon ligation. These observations suggest that Mss116p acts in aI5β splicing by catalyzing changes in the structure of the RNA/protein splicing intermediate that promote the second step. More broadly, these observations are consistent with a model in which the “functional-timing” of DExH/D-box protein action can be specified by a specific conformation of its substrate due to the “upstream” activity of other co-factors.     

Structural Model of a Porphyromonas gingivalis type IX Secretion System Shuttle Complex

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative oral anaerobic pathogen and is one of the key causative agents of periodontitis. P. gingivalis utilises a range of virulence factors, including the cysteine protease RgpB, to drive pathogenesis and these are exported and attached to the cell surface via the type IX secretion system (T9SS). All cargo proteins possess a conserved C-terminal signal domain (CTD) which is recognised by the T9SS, and the outer membrane β-barrel protein PorV (PG0027/LptO) can interact with cargo proteins as they are exported to the bacterial surface. Using a combination of solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, biochemical analyses, machine-learning-based modelling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we present a structural model of a PorV:RgpB-CTD complex from P. gingivalis. This is the first structural insight into CTD recognition by the T9SS and shows how the conserved motifs in the CTD are the primary sites that mediate binding. In PorV, interactions with extracellular surface loops are important for binding the CTD, and together these appear to cradle and lock RgpB-CTD in place. This work provides insight into cargo recognition by PorV but may also have important implications for understanding other aspects of type-IX dependent secretion.