Taxol对培养的人成纤维细胞内微管组装的影响

本实验用微管的PAP免疫酶细胞化学方法,研究了培养的小儿包皮成纤维细胞及其分离的中心体在taxol的作用下对微管组装的影响。实验结果表明taxol对低温(4℃)和微管解聚药物的处理具有拮抗作用,它阻止微管解聚,对微管具有稳定作用,并观察到taxol可降低中心体对微管组装所需的管蛋白临界浓度,增强中心体对微管的组装能力。Taxol对细胞内微管的影响,主要表现在促使微管呈束状浓集化,并随处理时间的延长,这种浓集化表现愈益明显,导致破坏胞质CMTC的正常分布。由于taxol能使微管浓集化,抑制其解聚,使得细胞从G_2期进入M期后,微管不解聚,从而不能形成正常的纺锤体,胞质不分裂,最后导致细胞微核化。用秋水仙酰胺处理后再加taxol时,我们观察到细胞CMTC与正常未经处理的细胞CMTC比较,呈相反的分布现象,这可能与秋水仙酰胺促使中心体与细胞核分离和taxol增强中心体对微管的组装有关。     

视神经疾病与能量代谢及轴浆转运的关系

神经细胞的特化之一是其轴突,长度可达胞体直径的几百甚至几千倍.轴浆转运维系着胞体和轴突终末之间大量的物质交流,保证神经细胞发挥正常功能.轴浆转运障碍可以导致神经细胞功能受损直至凋亡.在一些视神经疾病中,轴浆转运功能的改变是最早出现的症状,因此也可能成为治疗的潜在靶点.在青光眼和视神经缺血的动物模型中,轴浆转运功能的下降是最早出现的变化之一.而Leber's遗传性视神经病变(LHON)和常染色体显性视神经萎缩(ADOA)是已知线粒体功能障碍引起的视神经疾病.不难想象,长距离轴浆转运功能对能量代谢尤其敏感,因此在LHON和ADOA中可能也有不同程度的下降,但似乎并没有受到足够关注.本文首先回顾了微管和马达蛋白在轴浆转运中的作用,比较分析以上所述几种疾病的发病机制、临床表现及治疗手段,试图发现它们之间的共同特点以及这些特点与能量代谢、轴浆转运之间的潜在关系,为其治疗提供新的思路.     

轴浆转运在神经再生中的作用

夹伤坐骨神经阻断标记蛋白在轴浆中的快、慢转运。3天后转运再现。第14天的转运距离与对照相似,说明再生神经的转运动能基本恢复。用快、慢转运测出的14天平均再生速度分别为1.77±0.14与1.96±0.07mm/d,比对照神经的正常生长速度快6.3—7倍,提示再生需要更多的转运物质。进一步发现再生神经中某些标记蛋白(慢转运波W1)的转运速度为10.25±0.66mm/d,约比对照快1倍,因此这些标记蛋白可能包含适应再生需要而加速转运的结构和功能物质。     

He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对拟南芥叶片微管蛋白的影响

采用He-Ne激光生物辐照仪（632.8 nm,5 mW·mm-2）、UV-B（15.55 KJ·m-2·d-1）及二者复合处理拟南芥幼苗后提取微管蛋白,考马斯亮蓝法测含量和SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳进行初步分析,并用免疫印迹鉴定微管蛋白.结果表明：单独UV-B使微管蛋白解聚,He-Ne激光和UV-B复合处理后,微管蛋白解聚程度减小,单独He-Ne激光处理促进微管聚合.因此认为He-Ne激光在一定程度上缓解了UV-B对微管蛋白的解聚作用.     

对虾神经系统中微管蛋白的生化和免疫荧光鉴定

采用反复解聚-聚合的方法从对虾腹神经索中分离纯化了微管蛋白。用阴离子去垢剂 SDS处理,将对虾神经纤维中的微管蛋白解聚为分子量相似的二条链。它们的分子量都在55,000左右。这与许多其他作者从各种不同组织中提取的微管蛋白的相同。以纯化的小鸡脑微管蛋白作抗原,制备了兔抗小鸡脑微管蛋白的抗体作第一抗体,以 FITC 羊抗兔抗体作第二抗体,研究了微管蛋白在对虾腹神经索中的神经纤维内的分布。令人意外的是除了对虾神经纤维特有的微管鞘与轴浆外,对虾神经纤维的髓鞘部位也呈现明显的荧光反应。这一结果提示,对虾神经纤维髓鞘中也应含有相当量的微管蛋白,但用同样方法在其它种动物(如大鼠)的有髓纤维的髓鞘中却未见阳性反应。     

紫杉醇及其产生菌的研究现状与展望

紫杉醇 (Paclitaxel,商品名Taxol)是一种二萜类衍生物 ,是当前公认的广谱、活性强的抗癌药物之一。1　紫杉醇的发现紫杉醇最早是于 1 971年 ,Wani等[1] 从短枝红豆杉 (Taxusbreviifolia)的树皮中分离得到 ,命名为紫杉醇。随后 ,Schiff等[2 ] 证实紫杉醇具有独特的抗癌机制 ,它作用于细胞微管 (Microtuble) ,通过与微管蛋白N端第 31位氨基酸和第 2 1 7～ 2 31位氨基酸结合 ,诱导和稳定微管蛋白聚合 ,抑制其解聚 ,增加聚合程度 ,使维管束不能与微管组织中心相互连接 ,将细胞周期阻断于G2 M期 ,导致有丝分裂异常或停止 ,阻止癌细胞增殖[3,…     

神经退变和再生过程中郎氏结构筑的变化

将夹伤的大鼠坐骨神经分离成单根纤维,在光镜、扫描和透射电镜下观察伤后９８天内郎氏结的构筑变化。发现损伤使细胞器的轴浆转运阻断,积累的退变细胞器使结区的轴突外凸,郎氏结构构筑变形,髓鞘板层失序,轴膜崩解,积累的细胞器逸出,并看到仅残存的郎氏结近心端构筑、由近心端的母体神经和远心端的再生神经共同构筑的新生郎氏结,以及新生郎氏结构的发育过程等特征性图象。再生轴突中转运的微管等细胞器和施旺细胞中富含的线粒     

重金属离子对猪红细胞膜Ca~(2+)-ATP酶的作用

猪红细胞膜Ca~(2+)-ATP酶是一种钙调蛋白(CaM)依赖酶,其活力又依赖巯基的完整性。实验应用Ca~(2+)-ATP酶这一模型体系观察到重金属离子,Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)都能替代Ca~(2+),激活CaM,从而激活Ca~(2+)-ATP酶;其最大刺激活力分别为85％、80％和30％,半刺激浓度分别为32、27和0.7μmol/L。当三种重金属离子的浓度增加时,则与Ca~(2+)-ATP酶的巯基结合,抑制酶的活力,Pb2~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)的半抑制浓度分别为370、440和2μmol/L。抑制作用为渐进性过程,而刺激作用为即时效应。抑制作用可为巯基化物,特别是二巯基化物所逆转。研究结果提示,CaM可能是重金属中毒最初作用的靶分子,而重金属中毒不仅使CaM“开关”失灵,还可能导致细胞内Ca~(2+)的调节全面失控。     

Na_2SeO_3对血影收缩蛋白(spectrin)与肌动蛋白(actin)相互作用的影响

Na_2SeO_3不影响肌动蛋白(actin)的聚合,但它可通过与血影收缩蛋白(spectrin)作用而间接促进actin的聚合。Na_2SeO_3的作用具有浓度依赖性:低浓度(0.5-5.0ppm)可提高actin聚合过程的成核速度及延伸速度,高浓度则产生相反的效应。巯基试剂如N-乙基马来酰亚胺(NEM)可消除硒的效应。因此,推测适量的硒可能导致spectrin构象发生一定变化,增强spectrin与actin的结合,降低actin链解聚的倾向性,从而稳定红细胞膜骨架。     

靶向微管抗肿瘤药物研究进展

微管由微管蛋白组成,在细胞分裂、细胞内物质运输、信号传递、维持细胞形态等过程中起着重要作用.一些干扰微管功能的化合物可使细胞停滞在有丝分裂期而抑制细胞增殖.相对于正常细胞,肿瘤细胞有丝分裂异常频繁,以微管作为抗肿瘤的靶点已成为研究热点.作用于微管的微管蛋白抑制剂通过抑制微管蛋白的聚合促进微管解聚或者抑制微管解聚促进微管蛋白聚合来破坏微管动态平衡、干扰肿瘤细胞纺锤体形成、阻断细胞分裂、抑制肿瘤增殖,现就微管蛋白抑制剂的研究进展作一综述.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.