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1.
K. Sorkheh B. Shiran M. Khodambshi V. Rouhi S. Ercisli 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2011,105(3):395-404
Eight native Iranian almond species from three sections, ‘Euamygdalus’ (Prunus communis; Prunus eleagnifolia and Prunus orientalis); ‘Lycioides’ (Prunus lycioides and Prunus reuteri) and ‘Spartioides’ (Prunus arabica, Prunus glauca and Prunus scoparia) were in vitro screened for drought tolerance using sorbitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as an osmoticum. Different levels
of water stress were induced using five concentrations of either sorbitol or polyethylene glycol in Woody Plant Medium (WPM).
Water potential of various media ranged from −0.80 to −2.05 MPa and water stress in culture medium adversely affected plantlet
growth. Wild species from ‘Spartioides’ were less affected than ‘Lycioides’ and ‘Euamygdalus’. At the same level of water
potential, sorbitol had lower adverse effects than PEG; the latter being severe. Prunus × sorbitol and Prunus × PEG interactions were significant. At 0.2 M sorbitol and 0.003 M PEG, ‘Spartioides’ produced significantly more roots with
higher total root length and root volume, as well as root-dry weight than those of ‘Lycioides’ and ‘Euamygdalus.’ It is concluded
that in vitro screening of native Iranian almond species under specific and limited water-stress conditions may provide a
system for effectively differentiating the wild species of almond for their expected root mass production under field conditions. 相似文献
2.
Sarkar K Bhaduri N Ghosh P Sinha S Ray A Chatterjee A Mukhopadhyay K 《Neurochemical research》2012,37(2):349-357
Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) is an essential component for synaptic vesicle mediated release of neurotransmitters.
Deficiencies or abnormal structure or function of SNAP25 protein, possibly arising through genetic variations in the relevant
DNA code, has been suggested to play role in the pathology of several neurobehavioural disorders including Attention deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and a number of polymorphisms in the SNAP25 gene has been studied for association with the disorder.
In the present investigation, for the first time association between ADHD and six SNAP25 polymorphisms, rs1889189, rs362569, rs362988, rs3746544, rs1051312, and rs8636 was explored in eastern Indian population.
Subjects were recruited following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV. Genomic DNA isolated from
peripheral blood leukocytes of ADHD probands (n = 150), their parents (n = 272) and ethnically matched controls (n = 100)
was used for amplifying target sites. Data obtained were subjected to population- as well as family-based analyses. While
case–control analysis revealed lack of any significant difference for alleles, family-based studies revealed a mild over transmission
rs3746544 ‘T’ and rs8636 ‘C’ alleles (P = 0.05 and 0.03 respectively). Haplotypes formed between rs362569 “T”, 362988 “G”, rs3746544 “T”, rs1051312 “T” and rs8636
“C” in different combinations showed statistically significant transmission to ADHD probands. Excepting rs3746544 and rs8636,
all the tested sites showed very low linkage disequilibrium between them. Data obtained in this preliminary study indicates
that rs3746544 ‘T’ allele may have some role in the disease etiology in the studied Indian population. 相似文献
3.
Megumi Igarashi Yoshie Abe Yoshimichi Hatsuyama Takanori Ueda Tomoko Fukasawa-Akada Tomoyuki Kon Tsuyoshi Kudo Takashi Sato Masahiko Suzuki 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2008,22(1):95-118
Two apple genetic linkage maps were constructed using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), simple sequence repeats
(SSRs), random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), and expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived markers in combination with a
pseudo-testcross mapping strategy in which the cultivars ‘Ralls Janet’ and ‘Delicious’ were used as the respective seed parents.
Mitsubakaido (Malus sieboldii) was used as the pollen parent for each of the segregating F1 populations. Expressed sequence tag data were obtained from the random sequencing of cDNA libraries constructed from in vitro
cultured shoots and maturing fruits of cv ‘Fuji’, which is the offspring of a cross between ‘Ralls Janet’ and ‘Delicious’.
In addition, a number of published gene sequences were used to develop markers for mapping. The ‘Ralls Janet’ map consisted
of 346 markers (178 AFLPs, 95 RAPDs, 54 SSRs, 18 ESTs, and the S locus) in 17 linkage groups, with a total length of 1082 cM, while that of ‘Delicious’ comprised 300 markers (120 AFLPs,
81 RAPDs, 64 SSRs, 32 ESTs, and the S, Rf, and MdACS-1 loci) on 17 linkage groups spanning 1031 cM. These maps are amenable to comparisons with previously published maps of ‘Fiesta’
and ‘Discovery’ (Liebhard et al., Mol Breed 10:217–241, 2002; Liebhard et al., Theor Appl Genet 106:1497–1508, 2003a) because several of the SSRs (one to three markers per linkage group) were used in all of the maps. Distorted marker segregation
was observed in three and two regions of the ‘Ralls Janet’ and ‘Delicious’ maps, respectively. These regions were localized
in different parts of the genome from those in previously reported apple linkage maps. This marker distortion may be dependent
on the combinations of cultivars used for map construction. 相似文献
4.
Richard L. Bell Ralph Scorza Delores Lomberk 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2012,108(2):229-236
Adventitious shoot regeneration of twenty-four pear genotypes was compared in a common in vitro shoot induction and development
protocol. This study also compared cultures newly established from scionwood with cultures that been in long-term cold storage.
In vitro cultures of 13 Pyrus genotypes and budwood from 23 Pyrus genotypes were obtained from the National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. With the exception of
one genotype of P. elaeagrifolia Pall., and ‘Ya Li’ (P. pyrifolia var. sinensis Teng & Tanabe), all were P. communis L. cultivars. The basal shoot induction media consisted of Chevreau and Leblay (CL) basal nutrients, vitamins, and organics
(Chevreau and Leblay in Acta Hortic 336: 263–268, 1993). The analysis of variance indicated that differences among genotypes were highly significant and the main effect of culture
origin was non-significant. However, there was a significant interaction between genotype and culture origin, with percentage
regeneration of ‘Abate Fetel’ from new budwood significantly greater than that from long-term in vitro cultures, while ‘Jesinji
Vodenac’ cultures derived from the old NCGR cultures regenerated significantly more adventitious shoots. The ranges of mean
regeneration frequency were similar for both in vitro (0–87.7%) and scionwood-derived cultures (0–70.7%). Maximum regeneration
was observed for ‘Conference’, followed by ‘Magness’, ‘Dr. Jules Guyot’, and Packham’s Triumph’. The range of number of adventitious
shoots was relatively narrow, with the minimum of 1.0 for seven genotypes to 2.2 for ‘Conference’. 相似文献
5.
Li-Chun Huang Cheng-Kuo Hsiao Shu-Huey Lee Bau-Lian Huang Toshio Murashige 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1992,28(1):30-32
Summary Repeated grafting of 0.2-cm shoot tips from fruiting-age trees ofCitrus reticulata Blanco ‘Ponkan’ mandarin andC. sinensis Osbeck ‘Liu Tseng’ sweet orange onto freshly germinated ‘Troyer’ citrange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. X.C. sinensis Osbeck] seedlings in vitro resulted in progressive restoration of rooting competence and vigor of regenerated roots and shoots.
The restored traits were retained through the course of the investigation and suggested a phase reversal phenomenon. 相似文献
6.
A study was conducted to determine which bud (terminal or lateral) breaks first, and thereby exerts primigenic dominance,
on ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Golden Delicious’, 1-year-old apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) shoots grown in two locations in the Western Cape, South Africa, with differing degrees of chilling. Primigenic dominance
of laterals was more common in a warm area than a cool area, and more common in ‘Granny Smith’ than ‘Golden Delicious’. Laterals
rarely broke before the terminal in ‘Golden Delicious’, and so differences in lateral development due to position of first
bud to break were only analyzed in ‘Granny Smith’ shoots from this point on in the study. In ‘Granny Smith’, lateral budbreak
and growth was influenced by the position of the first bud to break on the shoot, but did not differ between locations. On
‘Granny Smith’ shoots with primigenic dominance of the terminal, lateral budbreak and growth was suppressed, in accordance
with the typical ‘delayed foliation’ commonly observed in warm winter climates. However, when at least one lateral broke before
the terminal, lateral budbreak and growth were similar to previous observations in cold winter areas. 相似文献
7.
Effects of exogenous B supply on growth, B accumulation and distribution of two navel orange cultivars 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Ou Sheng Shang W. Song Yun J. Chen Shu A. Peng Xiu X. Deng 《Trees - Structure and Function》2009,23(1):59-68
To investigate the effects of boron (B) on growth, B concentration and distribution of two navel orange cultivars, ‘Newhall’
(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) and ‘Skagg’s Bonanza’ (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) grafted on the rootstock trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], B at five levels was exogenously supplied to 1-year-old grafted plants of both cultivars under greenhouse conditions.
Plants were grown in sand:perlite (1:1, v/v) medium and were irrigated every 2 days with half-strength Hoagland’s No. 2 nutrient
solutions containing different B, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.25 and 2.50 mg l−1 (0.25 and 2.50 mg l−1 were considered as control and excess B treatment, respectively, and the other three B levels were considered as low B treatments).
After treatments for 183 days, leaves (from basal, middle, upper parts of the shoots), stem of scion, stem of rootstock and
root were separately sampled. Our results showed that plant growth (plant height, root volume and dry weights of various parts)
was inhibited in response to low or excess B supplies in both cultivars. It was found that B concentrations in the upper leaves
of both cultivars were substantially higher than those in the basal leaves when low concentrations (≤0.05 mg l−1) of exogenous B were applied, suggesting that B was preferentially translocated to the upper-younger leaves to support their
growth. Analysis of B distribution in different parts indicated that translocation of B from the root to the scion’s shoots
(stems and leaves of scion) may be restricted upon exposure to low B conditions. When B was inadequately supplied, growth
of ‘Skagg’s Bonanza’ was better than ‘Newhall’, implying that the former cultivar was more tolerant to low B status, which
may be due to the higher efficiency of B translocation from the root to the scion’s shoots. However, when the plants were
treated with excess B (2.50 mg l−1), both cultivars showed a similar degree of B toxicity. The probability of scion–rootstock interactions in relation to the
differential responses of growth and different efficiency of B translocation involved in the two orange cultivars following
the long-term low B stress were discussed. 相似文献
8.
Summary Suppression of annuals at various intensities was observed around some shrubs ofCoridothymus capitatus growing on kurkar formation in the coastal hills of Israel. The phenomenon was clearly observed as annuals-free belts of
15–20 cm around ‘aggressive’ shrubs. Quantitatively, density of annuals decreased by 16 fold in the annual-free belts as compared
to a distance of 60–80 cm from the canopies of the shrubs. Their dry matter was decreased by 5.4 fold around the shrubs. Suppression
rate of emergence of planted seeds of annuals (Plantago psyllium andErucaria hispanica) early in the season was 45% higher around ‘aggressive’C. capitatus than that around ‘non-aggressive’ ones.
In the laboratory, seed germination of the annuals was strongly suppressed by diffusates and volatiles from shoots, as well
as from their water extracts and their essential oils.
Incubation of fresh shoots ofC. capitatus in soil collected from around ‘non-aggressive’ shrubs, for 7 days, increased population levels of actinomycetes by 9.6 fold
and by 36.7 fold when soil was collected from around ‘aggressive’ shrubs. Isolates of some soil-borne actinomycetes inhibited
germination of the test plantsLactuca sativa andAnastatica hierochuntica on agar plates (4–98%). The preliminary results indicate a possible synergistic inhibitory effect induced by essential oils
of the aromatic shrub and the phytototic activity of actinomycetes. 相似文献
9.
10.
J. Y. Choi H. J. Kim C. H. Lee J. M. Bae Y. S. Chung J. S. Shin N. I. Hyung 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2001,37(2):274-279
Summary An efficient and simple plant regeneration system via organogenesis from leaf segments of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) cultivars ‘Fuyu’ and ‘Nishimurawase’ has been developed. The regeneration capacity was influenced by the culture
vessels, gelling agents, plant growth regulators, and light conditions. Leaf explants taken from in vitro shoots were cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium (MS1/2N), for 16 wk without transfer to fresh medium. Adventious
shoots appeared after 4 and 8 wk in culture of ‘Nishimurawase’ and ‘Fuyu’ tissues, respectively. The culture of leaf explants
in Erlenmeyer flasks with medium containing 4 g l−1 agar enhanced shoot formation in comparison to media with increased agar concentrations. Optimal shoot regeneration was obtained
with 5 mg l−1 (22.8 μM) zeatin and 0.1 mg l−1 (0.05 μM) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for ‘Nishimurawase’, and 10 mg l−1 (45.6 μM) zeatin and 0.1 mg l−1 (0.05 μM) IBA for ‘Fuyn’. Shoot regeneration frequencies in both cultivars were 100%, and shoot numbers per explant reached up to
9.2 for ‘Nishimurawase’ and 2.2 for ‘Fuyu’. Dark incubation during the first 4–5 wk was the most effective condition to successfully
influence shoot regeneration in both cultivars. While dark incubation was essential for adventitious shoot formation by ‘Fuyu’,
it was only slightly beneficial to ‘Nishimurawase’. More than 80% of the regenerated shoots rooted within 4 wk on hormone-free
MS1/2N demium after having been dipped for 30 s in 250 mg l−1 (1.1. mM) IBA solution. 相似文献
11.
Cytokinins antagonize the jasmonates action on the regulation of potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber formation in vitro 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Debabrata Sarkar Suman Kumar Pandey Sushruti Sharma 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2006,87(3):285-295
Cucurbita pepo L. (squash, pumpkin) is a highly polymorphic vegetable species of major importance. Our study characterized a spectrum of C. pepo germplasm for the ability to regenerate in vitro by direct organogenesis from cotyledon explants. Cultivars tested included both cultivated subspecies, texana and pepo, and nearly all of their respective cultivar-groups. Direct shoot regeneration occurred in all accessions, and was generally high (56–94%), with a single exception of 22% (‘Bolognese’). There was no significant difference between the percentage regeneration of the two subspecies. Shoot regeneration per responding explant was uniform (1.2–1.6 shoots per explant). Only ‘True French’ produced statistically more shoots (3.9 per explant) than other accessions. The morphology of regeneration varied. Most cultivars produced long shoots, often fasciated, amid a few small buds. Some subspecies pepo cultivars (Beirut, Yugoslavia 7, Ma’yan and True French) produced short, massive, hollow shoots, sometimes accompanied by shoots that were more normal. Two subspecies texana cultivars (Creamy Straightneck and Small Bicolor) produced single (sometimes double) shoots without other buds. The production of chimeric (mixoploid) regenerants varied and there was a tendency to regenerate chimeric plants from the widest-fruited accessions (i.e. lowest length-to-width ratio) in each subspecies. Subspecies pepo Pumpkin Group ‘Tondo di Nizza’ showed significantly greater production of chimeric regenerants. In comparison with the great range of variation observed in fruit shape, the variation of in vitro responses (mostly less than 2-fold in regeneration and shoot production) was less than expected. 相似文献
12.
Byung-guk Kang Lori Osburn Dean Kopsell Gerald A. Tuskan Zong-Ming Cheng 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2009,99(3):251-257
Populus serves as a model tree for biotechnology and molecular biology research due to the availability of the reference genome sequence
of Populus
trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray) genotype ‘Nisqually-1’. However, ‘Nisqually-1’ has been shown to be very recalcitrant to micropropagation,
regeneration and transformation. In this study, a highly efficient micropropagation protocol from greenhouse-grown shoot tips
of ‘Nisqually-1’ was established. The optimal micropropagation protocol involves growing in vitro shoots in plant growth regulator-free
Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.3% Gelrite? and 5–10 g L−1 of activated charcoal. Plants grown on this medium were significantly longer, and contained significantly higher concentrations
of chlorophyll. This highly effective protocol provides a consistent supply of quality leaf and stem materials throughout
the year for transformation experiments and other in vitro manipulations, therefore eliminating inconsistency due to seasonal
and greenhouse environmental variations and the need for repetitive tissue sterilization. 相似文献
13.
Summary An improved protocol for shoot regeneration from hypocotyl segments of seedlings from open-pollinated seeds of lingonberry
(Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) cultivars, ‘Ida’, ‘Splendor’, and ‘Erntesegen’, and a native clone from Newfoundland was developed. The effect of thidiazuron
(TDZ) on adventitious bud and shoot formation from apical, central, and basal segments of the hypocotyl was tested. Highly
regenerative callus was obtained from hypocotyl segments on modified Murashige and Skoog (MMS) medium containing 5–10 μM TDZ. A maximum of 10 buds and 12 shoots per apical segment for seedlings of cultivar ‘Ida’ regenerated on MMS containing
10 μM TDZ. Callus and bud regeneration frequency, callus growth, and number of buds and shoots per regenerating explant depended
not only on the specific segment of the hypocotyl, but also on parental genotype. Inhibition of shoot elongation by TDZ was
overcome by transferring shoot cultures to a shoot proliferation medium containing 1–2 μM zeatin. The optimal concentration of sucrose for shoot elongation was 20 gl−1. Shoots were rooted ex vitro on a 2 peat: 1 perlite (v/v) medium after dipping in 0.8% indole-3-butyric acid, and rooted plants acclimatized readily under
greenhouse conditions. 相似文献
14.
In this study, we established an in vitro regeneration system to maximize the recovery of leafy perilla (Perilla frutescens L. Britton) plantlets as part of developing a molecular biotechnology-based metabolic engineering program for this crop plant.
Hypocotyl segments including the apical buds were used as explants for the direct production of shoots without an interim
callus phase. The number of shoots produced from the apical buds peaked within 3–4 weeks, and the shoots were subsequently
cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 2 mg l−1 benzylaminopurine (BA). Spontaneous rhizogenesis was observed after 7–10 days of culture on MS media without hormonal additives.
The rooted shoots developed into normal plants in soil after hardening on distilled water for 3–4 days. The average plantlet
regeneration frequency was higher for the apical buds (64.33%) than for the top (15.66%), middle (4%), and basal (1.33%) segments
of the hypocotyls. This regeneration system demonstrates a capacity for high-frequency plantlet recovery and thus should be
considered for use in the genetic manipulation of leafy perilla. 相似文献
15.
Valentine Otang Ntui Gunaratnam Thirukkumaran Pejman Azadi Raham Sher Khan Ikuo Nakamura Masahiro Mii 《Plant cell reports》2010,29(9):943-954
Production of “Egusi” melon (Colocynthis citrullus L.) in West Africa is limited by fungal diseases, such as Alternaria leaf spot and Fusarium wilt. In order to engineer “Egusi”
resistant to these diseases, cotyledonary explants of two “Egusi” genotypes, ‘Ejagham’ and NHC1-130, were transformed with
Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 harbouring wasabi defensin gene (isolated from Wasabia japonica L.) in a binary vector pEKH1. After co-cultivation for 3 days, infected explants were transferred to MS medium containing
100 mgl−l kanamycin to select transformed tissues. After 3 weeks of culture, adventitious shoots appeared directly along the edges
of the explants. As much as 19 out of 52 (36.5%) and 25 out of 71 (35.2%) of the explants in genotype NHC1-130 and ‘Ejagham’,
respectively, formed shoots after 6 weeks of culture. As much as 74% (14 out of 19) of the shoots regenerated in genotype
NHC1-130 and 72% (18 out of 25) of those produced in genotype ‘Ejagham’ were transgenic. A DNA fragment corresponding to the
wasabi defensin gene or the selection marker nptII was amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA of all regenerated plant clones rooted on hormone-free MS medium under the same
selection pressure, suggesting their transgenic nature. Southern blot analysis confirmed successful integration of 1–5 copies
of the transgene. RT-PCR, northern and western blot analyses revealed that wasabi defensin gene was expressed in transgenic
lines. Transgenic lines showed increased levels of resistance to Alternaria solani, which causes Alternaria leaf spot and Fusarium oxysporum, which causes Fusarium wilt, as compared to that of untransformed plants. 相似文献
16.
Hailu M. Aynalem Timothy L. Righetti Barbara M. Reed 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2006,42(6):562-567
Summary
In vitro plants, in slow-growth storage require routine evaluation for assessment of viability and need for repropagation. Determination
of plantlet health by visual assessment is subjective and varies by genus due to variations in growth pattern and plant structure.
Developing a standardized plant evaluation system would improve the efficiency of in vitro storage. This study was initiated to develop digital image analysis techniques for plantlets during slow-growth cold storage
and to compare that system with visual examinations. Pear (Pyrus communis L) cultivars were chosen for this initial trial because they have an open structure and clear internode position for image
composition. Pear shoots stored at 4°C in tissue culture bags were evaluated monthly by standard visual examination and by
digital image analysis. Digital images were evaluated for red, green, blue, modified normalized differences of vegetation
index (MNDVI), green/red ratio (G/R), intensity, hue, and saturation at the first two nodes of each, plantlet. At 6 mo., the
visual ratings had declined steadily for P. communis ‘Luscious’ and ‘Bartlett—Swiss’, while ‘Belle Lucrative’ and ‘Louse Bonne de Jersey’ ratings did not show significant declines
until 9 mo. Correlations between visual ratings and G/R and MNDVI values were significant (r
2>=0.5) for all cultivars. Regression analysis indicated that the MNDVI and G/R ratios changed significantly over the 15-mo.
rating period for most cultivars. Intensity, hue and saturation values were not consistently significant and did not correlate
with visual ratings. These results will assist in the development of digital imaging as an alternative technique for evaluation
of stored in vitro plantlets. 相似文献
17.
Wellyzar Sjamsuridzal Yoshito Tajiri Hiromi Nishida Ta Bich Thuan Hiroko Kawasaki Aiko Hirata Akira Yokota Junta Sugiyama 《Mycoscience》1997,38(3):267-280
To study the phylogeny and evolution of archiascomycetes, we determined the full sequence of the nuclear 18S rRNA gene from
14Taphrina species and 2Protomyces species, and the partial sequence ofSchizosaccharomyces japonicus var.japonicus. The sequences were phylogenetically analyzed by the neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum-likelihood methods.
We also looked at their principal phenotypic characters and genotypic character. Relationships within the Ascomycota are concordant
with the previously published phylogenies inferred from 18S rDNA sequence divergence and divide the archi-, hemi-and euascomycetes
into distinct major lineages. All the trees show that, within the archiascomycete lineage, 11 of the 14Taphrina species and the 2Protomyces species are monophyletic. A core groups ofTaphrina andProtomyces is always monophyletic. The evidence from molecular and phenotypic characters such as cell wall sugar composition, ubiquinone,
cell wall ultrastructure, and mode of conidium ontogeny, strongly suggests that ‘T’. californica CBS 374.39, ‘T’. maculans CBS 427.69 and ‘T’. farlowii CBS 376.39 should be excluded from the archiascomycete lineage. ‘Taphrina’ farlowii CBS 376.39 groups withCandida albicans in the Saccharomycetales, whereas ‘T’. californica CBS 374.39 and ‘T’. maculans CBS 427.69 have a basidiomycete affinity and group with Tremellalean members in the hymenomycete lineage.Schizosaccharomyces is monophyletic. The strictly anamorphic yeastSaitoella complicata groups with the apothecial ascomyceteNeolecta vitellina rather than theTaphrina/Protomyces branch. 相似文献
18.
Sibylle Stoeckli Karsten Mody Cesare Gessler Andrea Patocchi Mauro Jermini Silvia Dorn 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2008,4(4):833-847
The rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea), the leaf-curling aphid (Dysaphis cf. devecta) and the green apple aphid (Aphis pomi) are widespread pest insects that reduce growth of leaves, fruits and shoots in apple (Malus × domestica). Aphid control in apple orchards is generally achieved by insecticides, but alternative management options like growing
resistant cultivars are needed for a more sustainable integrated pest management (IPM). A linkage map available for a segregating
F1-cross of the apple cultivars ‘Fiesta’ and ‘Discovery’ was used to investigate the genetic basis of resistance to aphids.
Aphid infestation and plant growth characteristics were repeatedly assessed for the same 160 apple genotypes in three different
environments and 2 consecutive years. We identified amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers linked to quantitative
trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to D. plantaginea (‘Fiesta’ linkage group 17, locus 57.7, marker E33M35–0269; heritability: 28.3%), and to D. cf. devecta (‘Fiesta’ linkage group 7, locus 4.5, marker E32M39–0195; heritability: 50.2%). Interactions between aphid species, differences
in climatic conditions and the spatial distribution of aphid infestation were identified as possible factors impeding the
detection of QTLs. A pedigree analysis of simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker alleles closely associated with the QTL markers
revealed the presence of the alleles in other apple cultivars with reported aphid resistance (‘Wagener’, ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’),
highlighting the genetic basis and also the potential for gene pyramiding of aphid resistance in apple. Finally, significant
QTLs for shoot length and stem diameter were identified, while there was no relationship between aphid resistance and plant
trait QTLs.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
19.
So-Young Park Hosakatte N. Murthy Kee-Yoeup Paek 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2002,38(2):168-172
Summary An efficient and rapid in vitro method was developed for regeneration of Phalaenopsis using leaf segments derived in vitro from flower stalk nodes. Leaf segments of four cultivars Tinny Sunshine ‘Annie’, ‘Taisuco Hatarot’, Teipei Gold ‘Golden Star’,
Tinny Galaxy ‘Annie’ cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with N
6-benzyladenine (BA; 88,8 μM) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 5,4 μM) produced an average of 10–13 protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) after 12 wk. PLB proliferation was achieved on a modified Hyponex
medium (1 gl−1 6.5N−4.5P−19K+20N−20P−20K+2gl−1 peplone +3% (w/v) potato homogenate +0.05% activated 1 gl−1 charcoal) and an optimal number of 13–18 PLBs developed from single PLB sections of different cultivars. Plantlet development
was also achieved on a modified Hyponex medium. By repeated subculture of PLBs on a proliferation medium, and culturing them
in the plantlet regeneration medium, plantlets could be produced continuously. Approximately 6 mo, were required from the
initiation of culture to the production of plantlets for transplant to community pots. 相似文献
20.
Hilde Nybom Artur Mikiciński Larisa Garkava-Gustavsson Jasna Sehic Mariusz Lewandowski Piotr Sobiczewski 《Trees - Structure and Function》2012,26(1):199-213
Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) causes serious damage to pome fruit orchards, and identification of germplasm with heritable disease resistance is therefore
crucial. Two dominant SCAR (sequence characterised amplified region) marker alleles (AE10-375 and GE-8019), flanking a previously
identified QTL (quantitative trait locus) for resistance to fire blight on ‘Fiesta’ linkage group 7 in apple cultivars related
to ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’, were screened on 205 apple cultivars. Both marker alleles were present in 22% of the cultivars,
indicating presence of the QTL allele for tolerance, and both were lacking in 25%, indicating homozygosity for absence of
the QTL tolerance allele. However, 33% had only the marker allele AE10-375, while 20% had only GE-8019, suggesting that some
cultivars with the dominant alleles for both of the flanking markers can carry these on separate chromosomes and may lack
the QTL allele for tolerance. In 2009 and 2010, terminal shoots of greenhouse-grown grafted trees of 21 cultivars (only 20
in 2010) were inoculated with Erwinia amylovora. ‘Idared’ (susceptible) and ‘Enterprise’ (tolerant) were included as controls. Disease severity for each cultivar was expressed
as percentage of necrosis in relation to entire length of shoot, and the ranking of cultivars in 2009 and 2010 was compared
with a Spearman rank correlation test, P < 0.01. A relationship between presence of both flanking marker alleles for tolerance and level of fire blight tolerance
was confirmed with a Mann–Whitney U-test, P < 0.01 in 2009, and P < 0.05 in 2010. A PCO (principal coordinate) analysis based on band profiles obtained with 12 SSR (simple sequence repeat)
loci produced three loose clusters, two of which contained known offspring of ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’, and one with cultivars
that were either unrelated or had an unknown origin. Cases where DNA markers did not predict level of fire blight damage as
expected, were, however, as common among descendants of ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ as among apparently unrelated cultivars. Obviously
the ‘Fiesta’ LG 7 QTL has some predictive value, both for known ‘Cox’ relatives and others, but more efficient markers would
be desirable for marker-assisted selection. 相似文献