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1.
Influences of culture and environmental attitude on thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a public square 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The main objective of the present quasi-experimental study was to examine the influence of culture (Swedish vs Japanese) and environmental attitude (urban vs open-air person) on participants’ thermal, emotional and perceptual assessments of a square, within the PET (physiological equivalent temperature) comfortable interval of 18–23°C. It was predicted that persons living in different cultures with different environmental attitudes would psychologically evaluate a square differently despite similar thermal conditions. Consistent with this prediction, Japanese participants estimated the current weather as warmer than did Swedish participants and, consistent with this, they felt less thermally comfortable on the site, although participants in both countries perceived similar comfortable thermal outdoor conditions according to the PET index. Compared to the Japanese, the Swedes estimated both the current weather and the site as windier and colder, indicating a consistency in weather assessment on calm-windy and warm-cold scales in participants in both cultures. Furthermore, Swedish participants felt more glad and calm on the site and, in line with their character (more glad than gloomy), they estimated the square as more beautiful and pleasant than did Japanese participants. All this indicates that thermal, emotional and perceptual assessments of a physical place may be intertwined with psychological schema-based and socio-cultural processes, rather than fixed by general thermal indices developed in line with physiological heat balance models. In consequence, this implies that thermal comfort indices may not be applicable in different cultural/climate zones without modifications, and that they may not be appropriate if we do not take into account the psychological processes involved in environmental assessment. 相似文献
2.
Enrica Ciucci Pamela Calussi Ersilia Menesini Alessandra Mattei Martina Petralli Simone Orlandini 《International journal of biometeorology》2011,55(3):327-337
This study aimed to analyze the impact of winter weather conditions on young children’s behavior and affective states by examining
a group of 61 children attending day-care centers in Florence (Italy). Participants were 33 males, 28 females and their 11
teachers. The mean age of the children at the beginning of the observation period was 24.1 months. The day-care teachers observed
the children’s behavioral and emotional states during the morning before their sleeping time and filled in a questionnaire
for each baby five times over a winter period of 3 weeks. Air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure and solar radiation
data were collected every 15 min from a weather station located in the city center of Florence. At the same time, air temperature
and relative humidity data were collected in the classroom and in the garden of each day-care center. We used multilevel linear
models to evaluate the extent to which children’s emotional and behavioral states could be predicted by weather conditions,
controlling for child characteristics (gender and age). The data showed that relative humidity and solar radiation were the
main predictors of the children’s emotional and behavioral states. The outdoor humidity had a significant positive effect
on frustration, sadness and aggression; solar radiation had a significant negative effect only on sadness, suggesting that
a sunny winter day makes children more cheerful. The results are discussed in term of implications for parents and teachers
to improve children’s ecological environment. 相似文献
3.
On the reciprocal interaction between believing and feeling: an adaptive agent modelling perspective
An agent’s beliefs usually depend on informational or cognitive factors such as observation or received communication or reasoning,
but also affective factors may play a role. In this paper, by adopting neurological theories on the role of emotions and feelings,
an agent model is introduced incorporating the interaction between cognitive and affective factors in believing. The model
describes how the strength of a belief may not only depend on information obtained, but also on the emotional responses on
the belief. For feeling emotions a recursive body loop between preparations for emotional responses and feelings is assumed.
The model introduces a second feedback loop for the interaction between feeling and belief. The strength of a belief and of
the feeling both result from the converging dynamic pattern modelled by the combination of the two loops. For some specific
cases it is described, for example, how for certain personal characteristics an optimistic world view is generated in the
agent’s beliefs, or, for other characteristics, a pessimistic world view. Moreover, the paper shows how such affective effects
on beliefs can emerge and become stronger over time due to experiences obtained. It is shown how based on Hebbian learning
a connection from feeling to belief can develop. As these connections affect the strenghts of future beliefs, in this way
an effect of judgment ‘by experience built up in the past’ or ‘by gut feeling’ can be obtained. Some example simulation results
and a mathematical analysis of the equilibria are presented. 相似文献
4.
Tourists often use weather data as a factor for determining vacation timing and location. Accuracy and perceptions of weather information may impact these decisions. This study: (a) examines air temperature and dew points from seven exclusive resorts in the Phoenix metropolitan area and compares them with official National Weather Service data for the same period, and (b) utilizes a comfort model called OUTCOMES—OUTdoor COMfort Expert System—in a seasonal appraisal of two resorts, one mesic and one xeric, compared with the urban Sky Harbor International Airport first-order weather station site in the central urban area of Phoenix, Arizona, USA (lat. 33.43°N; long. 112.02°W; elevation at 335 m). Temperature and humidity recording devices were placed within or immediately adjacent to common-use areas of the resorts, the prime recreational sites used by guests on most resort properties. Recorded data were compared with that of the official weather information from the airport station, a station most accessible to potential tourists through media and Web sites, to assess predicted weather for vacation planning. For the most part, Sky Harbor’s recorded air temperatures and often dew points were higher than those recorded at the resorts. We extrapolate our findings to a year-round estimate of human outdoor comfort for weather-station sites typical of resort landscapes and the Sky Harbor location using the OUTCOMES model to refine ideas on timing of comfortable conditions at resorts on a diurnal and seasonal basis. 相似文献
5.
T. A. Stroganova M. M. Tsetlin S. B. Malykh E. V. Malakhovskaya 《Human physiology》2000,26(3):281-289
This work is the second fragment of the investigation of the nature of individual differences in physiological principles
of infant temperament. The aim of this stage of the study was to estimate the contribution of genotypic and environmental
factors to the formation of individual differences in childhood temperament of the second half-year of life. The experimental
group consisted of 172 infants from mono- and dyzygotic twin pairs, aged 8–12 months. The estimations of the level of psychomotor
development (by Bayley’s Scales) of all the children were normal. The temperament was estimated by Balleyguier’s Questionnaire,
which has a number of substantial advantages over other questionnaires. The contribution of genetic and environmental factors
was statistically analyzed by model fitting at the levels of individual temperamental features (questionnaire scales) and
integral dimensions (the basic factors of the factor structure of estimations by the scales). It was shown that the nature
of individual differences in the temperamental features of children of the second half-year of life markedly differs. The
features such as activity, irritability, aggression, and negative emotional background in neutral everyday situations are
under rigid genetic control. The sensitivity to punishment signal is to an equal extent determined genetically and by the
factors of shared (family) environment, while the individual differences in sociability are predominantly determined by the
family environment. A significant discordance between the observed phenomena and the data of recent literature is discussed. 相似文献
6.
This exploratory study focuses on the understandings of and experiences with headache in two settings in Peru: the Quechua-speaking district of Ayacucho, in southern Peru, and a poor urban district of Lima Metropolitana. More specifically, it explores the personal and collective meanings constructed around women’s headache experiences. Structured and open-ended interviews were administered to patients suffering headache to elicit interpretations of headache episodes. An analysis of the collected narratives suggests that headache is often comprehended in a polysemic framework, where meanings ascribed in bodily, emotional, family, and social terms articulate individual and shared notions of suffering within larger contexts of social dislocation. Often woven into experiences of solitude, headache accounts are lived and told in dynamic temporal spaces, and narrate dissolution of family ties and tensions associated with women’s roles. The results underscore the significance of patients’ subjective interpretations of painful experiences and underscore the connections between bodily and emotional pain and distress experienced at family, community, and larger social levels. 相似文献
7.
Tassé AM 《Human genetics》2011,130(3):415-423
Early biomedical research focused primarily on the study of specific diseases or sets of diseases within small groups of living
research participants. Accordingly, the first ethical frameworks governing biomedical research addressed short-term, limited-scope
research involving living research participants. Due to recent interest in longitudinal population studies and biobanking,
research is increasingly long term. This shift raises several ethical and legal issues concerning the impact of a participant’s
death on research. This paper offers an overview of these issues in the context of longitudinal biobanking genetic research.
Our first part outlines the legal and ethical frameworks that govern the effect of the participants’ death on consent. This
will be followed by an analysis of the legal and ethical frameworks that govern the secondary use of deceased participants’
data and samples and the return of deceased participants’ individual research results to biological family members. In our
second part, we will review the current literature and discuss the above mentioned issues using the bioethics “principlism”
theory before concluding. 相似文献
8.
Engrained experience—a comparison of microclimate perception schemata and microclimate measurements in Dutch urban squares 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sanda Lenzholzer 《International journal of biometeorology》2010,54(2):141-150
Acceptance of public spaces is often guided by perceptual schemata. Such schemata also seem to play a role in thermal comfort
and microclimate experience. For climate-responsive design with a focus on thermal comfort it is important to acquire knowledge
about these schemata. For this purpose, perceived and “real” microclimate situations were compared for three Dutch urban squares.
People were asked about their long-term microclimate perceptions, which resulted in “cognitive microclimate maps”. These were
compared with mapped microclimate data from measurements representing the common microclimate when people stay outdoors. The
comparison revealed some unexpected low matches; people clearly overestimated the influence of the wind. Therefore, a second
assumption was developed: that it is the more salient wind situations that become engrained in people’s memory. A comparison
using measurement data from windy days shows better matches. This suggests that these more salient situations play a role
in the microclimate schemata that people develop about urban places. The consequences from this study for urban design are
twofold. Firstly, urban design should address not only the “real” problems, but, more prominently, the “perceived” problems.
Secondly, microclimate simulations addressing thermal comfort issues in urban spaces should focus on these perceived, salient
situations. 相似文献
9.
A simple thermo-physiological model of outdoor thermal sensation adjusted with psychological factors is developed aiming to predict thermal sensation in Mediterranean climates. Microclimatic measurements simultaneously with interviews on personal and psychological conditions were carried out in a square, a street canyon and a coastal location of the greater urban area of Athens, Greece. Multiple linear and ordinal regression were applied in order to estimate thermal sensation making allowance for all the recorded parameters or specific, empirically selected, subsets producing so-called extensive and empirical models, respectively. Meteorological, thermo-physiological and overall models - considering psychological factors as well - were developed. Predictions were improved when personal and psychological factors were taken into account as compared to meteorological models. The model based on ordinal regression reproduced extreme values of thermal sensation vote more adequately than the linear regression one, while the empirical model produced satisfactory results in relation to the extensive model. The effects of adaptation and expectation on thermal sensation vote were introduced in the models by means of the exposure time, season and preference related to air temperature and irradiation. The assessment of thermal sensation could be a useful criterion in decision making regarding public health, outdoor spaces planning and tourism. 相似文献
10.
We studied peculiarities of the spectral characteristics of EEG in 111 healthy adult subjects of both sexes. The levels of
situative anxiety (anxiety state) and personal anxiety were estimated using the Spielberger–Khanin test system. To estimate
anxiety-related properties of the personality, Cattel’s technique 16 PF (form А) was used. Estimates of situative anxiety
demonstrated only two cases of positive correlation with the spectral power density (SPD) of EEG rhythms (SPDs of the beta2
rhythm in the right-hemisphere temporal and occipital regions; recording with the eyes open). Estimates of personal anxiety
positively correlated with the SPDs of the beta1 and (especially) beta2 EEG rhythms. Under conditions with the eyes open,
the number of significant correlations was greater, and correlations themselves were tighter than with the eyes closed. The
closest correlations of the estimates of personal anxiety with the SPDs of the beta rhythm were found in frontal and central
leads of both hemispheres and in parietal and occipital loci of the right hemisphere. Only a single case of correlation of
the alpha rhythm SPD with personal anxiety (negative correlation, a parietal lead in the left hemisphere) was found. At the
same time, rather numerous correlations of the alpha rhythm expression with an index congeneric to anxiety, the C factor by
the Cattel’s questionnaire (emotional stability/instability), were found. Thus, the intense beta EEG rhythm can be considered
an electrographic correlate of high situative and personal anxieties. At the same time, the alpha rhythm power correlates
with the emotional stability of the individual. We suppose that persons with a well-developed alpha rhythm are characterized
by active and stable functioning of the cerebral dopaminergic system; this simultaneously serves as a pre-requisite of high
emotional stability and social adaptability. 相似文献
11.
Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments—application of the RayMan model 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The most important meteorological parameter affecting the human energy balance during sunny weather conditions is the mean
radiant temperature Tmrt. It considers the uniform temperature of a surrounding surface giving off blackbody radiation, which results in the same
energy gain of a human body given the prevailing radiation fluxes. This energy gain usually varies considerably in open space
conditions. In this paper, the model ‘RayMan’, used for the calculation of short- and long-wave radiation fluxes on the human
body, is presented. The model, which takes complex urban structures into account, is suitable for several applications in
urban areas such as urban planning and street design. The final output of the model is, however, the calculated Tmrt, which is required in the human energy balance model, and thus also for the assessment of the urban bioclimate, with the
use of thermal indices such as predicted mean vote (PMV), physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) and standard effective
temperature (SET*). The model has been developed based on the German VDI-Guidelines 3789, Part II (environmental meteorology,
interactions between atmosphere and surfaces; calculation of short- and long-wave radiation) and VDI-3787 (environmental meteorology,
methods for the human-biometeorological evaluation of climate and air quality for urban and regional planning. Part I: climate).
The validation of the results of the RayMan model agrees with similar results obtained from experimental studies. 相似文献
12.
Natasha A. Kenny Jon S. Warland Robert D. Brown Terry G. Gillespie 《International journal of biometeorology》2009,53(5):429-441
This study assessed the performance of the COMFA outdoor thermal comfort model on subjects performing moderate to vigorous
physical activity. Field tests were conducted on 27 subjects performing 30 min of steady-state activity (walking, running,
and cycling) in an outdoor environment. The predicted COMFA budgets were compared to the actual thermal sensation (ATS) votes
provided by participants during each 5-min interval. The results revealed a normal distribution in the subjects’ ATS votes,
with 82% of votes received in categories 0 (neutral) to +2 (warm). The ATS votes were significantly dependent upon sex, air
temperature, short and long-wave radiation, wind speed, and metabolic activity rate. There was a significant positive correlation
between the ATS and predicted budgets (Spearman’s rho = 0.574, P < 0.01). However, the predicted budgets did not display a normal distribution, and the model produced erroneous estimates
of the heat and moisture exchange between the human body and the ambient environment in 6% of the cases. 相似文献
13.
We propose a coevolutionary model of secrecy and stigmatization. According to this model, secrecy functions to conceal potential
fitness costs detected in oneself or one’s genetic kin. In three studies, we found that the content of participants’ distressing
secrets overlapped significantly with three domains of social information that were important for inclusive fitness and served
as cues for discriminating between rewarding and unrewarding interaction partners: health, mating, and social-exchange behavior.
These findings support the notion that secrecy functions primarily as a defense against stigmatization by suppressing information
about oneself or one’s kin that evolutionarily has been devalued in mating and social exchange. 相似文献
14.
Jaroslaw Wi?cek 《Biologia》2010,65(2):338-343
Mixed communal roosting of Montagu’s harrier Circus pygargus in the pre-laying period was observed on Calcareous Marshes in Eastern Poland from 1992 to 1995. To my knowledge, this behaviour
was described in literature for the first time. The communal roosting in Montagu’s harrier during courtship can help in estimation
of mate attraction and finally in mate choice. Harriers from communal roosts start egg laying earlier when compared to the
outside roosts. Communal roosting as anti-predator behaviour can help with predator detection and provides benefits to all
members of the group. The pair formation process has led to disintegration of communal roosting. Males were more common in
the roosting places than females. The time of roosting was correlated with the photoperiod. The weather and predators impact
delayed the formation of mixed roosting places. 相似文献
15.
People in urban areas frequently use parks for recreation and outdoor activities. Owing to the complexity of the outdoor environment, there have only been a few attempts to understand the effect of the thermal environment on people's use of outdoor spaces. This paper therefore seeks to determine the relationship between the thermal environment, park use and behavioural patterns in an urban area of Sweden. The methods used include structured interviews, unobtrusive observations of the naturally occurring behaviour and simultaneous measurements of thermal comfort variables, i.e., air temperature, air humidity, wind speed and global radiation. The thermal environment is investigated through the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) and the predicted mean vote (PMV) index. The outcome is compared to the subjective behaviour and thermal sensation of the interviewees. It is found that the thermal environment, access and design are important factors in the use of the park. In order to continue to use the park when the thermal conditions become too cold or too hot for comfort, people improve their comfort conditions by modifying their clothing and by choosing the most supportive thermal opportunities available within the place. The study also shows that psychological aspects such as time of exposure, expectations, experience and perceived control may influence the subjective assessment. Comparison between the thermal sensation of the interviewees and the thermal sensation assessed by the PMV index indicates that steady-state models such as the PMV index may not be appropriate for the assessment of short-term outdoor thermal comfort, mainly because they are unable to analyse transient exposure. 相似文献
16.
Travel to distant places where the climate is different to that at home involves a period of short-term acclimatization adjustment
following arrival during which the traveler might experience thermally-induced physiological strain. This may be expressed
as an “acclimatization thermal loading” (ATL). The first signs of this show up in the respiratory organs. In the current study,
the Acclimatization Thermal Strain Index (ATSI) is developed and used for assessment of ATL for recreational travel over a
range of climatic conditions. ATSI estimates the impact of short-term acclimatization calculated as the ratio of a difference
between respiratory heat losses at the traveler’s home location to respiratory heat losses at the trip destination upon first
arriving there. The Russian Far East region is used as a case study. The research focuses on the effects of travel from two
locations in the study region. The results show that ATSI values can be significantly different when considering places of
trip origin. For example, travel from Anadyr to other locations within the Russian Far East could lead to large ATSI in summer.
In contrast, ATSI values are small for travel almost anywhere in the region during winter, but this is against a backdrop
of extreme cold for the region as a whole. Here, the diversity of climatic conditions of both heat and cold means short-term
adjustment to conditions could be stressful or worse for those who travel to participate in outdoor activities. 相似文献
17.
Background, aim, and scope Under ISO 14040, normalisation is an optional step in life-cycle impact assessment designed to provide environmental context
by indicating the relative contribution that the product system under investigation makes in the various impact categories,
in comparison to a suitable reference scenario. The challenge for many studies, however, is to provide the appropriate context
by adopting a normalisation reference scenario that is well matched to the product system’s parent environment. Australia
has a highly urbanised population, mainly contained in just eight capital cities. In the context of normalising environmental
impacts against the profile of an ‘average’ Australian, this poses a unique problem, compared to other industrialised regions
of the world. This study aims to use publicly available data on environmentally relevant emissions and non-renewable resource
consumption in 2005/2006 to develop regional normalisation data for Australia, at both inventory and characterisation levels.
Methods The regionalised inventory of emissions and resources production is constructed using a framework of 60 regional Statistical
Divisions from the Australian Standard Geographical Classification system. Data from the National Pollutant Inventory, Australian
Greenhouse Emissions Information System and the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (energy and mineral
statistics) are used as the basis for the inventories. These data could subsequently be used by any LCA practitioner to construct
characterisation or normalisation data by impact category, according to any preferred life-cycle impact assessment methodology,
for any of 60 regions in the country. In this study, the regionalised inventory data were assessed using the CML 2001 baseline
and IMPACT 2002+ life-cycle impact assessment methods in SimaPro v.7.1.5.
Results Characterisation results from the two LCIA methods for Australia’s eight state and territory capital cities are presented,
together with an overall national profile. These data are also shown on a per capita basis to highlight the relative environmental
profiles of citizens in the different cities. Interestingly, many significant impacts occur outside of the capital cities
but are linked to facilities providing the majority of their services and products to these urban centres (e.g. power stations,
minerals processing). Comparison of the average Australian data with the Netherlands, Western Europe and the World shows the
results to be broadly similar.
Discussion Analysis of the CML 2001 baseline characterisation results, on a per capita basis, shows substantial differences between the
major cities of the country. In each impact category, these differences can be successfully traced to specific emissions in
the raw data sources, the influence of prevailing climate conditions, or factors such as the mix of non-renewable energy resources
in each state. Some weaknesses are also evident in the collection and estimation techniques of the raw data sources and in
the application of European-based impact assessment models. Australia is a net exporter of many products, particularly natural
resources. Therefore, a significant part of the characterisation data presented here for Australia represents products that
will be consumed in other parts of the world. Similarly, at a regional level, there will be many inventory items produced
in one area yet consumed in another. In this way, the impacts associated with consumption (particularly in densely populated
but largely industry-free cities) are dissipated into other production centres.
Conclusions This study provides the first set of comprehensive inventory and characterisation data for Australia from a production perspective,
disaggregated at a regional level. Despite Australia’s unique spatial demography, it is now possible to properly characterise
the relative significance of environmental impacts occurring in any of 60 specific regions across the country.
Recommendations and perspectives Australia’s unique concentration of urban populations demonstrates the importance of regionally specific environmental assessments.
Whilst the data presented in this study will be of most use to Australian LCA practitioners, it is also demonstrative of the
broader global distribution of environmental impacts between urban and non-urban areas. The disconnection of environmental
impacts between the place of production and the place of consumption is highlighted by this study and should be considered
in any studies using these normalisation data for environmental profiling.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
18.
This paper investigates social-environmental factors contributing to differential ethnobotanical expertise among children
in Rarámuri (Tarahumara) communities in Chihuahua, Mexico, to explore processes of indigenous ecological education and epistemologies
of research. One hundred and four children from two schools (one with a Ráramuri knowledge curriculum and one without) were
interviewed about their knowledge of 40 useful plants. Overall, children showed less ethnobotanical expertise than expected
and a great deal of variability by age, though most shared knowledge of a core set of culturally and ecologically salient
plants. No significant difference was found between girls’ and boys’ knowledge. The overall use-knowledge scores were almost
twice as high as naming scores (mean of 40% vs. 24.4%). This supports the conclusion that use-context is more culturally relevant,
salient or easier for children to remember than names. The social–environmental factors significant in predicting levels of
plant knowledge among children were whether a child attended a Rarámuri or Spanish-instruction school, and, to a lesser extent,
age. However, these effects were not strong, and individual variability in expertise is best interpreted using ethnographic
knowledge of each child’s family and personal history, leading to a model of ethnobotanical education that foregrounds experiential
learning and personal and family interest in useful plants. Though overall plant knowledge may be lower among children today
compared to previous generations, a community knowledge structure seems to be reproduced in which a few individuals in each
age cohort show great proficiency, and children make the same kinds of mistakes and share specialized names for plants. 相似文献
19.
Understanding conspecifics’ emotional states is important for managing social interactions. We examined whether capuchin monkeys
modify their own behaviors in response to a conspecific’s emotional expressions. Six monkeys saw a demonstrator monkey responding
emotionally to an object in a container; the subject monkeys could not see the object. The subjects reached for the container
more frequently when the demonstrator showed an emotionally positive expression than when she showed an emotionally neutral
or negative expression. This is the first report that New World monkeys are sensitive to the emotional valence of conspecifics’
emotional expressions. The finding is consistent with the hypothesis that monkeys can recognize emotional meanings in others’
expressions, an ability previously attributed only to humans and great apes. 相似文献