共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The recombinant G glycoprotein from the surface of the rabies virus (RVGP) is a promising candidate as a rabies vaccine component and also for diagnostic purposes. In this study, RVGP production by transfected Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells cultivated in a serum-free medium (supplemented IPL-41 medium) was carried out. The effects of pH and pO2 were evaluated in batch culture in parallel spinner flasks. The use of a pH equal to 6.3 and a pO2 of 40% air saturation resulted in the highest RVGP content. These conditions were also used in fed-batch mode, yielding a RVGP content level of 98 g/107 cells. The main nutrients consumed were glucose, glutamine, asparagine, serine and proline and the major metabolites produced were alanine and ammonia, according to the metabolism studies performed. Since RVGP is a transmembrane protein, two different methods for protein recovery were assessed and compared. Detergent-based cell disruption showed to be more effective than mechanical disruption with glass beads for glycoprotein recovery. 相似文献
2.
Enhanced production of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rRVGP) by Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells through control of culture conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Culture conditions that affect product quality are important to the successful operation and optimization of recombinant protein
production. The objective of this study was to optimize culture conditions for growth of recombinant Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells (S2AcRVGP) in order to enhance the production of rRVGP. The addition of DMSO and glycerol to the medium and growth
at a reduced temperature (22 °C) were the culture condition variations selected to be tested. Experimental cultures were first
performed in serum-free Sf900 II medium in 250 ml Schott flasks. The most promising conditions identified in these experiments
were also tested on a higher scale in a 3l bioreactor. In the Schott flasks experiments, all the changes in culture conditions
resulted in an increase of rRVGP production. The protein concentration was 3.6-fold higher with addition of 1% DMSO and 1%
glycerol and 9.3-fold higher when the cells were cultured at 22 °C instead of the standard 28 °C. The maximum concentration
of rRVGP reached was 591 μg l−1. In bioreactor experiments, with control of pH at 6.20 and DO at 50%, the reduced culture temperature (22 °C) was the strategy
that promoted the highest glycoprotein production, 928 μg l−1. 相似文献
3.
Marcos Alexandre Nobre Lemos Alexandra Souza dos Santos Renato Mancini Astray Carlos Augusto Pereira Soraia Attie Calil Jorge 《Journal of biotechnology》2009,143(2):103-110
The cDNA encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) gene was cloned in expression plasmids under the control of the inductive metallothionein promoter. They were designed in order to bear or not a secretion signal (i) and a cDNA coding for the selection hygromycin. These vectors were transfected into S2 cells, cell populations selected and subpopulations were then obtained by reselection with hygromycin. Cell cultures were examined for kinetics of cell growth, detection of RVGP mRNA and expression of RVGP. All cell populations were shown to express the RVGP mRNA upon induction. S2MtRVGPHy cell population, transfected with one vector that contains RGPV gene and selection gene, was shown to express higher amounts of RVGP as evaluated by flow cytometry (52%) and ELISA (0.64 μg/107 cells at day 7). Subpopulation selection allowed a higher RVGP expression, specially for the S2MtRVGPHy+ (5.5 μg/107 cells at day 7). NaBu treatment leading to lower cell growth and higher RVGP expression allowed an even higher RVGP synthesis by S2MtRVGPHy+ (8.4 μg/107 cells at day 7). SF900II medium leading to a higher S2MtRVGPHy+cell growth allowed a higher final RVGP synthesis in this cell culture. RVGP synthesis may be optimized by the expression/selection vectors design, cell subpopulations selection, chromatin exposure and culture medium employed. 相似文献
4.
Adriana L. L. Galesi Marcelo A. Aguiar Renato M. Astray Elisabeth F. P. Augusto Ângela M. Moraes 《Cytotechnology》2008,57(1):73-81
Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells have been increasingly used as a suitable expression system for the production of different recombinant proteins, and the employment of bioreactors for large-scale culture is an important tool for this purpose. In this work, Drosophila S2 cells producing the rabies virus glycoprotein RVGP were cultivated in bioreactor, employing a serum-free medium, aiming an improvement in cell growth and in glycoprotein production. To overcome cell growth limitation commonly observed in stirred flasks, different experiments in bioreactor were performed, in which some system modifications were carried out to attain the desired goal. The study showed that this cell line is considerably sensitive to hydrodynamic forces, and a high cell density (about 16.0 × 106 cells mL−1) was only obtained when Pluronic F68® percentage was increased to 0.6% (w/v). Despite ammonium concentration affected RVGP production, and also cell growth, an elevated amount of the target protein was obtained, attaining 563 ng 10−7 cells. 相似文献
5.
Octavio Carvajal-Zarrabal Cirilo Nolasco-Hipólito Kopli B. Bujang Ayaaki Ishizaki 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2009,36(3):409-415
A membrane bioreactor for production of nisin Z was constructed using Lactococcus lactis IO-1 in continuous culture using hydrolyzed sago starch as carbon source. A strategy used to enhance the productivity of
nisin Z was to maintain the cells in a continuous growth at high cell concentration. This resulted in a volumetric productivity
of nisin Z, as 50,000 IU l−1 h−1 using a cell concentration of 15 g l−1, 30°C, pH 5.5 and a dilution rate of 1.24 h−1. Adding 10 g l−1 YE and 2 g l−1 polypeptone, other inducers were unnecessary to maintain production of nisin. The operating conditions of the reactor removed
nisin and lactate, thus minimizing their effects which allowed the maintenance of cells in continuous exponential growth phase
mode with high metabolic activity. 相似文献
6.
Anjali Madhavan Sriappareddy Tamalampudi Aradhana Srivastava Hideki Fukuda Virendra S. Bisaria Akihiko Kondo 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2009,82(6):1037-1047
Previously, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was engineered for xylose assimilation by the constitutive overexpression of the Orpinomyces xylose isomerase, the S. cerevisiae xylulokinase, and the Pichia stipitis SUT1 sugar transporter genes. The recombinant strain exhibited growth on xylose, under aerobic conditions, with a specific growth
rate of 0.025 h−1, while ethanol production from xylose was achieved anaerobically. In the present study, the developed recombinant yeast was
adapted for enhanced growth on xylose by serial transfer in xylose-containing minimal medium under aerobic conditions. After
repeated batch cultivations, a strain was isolated which grew with a specific growth rate of 0.133 h−1. The adapted strain could ferment 20 g l−1 of xylose to ethanol with a yield of 0.37 g g−1 and production rate of 0.026 g l−1 h−1. Raising the fermentation temperature from 30°C to 35°C resulted in a substantial increase in the ethanol yield (0.43 g g−1) and production rate (0.07 g l−1 h−1) as well as a significant reduction in the xylitol yield. By the addition of a sugar complexing agent, such as sodium tetraborate,
significant improvement in ethanol production and reduction in xylitol accumulation was achieved. Furthermore, ethanol production
from xylose and a mixture of glucose and xylose was also demonstrated in complex medium containing yeast extract, peptone,
and borate with a considerably high yield of 0.48 g g−1. 相似文献
7.
Jie Chen Heming Chen Xiangchen Zhu Yinghua Lu Shang-Tian Yang Zhinan Xu Peilin Cen 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2009,82(2):241-248
The production of recombinant glycoproteins in Dictyostelium discoideum by conventional cell culture methods was limited by low cell density as well as low growth rate. In this work, cotton towel
with a good adsorption capability for D. discoideum cells was used as the immobilization matrix in an external fibrous bed bioreactor (FBB) system. With batch cultures in the
FBB, the concentration of immobilized cells in the cotton fiber carrier increased to 1.37 × 108 cells per milliliter after 110-h cultivation, which was about tenfold higher than the maximal cell density in the conventional
free-cell culture. Correspondingly, a high concentration of soluble human Fas ligand (hFasL; 173.7 μg l−1) was achieved with a high productivity (23 μg l−1 h−1). The FBB system also maintained a high density of viable cells for hFasL production during repeated-batch cultures, achieving
a productivity of 9∼10 μg l−1 h−1 in all three batches studied during 15 days. The repeated-batch culture using immobilized cells of D. discoideum in the FBB system thus provides a good method for long-term and high-level production of hFasL. 相似文献
8.
Xiangyuan Deng Song Qin Qun Zhang Peng Jiang Yulin Cui Xiaokun Li 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2009,97(3):253-261
A human acidic fibroblast growth factor gene, hafgf, was successfully transferred into Laminaria japonica (kelp) gametophytes via microprojectile bombardment using the biolistic PDS-1000/He gene gun. Following phosphinothricin
screening, PCR detection and Southern blot analysis, transgenic L. japonica gametophytes were cultivated in an illuminated bubble-column bioreactor to optimize growth conditions. A maximal final dry
cell density of 1,695 mg l−1 was obtained in a batch culture having an initial dry cell density of 129.75 mg l−1. This was achieved using an aeration rate of 1.08 l air min−1 l−1 culture in a medium containing 1.5 mM inorganic nitrate and 0.15 mM phosphate. In addition, the relationship between different
nitrogen sources and growth of transgenic gametophytes indicated that both urea and sodium nitrate were effective nitrogen
sources for cell growth, while ammonium ions inhibited growth of these gametophytes. 相似文献
9.
Han Gil Choi Ki Hoon Lee Hyun Il Yoo Pil Jun Kang Young Sik Kim Ki Wan Nam 《Journal of applied phycology》2008,20(5):729-735
The effects of temperature, irradiance, and daylength on Sargassum horneri growth were examined at the germling and adult stages to discern their physiological differences. Temperature–irradiance
(10, 15, 20, 25, 30°C × 20, 40, 80 μmol photons m−2s−1) and daylength (8, 12, 16, 24 h) experiments were carried out. The germlings and blades of S. horneri grew over a wide range of temperatures (10–25°C), irradiances (20–80 μmol photons m−2s−1), and daylengths (8–24 h). At the optimal growth conditions, the relative growth rates (RGR) of the germlings were 21% day−1 (25°C, 20 μmol photons m−2s−1) and 13% day−1 (8 h daylength). In contrast, the RGRs of the blade weights were 4% day−1 (15°C, 20 μmol photons m−2s−1) and 5% day−1 (12 h daylength). Negative growth rates were found at 20 μmol photons m−2s−1 of 20°C and 25°C treatments after 12 days. This phenomenon coincides with the necrosis of S. horneri blades in field populations. In conclusion, we found physiological differences between S. horneri germlings and adults with respect to daylength and temperature optima. The growth of S. horneri germlings could be enhanced at 25°C, 20 μmol photons m−2s−1, and 8 h daylength for construction of Sargassum beds and restoration of barren areas. 相似文献
10.
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) biosynthesis from soybean oil by Cupriavidus necator was studied using a bench scale bioreactor. The highest cell concentration (83 g l−1) was achieved using soybean oil at 40 g l−1 and a pulse of the same concentration. The PHB content was 81% (w/w), PHB productivity was 2.5 g l−1 h−1, and the calculated Yp/s value was 0.85 g g−1. Growth limitation and the onset of PHB biosynthesis took place due to exhaustion of P, and probably also Cu, Ca, and Fe. 相似文献
11.
Michael Pescheck Marco Antonio Mirata Bianca Brauer Ulrich Krings Ralf Günter Berger Jens Schrader 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2009,36(6):827-836
A closed gas loop bioprocess was developed to improve fungal biotransformation of monoterpenes. By circulating monoterpene-saturated
process gas, the evaporative loss of the volatile precursor from the medium during the biotransformation was avoided. Penicillium solitum, isolated from kiwi, turned out to be highly tolerant towards monoterpenes and to convert α-pinene to a range of products
including verbenone, a valuable aroma compound. The gas loop was mandatory to reproduce the production of 35 mg L−1 verbenone obtained in shake flasks and also in the bioreactor. Penicillium digitatum DSM 62840 regioselectively converted (+)-limonene to the aroma compound α-terpineol, but shake flask cultures revealed a
pronounced growth inhibition when initial concentrations exceeded 1.9 mM. In the bioreactor, toxic effects on P. digitatum during biotransformation were alleviated by starting a sequential feeding of non-toxic limonene portions after a preceding
growth phase. Closing the precursor-saturated gas loop during the biotransformation allowed for an additional replenishment
of limonene via the gas phase. The gas loop system led to a maximum α-terpineol concentration of 1,009 mg L−1 and an average productivity of 8–9 mg L−1 h−1 which represents a doubling of the respective values previously reported. Furthermore, a molar conversion yield of up to
63% was achieved.
M. Pescheck and M. A. Mirata have contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
12.
Deutch CE 《Antonie van Leeuwenhoek》2011,99(4):781-793
Staphylococcus saprophyticus strains ATCC 15305, ATCC 35552, and ATCC 49907 were found to require l-proline but not l-arginine for growth in a defined culture medium. All three strains could utilize l-ornithine as a proline source and contained l-ornithine aminotransferase and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activities; strains ATCC 35552 and ATCC 49907 could use l-arginine as a proline source and had l-arginase activity. The proline requirement also could be met by l-prolinamide, l-proline methyl ester, and the dipeptides l-alanyl-l-proline and l-leucyl-l-proline. The bacteria exhibited l-proline degradative activity as measured by the formation of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. The specific activity of proline degradation was not affected by addition of l-proline or NaCl but was highest in strain ATCC 49907 after growth in Mueller–Hinton broth. A membrane fraction from this
strain had l-proline dehydrogenase activity as detected both by reaction of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate with 2-aminobenzaldehyde (0.79 nmol min−1 mg−1) and by the proline-dependent reduction of p-iodonitrotetrazolium (20.1 nmol min−1 mg−1). A soluble fraction from this strain had Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity (88.8 nmol min−1 mg−1) as determined by the NAD+-dependent oxidation of dl-Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. Addition of l-proline to several culture media did not increase the growth rate or final yield of bacteria but did stimulate growth during
osmotic stress. When grown with l-ornithine as the proline source, S. saprophyticus was most susceptible to the proline analogues L-azetidine-2-carboylate, 3,4-dehydro-dl-proline, dl-thiazolidine-2-carboxylate, and l-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate. These results indicate that proline uptake and metabolism may be a potential target of antimicrobial
therapy for this organism. 相似文献
13.
Kaarel Adamberg Petri-Jaan Lahtvee Kaspar Valgepea Kristo Abner Raivo Vilu 《Antonie van Leeuwenhoek》2009,95(3):219-226
Quasi steady state growth of Lactococcus
lactis IL 1403 was studied in glucose-limited A-stat cultivation experiments with acceleration rates (a) from 0.003 to 0.06 h−2 after initial stabilization of the cultures in chemostat at D = 0.2–0.3 h−1. It was shown that the high limit of quasi steady state growth rate depended on the acceleration rate used—at an acceleration
rate 0.003 h−2 the quasi steady state growth was observed until μ
crit = 0.59 h−1, which is also the μ
max value for the culture. Lower values of μ
crit were observed at higher acceleration rates. The steady state growth of bacteria stabilized at dilution rate 0.2 h−1 was immediately disrupted after initiating acceleration at the highest acceleration rate studied—0.06 h−2. Observation was made that differences [Δ(μ − D)] of the specific growth rates from pre-programmed dilution rates were the lowest using an acceleration rate of 0.003 h−2 (< 4% of preset changing growth rate). The adaptability of cells to follow preprogrammed growth rate was found to decrease
with increasing dilution rate—it was shown that lower acceleration rates should be applied at higher growth rates to maintain
the culture in the quasi steady state. The critical specific growth rate and the biomass yields based on glucose consumption
were higher if the medium contained S
0 = 5 g L−1 glucose instead of S
0 = 10 g L−1. It was assumed that this was due to the inhibitory effect of lactate accumulating at higher concentrations in the latter
cultures. Parallel A-stat experiments at the same acceleration and dilution rates showed good reproducibility—Δ(μ − D) was less than 5%, standard deviations of biomass yields per ATP produced (Y
ATP), and biomass yields per glucose consumed (Y
XS) were less than 15%. 相似文献
14.
Song Quan Wu Mei Lan Lian Ri Gao So Young Park Xuan Chun Piao 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2011,47(6):719-724
Astragalus membranaceus is one of the most widely used traditional medicinal herbs in China, but the time required to generate a useful product in
the field production is long. The growth of adventitious root cultures was compared between cultures grown in solid, liquid,
or a 5-L balloon-type bubble bioreactor. The maximum growth ratio (final dry weight/initial dry weight) was determined for
adventitious roots grown in the bioreactor. Studies carried out to optimize biomass production of adventitious roots compared
adventitious root growth from various inoculum root lengths, inoculum densities, and aeration volume in the bioreactors. The
maximum growth ratio occurred in treatments with a 1.5-cm inoculum root length, with 30 g (fresh weight) of inoculum per bioreactor
or with an aeration volume of 0.1 vvm (air volume/culture medium volume per min). The polysaccharide, saponin, and flavonoid
content of roots from bioreactor-grown cultures were compared to roots from field-grown plants grown for 1 and 3 yr. Total
polysaccharide content of adventitious roots in the bioreactor (30.0 mg g−1 dry weight (DW)) was higher than the roots of 1-yr-old (13.8 mg g−1 DW) and 3-yr-old (21.1 mg g−1 DW) plants in the field. Total saponin (3.4 mg g−1 DW) and flavonoid (6.4 mg g−1 DW) contents were nearly identical to 3-yr-old roots and higher than that of 1-yr-old roots under field cultivation. 相似文献
15.
A. Q. Hurtado A. T. Critchley A. Trespoey G. Bleicher-Lhonneur 《Journal of applied phycology》2008,20(5):551-555
Kappaphycus striatum var. sacol was grown in two separate studies: (1) at two stocking densities, and (2) at four different depths, each for three different
durations of culture (30, 45 and 60 days) in order to determine the growth rate of the seaweed and evaluate the carrageenan
content and its molecular weight. The results demonstrated that stocking density, duration of culture and depth significantly
(P < 0.01) affected the growth rate, carrageenan content and molecular weight of K. striatum var. sacol. Decreasing growth rate was observed at both stocking densities and at four depths as duration of culture increased. A lower
stocking density (500 g m−1line−1) showed a higher growth rate for the shortest durations, i.e. 30 days, as compared to those grown at a higher density. Likewise,
decreasing growth rate was observed as depth increased, except at 50 cm after 60 days of culture. A 45-day culture period
produced the highest molecular weight at both stocking densities (500 g m−1line−1 = 1,079.5 ± 31.8 kDa, 1,000 g m−1line−1 = 1,167 ± 270.6 kDa). ‘Sacol’ grown for 30 days at 50 cm (1,178 kDa) to 100 cm (1,200 kDa) depth showed the highest values
of molecular weight of carrageenan extracted. The results suggested that K. striatum var. sacol is best grown at a stocking density of 500 g m−1line−1, at a depth of 50–100 cm, and for a duration of 30 days in order to provide the highest growth rate, carrageenan content
and molecular weight. 相似文献
16.
Toxic at low concentrations, phenol is one of the most common organic pollutants in air and water. In this work, phenol biodegradation
was studied in extreme conditions (80°C, pH = 3.2) in a 2.7 l bioreactor with the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus 98/2. The strain was first acclimatized to phenol on a mixture of glucose (2000 mg l−1) and phenol (94 mg l−1) at a constant dissolved oxygen concentration of 1.5 mg l−1. After a short lag-phase, only glucose was consumed. Phenol degradation then began while glucose was still present in the
reactor. When glucose was exhausted, phenol was used for respiration and then for biomass build-up. After several batch runs
(phenol < 365 mg l−1), specific growth rate (μX) was 0.034 ± 0.001 h−1, specific phenol degradation rate (qP) was 57.5 ± 2 mg g−1 h−1, biomass yield (YX/P) was 52.2 ± 1.1 g mol−1, and oxygen yield factor
( \textY\textX/\textO 2 ) \left( {{\text{Y}}_{{{\text{X}}/{\text{O}}_{ 2} }} } \right) was 9.2 ± 0.2 g mol−1. A carbon recovery close to 100% suggested that phenol was exclusively transformed into biomass (35%) and CO2 (65%). Molar phenol oxidation constant
( \textY\textO 2 /\textP ) \left( {{\text{Y}}_{{{\text{O}}_{ 2} /{\text{P}}}} } \right) was calculated from stoichiometry of phenol oxidation and introducing experimental biomass and CO2 conversion yields on phenol, leading to values varying between 4.78 and 5.22 mol mol−1. Respiratory quotient was about 0.84 mol mol−1, very close to theoretical value (0.87 mol mol−1). Carbon dioxide production, oxygen demand and redox potential, monitored on-line, were good indicators of growth, substrate
consumption and exhaustion, and can therefore be usefully employed for industrial phenol bioremediation in extreme environments. 相似文献
17.
Maizirwan Mel Abdul Rafiz Abdul Rahman Mohamad Ramlan Mohamed Salleh Yumi Zuhanis Has-Yun Hashim 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(9):1923-1927
The study was done to improve the viability of the RC1 hybridoma cell in order to produce more amount of monoclonal antibody
(mAb). By using the optimized media, the cell had been cultured in two bioreactor systems which were the MiniPerm and Stirred
Tank bioreactor (ST bioreactor), and the results were compared to the one obtained by using the T-Flask bioreactor which was
used as a standard. The results showed that the ST bioreactor was able to improve the viability of the cell to the value of
91.8% which was a little bit better than the one obtained by the MiniPerm bioreactor (88.6%) and far better than that of achieved
by the T-Flask bioreactor (76.4%). This was well correlated with the good growth performance of the cell in the ST bioreactor
with the specific growth rate (μ) value of 0.0289 h−1 followed by MiniPerm bioreactor with the value of 0.0243 h−1 and then the T-Flask with the value of 0.0151 h−1. The low value of doubling time (t
d
) obtained in the ST bioreactor (24 h) compared to the one obtained in the MiniPerm (29 h) and T-Flask bioreactor (46 h) had
also contributed to the higher value of cell viability. As a result a higher concentration of mAb was able to be produced
by the ST bioreactor (0.42 g l−1) compared to that of the MiniPerm (0.37 g l−1) and T-Flask bioreactor (0.23 g l−1). 相似文献
18.
19.
In order to improve the effectiveness of the production of recombinant proteins in E. coli, integrated fermentation processes were developed. Therefore, expression vectors were constructed containing a strongly expressed
gene for a β-glucanase fused with a metal-chelating affinity tag and a leader peptide for directing the fusion protein into
the periplasmic space. Its export into the medium was achieved by means of co-expression of a bacteriocin-release protein,
the Kil protein from pColE1. Bioreactors were modified so that special devices containing metal chelate pentadentate chelator
PDC resins were located within the bioreactor. Using the bioreactor with an internal device the Zn2+-PDC had a 4.3-fold higher binding capacity than metal-free PDC (12.3 and 2.6 kU ml−1 PDC, respectively. Using the bioreactor with charged PDC in an external circuit revealed even higher β-glucanase concentration
(65.6 kU ml−1), i.e. 1.5-fold compared to the internal adsorbent system.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
20.
Zornitsa Katerova Sergei Ivanov Sergio Mapelli Vera Alexieva 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2009,31(1):111-117
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings were exposed to low, moderate, and high regimes of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) (ld-B 4.4, md-B 13.3, and hd-B 26.5 kJ m−2 day−1), or ultraviolet-C (UV-C) (ld-C 0.1, md-C 0.3, and hd-C 0.6 kJ m−2 day−1) radiations. Concentrations of total phenols, free proline, and low-molecular thiol groups were determined in the last formed
(young) and older leaves after irradiation for 7, 10 or 14 consecutive days. Shoot length and weight did not change markedly
after 14 days of ld-B and ld-C, but reduced substantially after moderate and high regimes of both UV-B and UV-C. Proline decreased
upon high doses of irradiation, while in ld-B treated plants, by contrast, an increase was observed. The reduction in total
phenols and thiols was stronger after hd-B than after hd-C irradiations, although an induction was found in ld-B treated plants.
In contrast to ld-B, ld-C regime led mainly to reductions or insignificant changes in proline, phenols, and thiols. Therefore,
the stress-protection mechanisms are different between low UV-B and UV-C irradiation regimes in regard to proline, phenols,
and thiols. 相似文献