利用异种动物抗血清双抗夹心法检测小麦黄花叶病毒

小麦黄花叶病毒(Wheat yellow mosaic virus,WYMV),属于马铃薯Y病毒科(Potyviridae),大麦黄花叶病毒属(Bymovirus),传播介体为禾谷多粘菌(Polymyxa graminis),与发生在欧美的小麦梭条花叶病毒(WSSMV)为同一属内的两种病毒[1].     

小麦黄花叶病毒基因组核苷酸序列分析*1)

以小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)HC分离物为材料,合成病毒基因组cDNA并进行序列分析.结果表明,病毒RNA1共有7 629个核苷酸,编码1种由2 407个氨基酸组成的多聚蛋白,切割产生病毒外壳和其他7种可能的蛋白质.该病毒的RNA2共有3 639个核苷酸,编码1种由903个氨基酸组成的蛋白,可能切割产生2种非结构蛋白.WYMV虽然与小麦梭条花叶病毒(WSSMV)在基因组结构上具有相似性,但是两者间在核苷酸及氨基酸水平上的同源性却分别低于70%和75%.由此结果可以确认,WYMV与WSSMV是大麦黄花叶病毒属(Bymovirus)的2种不同病毒.     

小麦黄花叶病毒基因组核苷酸序列分析

以小麦黄花叶病毒 (WYMV)HC分离物为材料 ,合成病毒基因组cDNA并进行序列分析 .结果表明 ,病毒RNA1共有 76 2 9个核苷酸 ,编码 1种由 2 40 7个氨基酸组成的多聚蛋白 ,切割产生病毒外壳和其他 7种可能的蛋白质 .该病毒的RNA2共有 36 39个核苷酸 ,编码 1种由 90 3个氨基酸组成的蛋白 ,可能切割产生 2种非结构蛋白 .WYMV虽然与小麦梭条花叶病毒 (WSSMV)在基因组结构上具有相似性 ,但是两者间在核苷酸及氨基酸水平上的同源性却分别低于 70 %和 75 % .由此结果可以确认 ,WYMV与WSSMV是大麦黄花叶病毒属 (Bymovirus)的 2种不同病毒 .     

山东烟台小麦土传病毒病由小麦黄花叶病毒和土传小麦花叶病毒相关病毒复合侵染所致

在山东省烟台地区的小麦上发生一种由土壤中禾谷多粘菌Polymyxa graminis传播的病毒病,感病小麦植株表现矮化褪绿和花叶症状.我们于1997年4月从病区采集感病小麦植株,进行了病毒种类鉴定.直接电镜观察发现有二种病毒粒子,一种粒子呈棒状,占大多数,其长度约为300nm和150nm; 另一种粒子呈线状,数量较少,长度为500nm～700nm.免疫电镜结果表明,棒状病毒粒子仅与土传小麦花叶病毒(soil-borne wheat mosaic virus, SBWMV)抗血清反应,而不与小麦黄花叶病毒(wheat yellow mosaic virus,WYMV)抗血清和小麦梭条斑花叶病毒(wheat spindle streat mosaic virus,WSSMV)抗血清反应;反之,线状病毒仅与WYMV、WSSMV抗血清反应,而不与SBWMV抗血清反应.用WYMV和SBWMV两种抗血清同时进行修饰时,线状病毒粒子和棒状病毒粒子均发生反应.     

小麦土传病毒在感病小麦细胞中的分布及小麦梭条斑花叶病毒RNA组分

四川雅安、陕西长安的土传小麦病毒病由小麦梭条斑花叶病毒(WSSMV)引起,而浙江安吉、新昌、江苏宜兴的病害则由WSSMV和土传小麦花叶病毒(SBWMV)所致。WSSMV和SBWMV可以同时复合侵染同一株小麦,但在病细胞中二者彼此独立分布。我国WSSMV RNA有2个基因组,分子量分别为2.6×10~6和1.5×10~6,与日本小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)一致。     

我国一些地区发生的小麦土传病毒病的病原研究

我国浙江、江苏、四川等省发生的小麦土传病毒病,由禾谷多粘菌(Polymyxa graminis)传播,只感染小麦,感病植株幼叶表现为退绿到黄化的条斑,老叶表现为花叶和坏死。我们提纯各地分离物研究表明,病毒粒子呈线状,直径13～14nm,长度为200～1800nm,其中350～850nm的比例较高。病毒外壳由二种分子量分别约为30kd和27kd的结构蛋白组成。病毒粒子周围能均匀地“修饰”小麦梭条斑花叶病毒(WSSMV)抗血清和小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)抗血清,反应均很强烈。鉴于上述特性,认为本病害是由小麦棱条斑花叶病毒(WSSMV)引起的。     

应用F(ab'''')_2~-酶联吸附分析法检测大麦黄花叶病毒

F(ab′)_2酶联免疫吸附分析法(F(ab′)_2-ELISA)成功地用于大麦黄花叶病毒(BaYMV)的常规检测和诊断.其步骤是先用稀释1000—4000倍的抗血清F(ab′)_2包被反应板,加待测样品和稀释1000倍的同种抗血清或IgG,然后再加A蛋白碱性磷酸酯酶和底物,测定OD值。比较试验表明,ELISA稀释缓冲液加入1％小牛血清或1％全脂奶粉,BaYMV的测检灵敏度可提高达2.5—5.0ng/ml,病叶汁液检测终浓度为稀释1600—3200倍。我国BaYMV分离物与英国分离物的血清学性质完全一致。BaYMV在大麦病株中以叶部含量较高,茎中含量次之,根部测不出病毒。检测和诊断田间样品,即使有的样品已不新鲜,也均能得到满意的结果。此方法也成功地用于大麦温和花叶病毒(BaMMV)、小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)、燕麦花叶病毒(OMV)和燕麦金色条纹病毒(OGSV)等禾谷多粘菌传麦毒的检测,这S种病毒的血清学关系研究表明,除BaYMV和WYMV之间具有血清学关系以外,其余彼此均不反应。     

玉米褪绿斑驳病毒研究进展及防治策略

玉米褪绿斑驳病毒(Maize chlorotic mottle virus,Mcmv)是番茄丛矮病毒科玉米褪绿斑驳病毒属的唯一成员,可通过机械、种子和昆虫介体传播。其单独侵染玉米仅能引起轻微症状,但其与玉米矮花叶病毒(Maize dwarf mosaic virus,Mdmv)、甘蔗花叶病毒(Sugarcane mosaic virus,Scmv)或小麦线条花叶病毒(Wheat streak mosaic virus,Wsmv)等马铃薯Y病毒科(Potyviridae)病毒复合侵染会引起严重的玉米病害——玉米致死性坏死病(Maize lethal necrosis disease,Mlnd),造成玉米产量损失惨重。Mcmv在全球广泛分布,对玉米产业构成很大威胁。深入了解Mcmv并掌握其防治措施对玉米产业的健康发展至关重要。就Mcmv的生物学特性、分布与危害、鉴定与检测及基因组结构与功能等方面的研究进展进行综述,并对其防治策略进行探讨,以期为Mcmv的深入研究和综合防治提供理论指导。     

应用F（ab′）2—酶联吸附分析法检测大麦黄花叶病毒

F(ab′）2酶联免疫吸附分析法（F(ab′）2－ELISA）成功地用于大麦黄花叶病毒（BaYMV)的常规检测和诊断,其步骤是先用稀释1000－4000倍的抗血清F(ab′）2包被反应板,加待测样品和稀释1000倍的同种抗血清或IgG,然后再加入A蛋白碱性磷酸酯酶和底物,测定OD值。比较试验表明,ELIS稀释缓冲液加入1％小牛血清或1％全脂奶粉,BaYMV的测检灵敏度可提高达2．5－5．0ng/ml,病叶汁液检测终浓度为稀释1600－3200倍。我国BaYMV分离物与英国分离物的血清学性质完全一致。BaYMV在大麦病株中以叶部含量较高,茎中含量次之,根部测不出病毒。检测和诊断田间样品,即使有的样品已不断鲜,也均能得到满意的结果。此方法也成功地用于大麦温和花叶病毒（BaMMV)、小麦黄花叶病毒（WYMV）、燕麦花叶病毒（OMV）和燕麦金色条纹病毒（OGSV）等禾谷多粘菌传麦毒的检测,这5种病毒的血清学关系研究表明,除BaYMV和WYMV之间具有血清学关系以外,其余彼此均不反应。     

小麦黄花叶病毒低分子量RNA1的鉴定

利用小麦黄花叶病毒(Wheat yellow mosaic virus, WYMV)潢川分离物连续继代机械接种感病小麦品种鄂恩1号,经继代接种12 代以上的小麦症状明显加重, Northern blot 检测发现一条明显的低分子量病毒RNA1(LMW RNA1),并在随后至26代的继代接种发病材料中稳定存在,但在利用同样病叶提纯的病毒粒子内检测不到LMW RNA1,表明其不能被包装到病毒粒子内。序列分析结果表明,低分子量RNA1 由病毒RNA1 发生内部缺失而产生,从RNA1 5′端非编码区(第68nt)到CI基因编码区的3′端(第2448nt)共缺失2380 个核苷酸,在缺失区域两端的结合位点存在六个碱基的正向重复序列CGTCTC。据此对此低分子量RNA1 的缺失机制进行了讨论,认为由一种模板转换机制导致了缺失的发生。     

Rapid Detection of Viral Antibody by Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis

An immunoelectrophoretic procedure utilizing microprecipitation and cellulose acetate electrophoresis was developed for detection of antibody to specific virus. A model system of tobacco mosaic virus and homologous rabbit antiserum is described.     

小麦黄花叶病毒RNA228kDa蛋白基因的表达及表达产物抗血清的制备

根据小麦黄花叶病毒（ Ｗ Ｙ Ｍ Ｖ） 核苷酸序列测定结果,将 Ｗ Ｙ Ｍ Ｖ Ｒ Ｎ Ａ２ 上的２８ ｋ Ｄａ 蛋白基因克隆到ｐ Ｅ Ｔ１１ａ 上,构建了原核表达载体ｐ Ｅ２８３９ 。 Ｓ Ｄ Ｓ Ｐ Ａ Ｇ Ｅ 分析表明,经 Ｉ Ｐ Ｔ Ｇ 诱导,２８ ｋ Ｄａ蛋白基因在大肠杆菌 Ｂ Ｌ２１（ Ｄ Ｅ３）ｐ Ｌｙｓ Ｓ 中得到高效表达。以含表达产物的凝胶为抗原,免疫家兔,首次制备了小麦黄花叶病毒 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ２ 蛋白特异性抗血清。     

Studies on a Nigerian isolate of banana streak badnavirus: I. Purification and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

A Nigerian isolate of banana streak badnavirus (BSV) was purified and a polyclonal antiserum was produced in mice. The antiserum titre was between 1:10 000 and 1:40 000 in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and showed a good specificity to BSV antigens. Comparative tests were carried out to determine the sensitivity and reliability of BSV antigen detection by double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA, triple antibody sandwich (TAS)-ELISA, antigen coated plate (ACP)-ELISA, and protein-A coated antibody sandwich (PAS)-ELISA. TAS-ELISA using rabbit polyclonal antiserum to trap BSV and mouse polyclonal antiserum to detect the virus particles, was more sensitive than ACP-ELISA and PAS-ELISA and detected BSV in plant extracts from both symptomatic and some asymptomatic plants. However, immunosorbent electron microscopy detected more BSV-infected plants from asymptomatic plant samples than did TAS-ELISA. Results of this study showed that detection of BSV antigens in sap extracts by TAS-ELISA was most efficient with symptomatic tissues which occurred most frequently in the ‘cool rainy’ season. This suggests that for more reliable BSV-indexing of field samples, tissue sampling should be done during the rainy season when most BSV-infected plants express severe symptoms.     

口蹄疫病毒单克隆抗体的制备及检测应用

用纯化的口蹄疫病毒(Footandmouthdiseasevirus,FMDV)免疫BALB/C小鼠,将免疫鼠的脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,采用有限稀释法进行克隆,经筛选获得多株能稳定分泌抗FMDV单抗的杂交瘤细胞株。选择其中一株(2G12)用于下列实验,其细胞培养上清液的效价是1:256,腹水效价是1:1280;以自行制备的兔抗FMDV高免血清IgG为捕获抗体包被酶联免疫吸附试验微量反应板,以单抗2G12为第二抗体,建立了快速检测FMDV抗原的双抗体夹心ELISA,该方法能检出90ng病毒,而且只与FMDV发生特异性反应,与猪瘟病毒(HCV)、猪蓝耳病病毒(PRRSV)、伪狂犬病毒(PRV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)和乙脑病毒(JEV)均不发生反应。本研究为检测口蹄疫病毒抗原提供了灵敏和特异的方法。     

Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, electron microscopy, and reversed passive haemagglutination for detection of human rotavirus in stool specimens

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using microplates as solid phase, rabbit antiserum against human rotavirus Wa strain as catching antibody, and the same reagent labeled with beta-D-galactosidase as conjugate, has been developed for detection of human rotavirus antigen(s) in stool specimens from patients with acute gastroenteritis. The limit of detection of purified human rotavirus by ELISA was 15.6 ng/ml (1.56 ng/well) of viral protein. The sensitivities of ELISA, electron microscopy, and the reversed passive haemagglutination method (ROTA-CELL) were compared. ELISA was more sensitive than electron microscopy and the reversed passive haemagglutination method. The ELISA blocking assay was useful for detection of an antibody response to human rotavirus in paired sera from children in two institutions during outbreaks of rotavirus gastroenteritis.     

Membrane chromatographic immunoassay method for rapid quantitative analysis of specific serum antibodies

This paper discusses a membrane chromatographic immunoassay method for rapid detection and quantitative analysis of specific serum antibodies. A type of polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF) microfiltration membrane was used in the method for its ability to reversibly and specifically bind IgG antibodies from antiserum samples by hydrophobic interaction. Using this form of selective antibody binding and enrichment an affinity membrane with antigen binding ability was obtained in-situ. This was done by passing a pulse of diluted antiserum sample through a stack of microporous PVDF membranes. The affinity membrane thus formed was challenged with a pulse of antigen solution and the amount of antigen bound was accurately determined using chromatographic methods. The antigen binding correlated well with the antibody loading on the membrane. This method is direct, rapid and accurate, does not involve any chemical reaction, and uses very few reagents. Moreover, the same membrane could be repeatedly used for sequential immunoassays on account of the reversible nature of the antibody binding. Proof of concept of this method is provided using human hemoglobin as model antigen and rabbit antiserum against human hemoglobin as the antibody source.     

Use of the unlabeled antibody immunohistochemical technique for the detection of human antibody.

Two methods have been developed which permit use of the unlabeled antibody immunohistochemical technique for detection of human antibody, without the need for immunization of humans with peroxidase. Human antibody to herpes simplex virus (HSV) reacted with human cell cultures infected with HSV was the experimental system. In the first method an attempt was made to employ rabbit peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) soluble complexes in connectin with human antibody. This was done by sequential addition to the HSV-infected cells of (a) human anti-HSV, (b) rabbit antihuman globulin, (c) guinea pig antirabbit globulin (the bridging reagent) and (d) rabbit PAP. Strong specific staining of HSV-infected cells was obtained; however, difficulties were encountered with nonspecific reactions on uninfected cells. In the second method PAP soluble complexes prepared with baboon antiperoxidase were bridged to the human anti-HSV antibody by rabbit antihuman globulin. Because of the phylogenetic relatedness of human and baboon globulins this resulted in firm binding which gave strong specific staining of HSV-infected cells without significant reaction in uninfected cells.     

成人腹泻轮状病毒ELISA方法的建立和应用

本文通过特异性试验、阻断试验、交叉试验、敏感度试验和重复性试验,建立了成人腹泻轮状病毒一酶联免疫吸附试验法(ADRV—ELISA)。应用此法检测了全国20多个省区202份病人腹泻标本,检出率为91％。采用本ELISA、核酸电泳、电镜三种方法对48份病人腹泻标本进行了双盲法检测比较,结果三种方法的阳性检出率分别为100％、85.4％、56.25％(P<0.05)。实验结果表明,本ELISA应用于检测成人腹泻轮状病毒(ADRV),具有敏感度高。特异性强等优点。     

Effect of Antibody to Neuraminidase on the Maturation and Hemagglutinating Activity of an Influenza A2 Virus

Antiserum to a recombinant between an A(o) and an A(2) influenza virus had no detectable antibody against an A(2) virus in standard hemagglutination-inhibition tests, and inhibited 95% of viral neuraminidase activity at a 1 to 400 dilution. However, on mixing virus with antiserum, a drop of up to 90% in hemagglutinin titer was observed. The effects of ultrasonication and direct electron microscopic examination indicated that the antiserum caused aggregation of virus particles. When antiserum was added to A(2) virus-infected chick embryo fibroblasts, release of virus appeared markedly inhibited. After ultrasonication to disrupt aggregates, an increase in released hemagglutinin was observed, but the resulting level was considerably lower than that in control cultures containing normal rabbit serum. In thin sections of infected cells, similar numbers of virus profiles were observed in control and antiserum-treated cultures. A marked increase in release of hemagglutinin was noted if receptor-destroying enzyme was added to antiserum-treated cultures. The results indicate that antibody to neuraminidase does not exert a direct effect on viral maturation, but inhibits the detachment of viral progeny from cell surface receptors.     

A modification of the unlabeled antibody enzyme method using heterologous antisera for the light microscopic and ultrastructural localization of insulin, glucagon and growth hormone.

The requirement of using homologous antisera (primary antiserum and peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex raised in the same species) in the unlabeled antibody enzyme method has been investigated at the light and electron microscopic level using the localization of insulin, glucagon and growth hormone as model systems. Optimum immunocytochemical staining for all three antigens was observed when sheep or goat antirabbit gamma-globulin (S-ARgammaG or G-ARgammaG) were used to couple rabbit peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex with either guinea pig antisera to insulin (GP-AIS) or glucagon (GP-AGS), or monkey antisera to rat growth hormone (M-ARGH). The cross-reactivity between S-ARgammaG or G-ARgammaG and immunoglobulins in these primary antisera were substantiated by immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay. S-ARgammaG was shown to produce precipitation arcs with GP-AIS and M-ARGH that were similar to those seen when the latter were reacted with rabbit antiguinea pig gamma-globulin antiserum and goat antimonkey gamma-globulin antiserum, respectively. Radioimmunoassay results revealed that immunoprecipitation of 6-10% as compared to homologous antisera controls yielded excellent staining localization when S-ARgammaG was used for immunocytochemistry. Thus, heterologous antisera (primary antiserum and PAP complex raised in different species) may be used in the unlabeled antibody enzyme method as long as the coupling antiserum shows cross-reactivity with immunoglobulins of the primary antiserum and the PAP complex.