一起农村小学甲型H3N2流感暴发流行的调查分析

目的了解甲型H3N2流感暴发流行特征,为制定预防措施提供依据。方法对和温村小学239名学生流感发病及流感疫苗接种情况进行调查,对发病者逐一个案调查登记,采集患者咽拭子标本送百色市疾病预防控制中心实验室检测确诊。结果该校学生流感发病33例,发病率为13.81%,学前班及1~6年级共7个班均有病例发生,发病班级为100%。发病者中,男性18例,女性15例,男女性别比为1.2∶1,男女发病率分别为14.52%(18/124)、13.04%(15/115),(χ2=0.11,P0.05),男女发病率差异无统计学意义。患者咽拭子标本5人份,经实验室检测甲型H3N2流感病毒核酸阳性率为100%。结论该校学生无流感疫苗免疫接种史,易感人群积累,是本次甲型H3N2流感暴发流行的根本原因。应在每年秋冬流感流行季节前一个月,加强中小学校学生流感疫苗接种,提高易感人群免疫力,防止甲型H3N2流感扩散蔓延。     

Synthesis and anti-rhinovirus activity of novel 3-[2-(pyridinyl)vinyl]substituted -2H-chromenes and -4H-chromen-4-ones

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most common cause of viral respiratory infections and their complications. So far, no anti-viral agent has been approved for prevention or treatment of HRV infections. Pursuing our researches on small molecules with anti-rhinovirus activity, in this paper we describe the synthesis and in vitro anti-HRV 1B and 14 properties of new [2-(2H-chromen-3-yl)vinyl]pyridines and 3-[2-(pyridinyl)vinyl]-4H-chromen-4-ones. Generally, the synthesized compounds interfered with the replication of both serotypes at the micromolar or submicromolar concentrations. Preliminary results on their mechanism of action, performed on selected (E)-2-[2-(2H-chromen-3-yl)vinyl]pyridine, indicate an interference with the early step(s) of HRV 1B and 14 replication, probably at the uncoating level.     

Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity evaluation of substituted N-imidazolidin-2-ones and N-tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones

Seventeen compounds with either an imidazolin-2-one or a tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one scaffold were synthesized and evaluated for their immunosuppressive activity in a concanavallin A (ConA)-stimulated mouse splenocytes proliferation test. Three of these molecules exerted a significant activity at 90 μM. All the compounds of the tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one series have turned out to be inactive showing the crucial role of the imidazolidin-2-one scaffold in the induction of an immunosuppressive activity.     

Design,synthesis and pharmacological screening of a series of N1-(substituted)aryl-5,7-dimethyl-2-(substituted)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones as potential histamine H1-receptor antagonists

A series of N₁-(substituted)aryl-5,7-dimethyl-2-(substituted)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one was designed on the basis of the triangular pharmacophoric requirement of histamine H₁-receptor antagonists. The designed series was synthesized by cyclo-condensation of monoaryl thiourea with ethyl cyanoacetate in the presence of dry HCl gas to give N₁-(substituted aryl)-2-mercaptopyrimidine-4(3H)-one, which on cyclo-condensation with acetylacetone gave the pyridopyrimidinone. Further methylation of the mercapto group at C-2 with methyl iodide followed by nucleophilic displacement of the methylmercapto group by various amines gave the targeted compounds. All the synthesized compounds were screened for histamine H₁-receptor antagonistic activity by the in vitro method of inhibition of the isotonic contraction induced by histamine on isolated guinea pig ileum using cetirizine as a standard drug. All the compounds exhibited potent histamine H₁-receptor antagonistic activity with pA₂ values from 7.30– 9.75 (cetirizine, pA₂ value 9.40). The potent compounds were screened for their in vivo antihistaminic activity by protection of animal from asphyxic shock. The sedative potential of potent compounds was checked on albino mice by photoactometer and they had comparative sedative potential to the standard drug cetirizine. None of the compound exhibited anticholinergic activity in the in vitro rat ileum model.     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted 3-anilino-quinolin-2(1H)-ones as PDK1 inhibitors

PDK1 is an important regulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway, which has been found frequently activated in a large number of human cancers. Herein we described the preparation of novel substituted 3-anilino-quinolin-2(1H)-ones as PDK1 inhibitors. The synthesis is based around a Buchwald–Hartwig cross-coupling of various 3-bromo-6-substituted-quinolin-2(1H)-ones with three different functionalised anilines. The modular nature of the designed synthesis allowed access to a series of novel inhibitors through derivatisation of a late-stage intermediate. All compounds were screened against isolated PDK1 enzyme, with modest inhibition observed.     

Synthesis of N-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methyleneamines and 3,3-diaryl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)azetidin-2-ones as potential antileishmanial agents

A series of N-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methyleneamines and eight new 3,3-diaryl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)azetidin-2-ones have been synthesized and screened for their antileishmanial activity against Leishmania major. 3,3-Diaryl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)azetidin-2-ones have been synthesized by the Staudinger's ketene-imine cycloaddition employing two 2-diazo-1,2-diarylethanones as the precursors of diarylketenes. A marked improvement in anti-parasitic activity is observed by transformation of the methyleneamines to azetidin-2-ones in seven out of eight compounds. Two compounds displayed antileishmanial activity comparable to that of the clinically used antileshmanial drug, amphotericine B.     

Synthesis, iron(III)-binding affinity and in vitro evaluation of 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one hexadentate ligands as potential antimicrobial agents

Iron is a critical element for the survival of bacteria. We have designed and synthesized two novel 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one hexadentate ligands with high affinity for iron(III), which disrupt bacterial iron absorption. Biological studies demonstrate that these two chelators have significant inhibitory effect against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and therefore have potential as antimicrobial agents.     

Synthesis of 2-amido-3-hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-ones: novel iron chelators with enhanced pFe3+ values

The synthesis of a range of 2-amido-3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones as bidentate iron(III) chelators with potential for oral administration is described. The pKa values of the ligands together with the stability constants of their iron(III) complexes have been determined. Results indicate that the introduction of an amido substituent at the 2-position leads to an appreciable enhancement of the pFe3+ values. The ability of these novel 3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones to facilitate the iron excretion in bile was investigated using a 59Fe-ferritin loaded rat model. The optimal effect was observed with the N-methyl amido derivative 15b, which has an associated pFe3+ value of 21.7, more than two orders of magnitude higher than that of deferiprone (1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one) 1a (pFe3+ = 19.4). Dose response studies suggest that chelators with high pFe3+ values scavenge iron more effectively at lower doses when compared with simple dialkyl substituted hydroxypyridinones.     

The molecular mechanism of human hormone-sensitive lipase inhibition by substituted 3-phenyl-5-alkoxy-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ones

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) plays an important role in the mobilization of free fatty acids (FFA) from adipocytes. The inhibition of HSL may offer a pharmacological approach to reduce FFA levels in plasma and diminish peripheral insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. In this work, the inhibition of HSL by substituted 3-phenyl-5-alkoxy-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ones has been studied in vitro. 5-methoxy-3-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (compound 7600) and 5-methoxy-3-(3-methyl-4-phenylacetamidophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (compound 9368) were selected as the most potent HSL inhibitors. HSL is inhibited after few minutes of incubation with compound 7600, at a molar excess of 20. This inhibition is reversed in the presence of an emulsion of lipid substrate. The reactivation phenomenon is hardly observed when incubating HSL with compound 9368. The molecular mechanism underlying the reversible inhibition of HSL by compound 7600 was investigated using high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The stoichiometry of the inhibition reaction revealed that specifically one molecule of inhibitor was bound per enzyme molecule. The inhibition by compound 7600 involves a nucleophilic attack by the hydroxy group of the catalytic Ser of the enzyme on the carbon atom of the carbonyl moiety of the oxadiazolone ring of the inhibitor, leading to the formation of covalent enzyme-inhibitor intermediate. This covalent intermediate is subsequently hydrolyzed, releasing an oxadiazolone decomposition product, carbon dioxide and the active HSL form. On the basis of this study, a kinetic model is proposed to describe the inhibition of HSL by compound 7600 in the aqueous phase as well as its partial reactivation at the lipid-water interface.     

Functional association between influenza A (H1N1) virus and human

Influenza A (H1N1) virus is a severe threat worldwide. It is important to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of the infection. In the paper, we established a computational framework to investigate the crosstalk between the virus and the host, by finding out the proteins that the virus is attacking. The targeted proteins were predicted by taking human proteins laid on the same GO functions or processes as the virus proteins. One hundred and one core proteins were identified. The results provide some knowledge of the possible biological processes and molecular interactions caused by the viral infection, including the host responses.     

Regioselective synthesis of 3-benzyl substituted pyrimidino chromen-2-ones and evaluation of anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities

Regioselective synthesis of a number of highly functionalized 3-benzylpyrimidino chromen-2-ones (4) were accomplished in a one pot three component reaction in acetic acid and determined their anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities. Compounds 4o and 4p showed an excellent anti-microbial activity against Micrococcus luteus MTCC 2470 at a par with standard control (Ciprofloxacin) and exhibited best activity against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96 and Bacillus subtilis MTCC 121. Further, compounds 4h, 4i, 4m, 4n and 4q showed promising activity against Micrococcus luteus MTCC 2470, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96 and Bacillus subtilis MTCC 121. Whereas, compounds 4m showed very promising biofilm inhibition activity against Staphylococcus aureus MLS 16 MTCC 2940 and 4o, 4p showed very potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96 at a par with Ciprofloxacin used as standard control.     

High genetic and antigenic similarity between a swine H3N2 influenza A virus and a prior human influenza vaccine virus: A possible immune pressure-driven cross-species transmission

In late April of 2009, a global outbreak of human influenza was reported. The causative agent is a highly unusual reassortant H1N1 influenza virus carrying genetic segments derived from swine, human and avian influenza viruses. In this study, we compared the HA, NA and other gene segments of a swine H3N2 influenza A virus, A/Swine/Guangdong/z5/2003, which was isolated from pigs in 2003 in Guangdong Province, China, to the predominant human and swine H3N2 viruses. We found that the similarity of gene segments of A/Swine/Guangdong/z5/2003 was closer to Moscow/99-like human H3N2 virus than Europe swine H3N2 viruses during 1999-2002. These results suggest that A/Swine/Guangdong/z5/2003 may be porcine in origin, possibly being driven by human immune pressure induced by either natural H3N2 virus infection or use of A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-based human influenza vaccine. The results further confirm that swine may play a dual role as a “shelter” for hosting influenza virus from humans or birds and as a “mixing vessel” for generating reassortant influenza viruses, such as the one causing current influenza pandemic.     

一例混合感染中H3N2和H7N9流感病毒的分子遗传特性

【目的】揭示一例混合感染中H3N2和N7N9流感病毒的分子遗传特性。【方法】通过荧光定量PCR法对标本进行流感病毒分型检测。通过二代测序技术对病毒分离物进行全基因组测序分析。【结果】2013年4月在南京市检测到一例人季节性H3N2流感病毒和禽流感H7N9病毒混合感染,混合病毒分别命名为A/Nanjing/M1/2013 (H3N2) (M1-H3N2)和A/Nanjing/M2/2013 (H7N9) (M2-H7N9)。分离株M2-H7N9 HA蛋白的Q226L位点和PB2蛋白E627K位点发生突变,增强了病毒对人体的感染能力。【结论】报道了一起人混合感染H3N2和N7N9流感病毒病例,提示人可能成为流感病毒基因“混合器”,应高度关注H7N9病毒与人季节性流感病毒的基因重配现象。     

Synthesis of isochroman-4-ones and 2H-pyran-3(6H)-ones by gold-catalyzed oxidative cycloalkoxylation of alkynes

Gold catalysis is a convenient tool to oxidatively functionalize alkyne into a range of valuable compounds. In this article, we report a new access to isochroman-4-one and 2H-pyran-3(6H)-one derivatives that involves a gold-catalyzed oxidative cycloalkoxylation of an alkyne in the presence of a pyridine N-oxide. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, is relatively efficient and exhibits a high functional group compatibility.     

Diagnosis of influenza viruses with special reference to novel H1N1 2009 influenza virus

On 15 April and 17 April 2009, novel swineorigin influenza A (H1N1) virus was identifi ed in specimens obtained from two epidemiologically unlinked patients in the United States. The ongoing outbreak of novel H1N1 2009 influenza (swine influenza) has caused more than 3,99,232 laboratory confi rmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 and over 4735 deaths globally. This novel 2009 influenza virus designated as H1N1 A/swine/California/04/2009 virus is not zoonotic swine flu and is transmitted from person to person and has higher transmissibility then that of seasonal influenza viruses. In India the novel H1N1 virus infection has been reported from all over the country. A total of 68,919 samples from clinically suspected persons have been tested for influenza A H1N1 across the country and 13,330 (18.9%) of them have been found positive with 427 deaths. At the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi India, we tested 1096 clinical samples for the presence of novel H1N1 influenza virus and seasonal influenza viruses. Of these 1096 samples, 194 samples (17.7%) were positive for novel H1N1 influenza virus and 197 samples (18%) were positive for seasonal influenza viruses. During outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases accurate and rapid diagnosis is critical for minimizing further spread through timely implementation of appropriate vaccines and antiviral treatment. Since the symptoms of novel H1N1 influenza infection are not specifi c, laboratory confi rmation of suspected cases is of prime importance.     

Phylogeography of Avian influenza A H9N2 in China

Background

During the past two decades, avian influenza A H9N2 viruses have spread geographically and ecologically in China. Other than its current role in causing outbreaks in poultry and sporadic human infections by direct transmission, H9N2 virus could also serve as an progenitor for novel human avian influenza viruses including H5N1, H7N9 and H10N8. Hence, H9N2 virus is becoming a notable threat to public health. However, despite multiple lineages and genotypes that were detected by previous studies, the migration dynamics of the H9N2 virus in China is unclear. Increasing such knowledge would help us better prevent and control H9N2 as well as other future potentially threatening viruses from spreading across China. The objectives of this study were to determine the source, migration patterns, and the demography history of avian influenza A H9N2 virus that circulated in China.

Results

Using Bayesian phylogeography framework, we showed that the H9N2 virus in mainland China may have originated from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR). Southern China, most likely the Guangdong province acts as the primary epicentre for multiple H9N2 strains spreading across the whole country, and eastern China, most likely the Jiangsu province, acts as an important secondary source to seed outbreaks. Our demography inference suggests that during the long-term migration process, H9N2 evolved into multiple diverse lineages and then experienced a selective sweep, which reduced its genetic diversity. Importantly, such a selective sweep may pose a greater threat to public health because novel strains confer higher fitness advantages than strains being replaced and could generate new viruses through reassortment.

Conclusion

Our analyses indicate that migratory birds, poultry trade and transportation have all contributed to the spreading of the H9N2 virus in China. The ongoing migration and evolution of H9N2, which poses a constant threat to the human population, highlights the need for a more comprehensive surveillance of wild birds and for the enhancement of biosafety for China’s poultry industry.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1110) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Genetic analysis and rescue of a triple-reassortant H3N2 influenza A virus isolated from swine in eastern China

One influenza H3N2 virus, A/swine/Shandong/3/2005 (Sw/SD/3/2005), was isolated from pigs with respiratory disease on a farm in eastern China. Genetic analysis revealed that Sw/SD/3/2005 was a triple-reassortant virus with a PB2 gene from human-like HIN1, NS from classical swine H1NI, and the remaining genes from human-like H3N2 virus. These findings further support the concept that swine can serve as reservoir or mixing vessels of influenza virus strains and maintain genetic and antigenic stability of viruses. Furthermore, we have successfully established a reverse genetics system based on eight plasmids and rescued Sw/SD/3/2005 through cell transfection. HI tests and RT-PCR confirmed that the rescued virus maintained the biological properties of the wild type Sw/SD/3/2005. The successful establishment of the reverse genetics system of Sw/SD/3/2005 will enable us to conduct extensive studies of the molecular evolution of H3N2 influenza viruses in swine.     

新甲型H1N1(2009)病毒的早期分子特征

摘要：【目的】本世纪首次流感大流行的病原属于甲型H1N1流感病毒,在遗传特性和抗原等方面都有别于人群中流行多年的季节性H1N1流感病毒。为了深入了解病毒的遗传特性,跟踪病毒的演化趋势,及时发现具有流行病学意义的变异株,本研究对早期分离的甲型H1N1(2009)病毒的分子特性进行了详细分析。【方法】通过GenBank的流感资源中心下载相关毒株的基因组信息, 序列分析采用DNAStar软件包的EditSeq和MegAlign比较与病毒致病性和宿主特异性相关的氨基酸变化情况。以A/California/07/2009（H1N1）作为新甲型H1N1(2009)的代表株进行详细的分子特征分析。【结果】A/California/07/2009不具备高致病性流感病毒的分子特征;病毒编码的11个蛋白大部分保留有猪流感病毒的分子特征,同时也具有一些禽和人流感病毒的特征;PB1-F2在11aa,57aa和87aa后发生断裂,具有古典猪H1N1和人H1N1双重特点,这是甲型H1N1（2009）病毒一个特有的分子特征。【结论】首次详细分析了新甲型H1N1（2009）病毒的分子特征。随着病毒在人群中的进一步适应和持续存在,这些分子特征将发生变化,应该特别关注这些变化对病毒的传播力和致病性的影响。     

Novel substituted (Z)-2-(N-benzylindol-3-ylmethylene)quinuclidin-3-one and (Z)-(+/-)-2-(N-benzylindol-3-ylmethylene)quinuclidin-3-ol derivatives as potent thermal sensitizing agents

Use of ionizing radiation is essential for the management of many human cancers, and therapeutic hyperthermia has been identified as a potent radiosensitizer. Radiation therapy combined with adjuvant hyperthermia represents a potential tool to provide outstanding local-regional control for refractory disease. (Z)-(±)-2-(N-Benzylindol-3-ylmethylene)quinuclidin-3-ol (2) and (Z)-(±)-2-(N-benzenesulfonylindol-3-ylmethylene)quinuclidin-3-ol (4) were initially identified as potent thermal sensitizers that could lower the threshold needed for thermal sensitivity to radiation treatment. To define the structural requirements of the molecule that are essential for thermal sensitization, we have synthesized and evaluated a series of (Z)-2-(N-benzylindol-3-ylmethylene)quinuclidin-3-one (9), and (Z)-(±)-2-(N-benzylindol-3-ylmethylene)quinuclidin-3-ol (10) analogs that incorporate a variety of substituents in both the indole and N-benzyl moieties. These systematic structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies were designed to further the development and optimization of potential clinically useful thermal sensitizing agents. The most potent analog was compound 10 (R¹ = H, R² = 4-Cl), which potently inhibited (93% inhibition at 50 μM) the growth of HT-29 cells after a 41 °C/2 h exposure.     

Discovery of 5-(5-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)pyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives as new potent PB2 inhibitors

PB2 is an important subunit of influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and has been recognized as a promising target for the treatment of influenza. We herein report the discovery of a new series of PB2 inhibitors containing the skeleton 5-(5-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)pyrazin-2(1H)-one. Compound 12b is the most potent one, which showed K_D values of 0.11 μM and 0.19 μM in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assays, respectively. In antiviral activity and cellular cytotoxicity assays, compound 12b showed an EC₅₀ value of 1.025 μM and a CC₅₀ value greater than 100 μM. Molecular docking was also used to predict the binding mode of 12b with PB2. Collectively, this study provides a promising lead compound for subsequent anti-influenza drug discovery targeting PB2.