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1.
Kaplan S 《Photosynthesis research》2002,73(1-3):95-108
This minireview traces the photosynthesis genes, their structure, function and expression in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1, as applied to our understanding of the inducible photosynthetic intracytoplasmic membrane system or ICM. This focus
has represented the research interests of this laboratory from the late 1960s to the present. This opportunity has been used
to highlight the contributions of students and postdoctorals to this research effort. The work described here took place in
a much greater and much broader context than what can be conveyed here. The ‘timeline’ begins with a clear acknowledgment
of the work of June Lascelles and William Sistrom, whose foresight intuitively recognized the necessity of a ‘genetic’ approach
to the study of photosynthesis in R. sphaeroides. The ‘timeline’ concludes with the completed genome sequence of R. sphaeroides 2.4.1. However, it is hoped the reader will recognize this event as not just a new beginning, but also as another hallmark
describing this continuum.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Govindjee 《Photosynthesis research》2006,87(2):151-158
This Editorial has four goals: (1) to inform the readers of ‘Photosynthesis Research‘ about the past of the ‘Historical corner’; which began 20 years ago; (2) to encourage photosynthesis researchers and historians of science to contact me for publishing papers of historical interest; these include: (a) Obituaries and Tributes; (b) historical papers on current and past discoveries and controversies; (c) history of research in specific laboratories, or in specific countries, or at specific conferences; (d) Personal perspectives (not discussed any further); (3) to encourage researchers not to discard, but to save correspondence and data of their discoveries for the future historians by donating them to their Archives, when appropriate (not discussed any further); and (4) to reinforce to the readers that the concept of two-light reaction and two-pigment system was already there in 1959. I mention here three key papers presented at the IXth International Botanical Congress, held at Montreal Canada (in August, 1959) prior to the famous April 9, 1960 paper by Robert Hill and Fay Bendall on the ‘Z-scheme’ of photosynthesis, that was based on thermodynamic and energetic considerations.
★ This Historical corner Editorial is dedicated to Bessel Kok (1918–1978). 相似文献
3.
Kumar D 《Genomic Medicine》2007,1(3-4):95-104
The concept of ‘evidence-based medicine’ dates back to mid-19th century or even earlier. It remains pivotal in planning, funding
and in delivering the health care. Clinicians, public health practitioners, health commissioners/purchasers, health planners,
politicians and public seek formal ‘evidence’ in approving any form of health care provision. Essentially ‘evidence-based
medicine’ aims at the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of the current best evidence in making decisions about the
care of individual patients. It is in fact the ‘personalised medicine’ in practice. Since the completion of the human genome
project and the rapid accumulation of huge amount of data, scientists and physicians alike are excited on the prospect of
‘personalised health care’ based on individual’s genotype and phenotype. The first decade of the new millennium now witnesses
the transition from ‘evidence-based medicine’ to the ‘genomic medicine’. The practice of medicine, including health promotion
and prevention of disease, stands now at a wide-open road as the scientific and medical community embraces itself with the
rapidly expanding and revolutionising field of genomic medicine. This article reviews the rapid transformation of modern medicine
from the ‘evidence-based medicine’ to ‘genomic medicine’. 相似文献
4.
Juliette C. Young Mariella Marzano Rehema M. White David I. McCracken Steve M. Redpath David N. Carss Christopher P. Quine Allan D. Watt 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2010,19(14):3973-3990
Conflicts between the conservation of biodiversity and other human activities occur in all habitats and can impact severely
upon socio-economic and biological parameters. In a changing environment, with increasing pressure on ecosystem goods and
services and increasing urgency for biodiversity conservation, these conflicts are likely to increase in importance and magnitude
and negatively affect biodiversity and human well-being. It is essential, however, to better understand what is meant by ‘biodiversity
conflicts’ in order to develop ways to manage these effectively. In view of the complexity of the social and ecological contexts
of conflicts, this paper explores ‘biodiversity impacts’ linked to agricultural, forestry and other sectoral activities in
the UK. The paper then describes the transition from ‘biodiversity impacts’ to ‘biodiversity conflicts’, illustrating this
concept with specific examples. While generalisations relating to conflict management are made difficult by their unique contextual
settings, this paper suggests approaches for their management, based on the experiences of scientists who have been involved
in managing conflicts. We consider the role of science and scientists; trust and dialogue; and temporal and spatial scales
in biodiversity conflicts and highlight the combined role they play in successful biodiversity conflict management. Recommendations
are also made for future research on biodiversity conflicts in a changing environment. 相似文献
5.
This paper tells the history of two brothers, almost a generation apart in age, who met again, after having followed different academic paths, to introduce biophysical research in photosynthesis at the University of Padova. The development of two research groups, one in the Chemistry Department, the other in the Biology Department led to a comprehensive interdisciplinary group across academic barriers. The group of Giovanni Giacometti developed in Physical Chemistry, during the years before his retirement, with some roots which can be traced to the famous Linus Pauling school of the mid 1950s, and made possible, by the work of many students (especially Donatella Carbonera and Marilena Di Valentin) and of an older associate (Giancarlo Agostini). The group participated quite actively with a number of European and American laboratories in the application of physical techniques, especially Electron Spin Resonance (EPR) associated with Optical Spectroscopy (Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance; ODMR), and contributed to the development of the understanding of the structure-function relationships in photosynthetic membrane complexes, stimulated by the determination of the X-ray structure of the purple photosynthetic reaction center in the mid 1980s ( J. Deisenhofer, H. Michel, R. Huber and others). The younger brother of Giovanni, Giorgio Mario Giacometti, came to Padova after obtaining biochemical knowledge from the Rossi-Fanelli school in Rome, where Jeffries Wyman, Eraldo Antonini and Maurizio Brunori were the world masters of hemoglobin research. In Padova, together with a group of young scientists (at first Roberto Bassi and Roberto Barbato, now leaders of their own groups in Verona and in Alessandria respectively, followed soon by brilliant coworkers such as Fernanda Rigoni, Elisabetta Bergantino and more recently Ildikò Szabò and Paola Costantini), Giorgio approached more biochemical themes of oxygenic photosynthesis, such as purification and characterization of antenna chlorophyll-protein complexes, Photosystem II (PS II) particles and subunits, having always in mind structural and molecular problems at the level of the largest integrated particles, which are more difficult to investigate in detail by the spectroscopic techniques.This paper is dedicated to the late Arnold J. Hoff; it may be considered Part 2 of ‘Photosynthesis Research in Italy’, and Giorgio Forti et al.’s (2006) paper as Part 1. 相似文献
6.
Gest H 《Photosynthesis research》2002,73(1-3):7-10
In 1893, Charles Barnes (1858–1910) proposed that the biological process for ‘synthesis of complex carbon compounds out of
carbonic acid, in the presence of chlorophyll, under the influence of light’ should be designated as either ‘photosyntax’
or ‘photosynthesis.’ He preferred the word ‘photosyntax,’ but ‘photosynthesis’ came into common usage as the term of choice.
Later discovery of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and photophosphorylation necessitated redefinition of the term. This
essay examines the history of changes in the meaning of photosynthesis.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
Papageorgiou GC 《Photosynthesis research》2003,76(1-3):427-433
The origin of photosynthesis research in Greece can be traced to the early 1960s, and the first dedicated laboratory was established
by George Akoyunoglou in the Nuclear Reseach Center (now National Center for Scientific Research) Demokritos, in Athens. More
photosynthesis groups subsequently emerged, in Demokritos and in the universities. Research in Greece benefited greatly from
the links of Greek scientists with laboratories and personalities, primarily in the USA and western Europe. The local research
output is a proportional part of global research and, more or less, in tune with the shifting priorities of the latter. The
list of references provided includes only a sample of publications: it is not inclusive.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
The effects of water deficit on photochemical parameters and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase
and glutathione reductase were investigated in two olive cultivars differing in drought tolerance — ‘Chemlali’ and ‘Chetoui’.
After 30 days without irrigation, leaf water potential fell to −5.5 MPa that was accompanied by a marked decrease in net photosynthesis
in ‘Chetoui’ olive cultivar. Maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) decreased slightly in ‘Chemlali’ (28 %) and substantially in ‘Chétoui’ (47 %). Both cultivars showed a similar decline (about
25 %) in the photochemical quenching coefficient, but only the drought-sensitive olive cultivar exhibited an enhancement (31
%) of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching under water deficit conditions. The quantum yield of electron transport decreased
in both olive cultivars. ‘Chemlali’ showed a higher protection against oxidative stress, as judged from the lower levels of
the malondialdehyde production. Catalase activity was higher in ‘Chetoui’. Glutathione reductase activity was increased similarly
in both olive cultivars under water stress. Ascorbate peroxidase activity was enhanced in ‘Chemlali’ under water stress, but
was unaffected in ‘Chetoui’. While, superoxide dismutase activity was inhibited in both cultivars under water stress, but
higher activity was detected in ‘Chemlali’. Thus, the ability to increase ascorbate peroxidase and a higher superoxide dismutase
activity might be an important attribute linked to the drought tolerance in ‘Chemlali’ olive cultivar. 相似文献
9.
Gérald Chouinard Stuart B. Hill Charles Vincent 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1994,70(2):129-142
In the spring of 1987 and 1988,65Zn labeled plum curculios,Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were released within two field cages, each containing four dwarf apple trees. The cages
were surveyed regularly between ‘pink’ and 22 d after ‘fruit set’ stages, and the location of labeled insects and substrates
occupied were recorded. Labeled beetles first appeared in trees between ‘pink’ stage and beginning of bloom, and the number
within trees gradually increased until ‘petal fall’ stage. Between ‘full bloom’ and 22 d after ‘fruit set’ stages, adults
were found on the ground in 54% of the observations. At ‘petal fall’ stage, the main host structures occupied were spurs,
twigs, and flowers or fruit. Height in the trees, rate of movement (cm/h), and occurrence on the ground, spurs, flowers or
fruits, and leaves and new annual growth, were related to the product of air temperature and relative humidity. Most dispersal
from tree to tree occurred between ‘full bloom’ and ‘fruit set’ stages. Highest occurrence in trees was observed between 1800
and 0000 h. In the daytime, labeled adults tended to leave host structures except spurs, which were used as resting sites,
mostly by females. Females occurred significantly higher in the tree canopy than males, although egg-laying was most frequent
at mid-level. During bloom, up to 30% of plum curculios were found to rest simultaneously at the base of tree trunks, prior
to their gradual invasion of trees. This behavior should be taken into account in the development of an effective shelter
trap for monitoring this insect, and in the design of integrated control strategies.
Résumé Au printemps de 1987 et 1988, des charan?ons de la pruneConotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adultes et marqués au65Zn ont été relachés dans 2 cages extérieures contenant chacune 4 pommiers nains. L'intérieur des cages a été ratissé régulièrement entre le stade ‘bouton rose’ et 22 jours après le stade ‘nouaison’ afin de déterminer la position et les micro-habitats des insectes marqués. La première présence d'adultes dans les arbres fut notée entre le stade ‘bouton rose’ et le début de la floraison, augmentant graduellement par la suite jusqu'au stade ‘calice’. Entre le stade ‘pleine floraison’ et 22 jours après le stade ‘nouaison’, les adultes ont été retrouvés au sol dans 54% des observations. Au stade ‘calice’, les adultes ont été retrouvés principalement sur les lambourdes, les petites branches, les fleurs et les fruits. La hauteur des charan?ons dans les arbres, leur taux de déplacement (cm/h), et leur présence sur le sol, les lambourdes, les fleurs ou fruits, les feuilles et les pousses de l'année ont tous été reliés au produit de la température et de l'humidité relative de l'air. La majorité des déplacements d'un arbre à l'autre fut observée entre les stades ‘pleine floraison’ et ‘nouaison’. La hauteur maximale dans les arbres fut atteinte entre 1800 et 0000 h. Durant le jour, les charan?ons ont montré une tendance à quitter les arbres, sauf pour plusieurs femelles qui ont préférer se réfugier à la base des lambourdes. Les femelles ont également été retrouvées significativement plus haut que les males et ont montré une préférence pour la strate intermédiaire lors de la ponte. Durant la floraison, jusqu'à 30% des charan?ons furent retrouvés simultanément à la base du tronc des pommiers. Ce comportement pourrait être mis à profit pour développer un piège efficace pour le dépistage des adultes, et des stratégies de lutte plus écologiques.相似文献
10.
In a meritorious effort H. de Rothschild compiled in 1899 all publications on mammary gland development and milk – a grand
total of 8375 [1]. In the preface to this publication Duclaux states: ‘Such a discrepancy between the tremendous efforts and
the paltriness of the results – hundreds of scientists and thousands of research years, just to create 200 or 300 pages of
truth’. The number of papers added since then must be enormous. Rather than reviewing a vast literature, I will take the liberty
and focus on research which, in my opinion, shaped our understanding of hormone controlled gene expression in the developing
breast.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
The contributions of mycorrhizal fungi to the determination of plant community structure 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:7
While it is now widely accepted, even by ecologists, that most plants in the majority of ecosystems are infected by mycorrhizal
fungi, few experiments have been designed to investigate the function of the mutualism at the community level. Those involved
with mycorrhizal research have been largely preoccupied with questions of the mineral, particularly phosphorus, nutrition
of individual plants, while plant community ecologists have too often found it convenient, even when acknowledging the presence
of infection, to ignore its possible function in the ecosystem.
This presentation examines a selected number of seminal papers written by plant community ecologists and highlights some of
‘the most striking mysteries’ which they reveal. It describes experiments designed to determine whether knowledge of the presence
and activity of the mycorrhizal mycelium can help us to unravel the ‘mysteries’ which they define.
It is revealed that by having direct adverse effects upon seedlings of many ‘r’ selected species, while at the same time being
beneficial, if not essential, to those that are ‘K’ selected, the activities of the mycelium of VA fungi have a direct bearing
upon community composition. The extent to which ‘turf compatibility’ is actually a reflection of the compatibility of plant
species with the VA mycorrhizal mycelium is discussed and the possible role of the mycelium in consigning some species to
the ruderal habit is considered.
It is concluded that those attempting scientifically to understand, or managerially to manipulate, plant communities, without
recognizing the role of the mycorrhizal mycelium, do so at their peril, and it is recommended that scientists involved in
research on mycorrhiza extend their vision beyond the limited horizons which are currently so often defined by considerations
of the phosphorus nutrition of individual host plants. 相似文献
12.
Anatomical structure and gravitropic response of the creeping shoots of ground-cover chrysanthemum ‘Yuhuajinhua’ 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shumei Zhang Sumei Chen Fadi Chen Nianjun Teng Weimin Fang Zhiyong Guan 《Plant Growth Regulation》2008,56(2):141-150
The chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Yuhuajinhua’ has a creeping habit. The anatomy and distribution of amyloplasts within ‘Yuhuajinhua’
stems were compared to those typical of non-creeping cultivars. ‘Yuhuajinhua’ stems are similar to those of conventional cultivars;
but except for the pith, the proportion of the various tissues present in the upper side of stems was higher than that in
the lower side. Most of the amyloplasts lie in the centre of the endodermal cells of the ‘Yuhuajinhua’ stems, rather than
at the bottom, as is typical for non-creeping cultivars. When ‘Yuhuajinhua’ plants were oriented horizontally and kept in
the dark, the stems retained their original growth direction, and the endodermis amyloplasts sedimented according to the gravitational
direction. The endodermis amyloplasts responded rapidly to gravistimulation. The content of IAA in the upper side of the ‘Yuhuajinhua’
stems was higher than that in the lower side, associated with the assymetric growth of the stems. 相似文献
13.
Han-liang Chang 《Biosemiotics》2009,2(2):169-179
Like other sciences, biosemiotics also has its time-honoured archive, consisting of writings by those who have been invented
and revered as ancestors of the discipline. One such example is Jakob von Uexküll. As to the people who ‘invented’ him, they
are either, to paraphrase a French cliché, ‘agents du cosmopolitisme sémiotique’ like Thomas Sebeok, or de jure and de facto progenitor like Thure von Uexküll. In the archive is the special issue of Semiotica 42. 1 (1982) edited by the late Sebeok and introduced by Thure von Uexküll. It is in the opening essay that Thure von UexküIl tries to
restore Jakob von Uexküll’s role as a precursor of semiotics by negotiating the Elder with Saussure and the linguistics-oriented
‘semiology’ in his wake. However, semiotic mapping, in the strictly ‘disciplinary’ sense, of Jakob von Uexküll is no easy
task because he ‘knew neither Peirce nor Saussure and did not use their terminology’ (Thure von Uexküll 1982,2). Because Thure prefers to call the Elder’s science ‘general semiotics’ (Thure von Uexküll 1982), this paper begins by assessing Thure von Uexküll’s semiotic configuration of Jakob, probe into the force and limits of
the linguistic analogy, revisit the already time-honoured debate on the primary and secondary modelling systems, which was
made famous by the Moscow-Tartu semioticians in the early 1970s, but severely criticized by Sebeok and his followers. The
paper engages Sebeok from several fronts, directed first at his relegation of the Saussurian linguistic model, then at his
critique of the Primary Modelling System, and finally at his reservation about evolutionism in light of the current debate
on gene/meme co-evolution.
Paper presented at the Eighth Annual International Gatherings in Biosemiotics
University of the Aegean, Syros, Greece, 23–28 June 2008 相似文献
14.
In view of alleged positive effects of coloured (red) hailnets on phytochrome, photosynthesis, yield and fruit quality, the
objective of the present work was to investigate a range of red and green hailnets using apple as a model crop with cvs. ‘Pinova’
and ‘Fuji Kiku 8’. Light transmission of green or red hailnets peaked between 500 and 570 nm (green) or above 570 nm (red–orange)
and was reduced by 12% (white) or 14% (red–white), 18% (red–black) and 23% (green–black) hailnets; there were no effects on
phytochrome. Leaf chlorophyll concentration increased under coloured hailnets by up to 46% under the green–black hailnet,
while air temperature was reduced by 0.2°C. Under sunny conditions, photosynthesis of ca. 18 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 was not reduced under coloured hailnets, in contrast with a 21% reduction under cloudy conditions with a concomitant reduction
in transpiration by 13%. Vegetative growth was affected in different ways: shaded trees showed smaller trunk diameter, but
increased the number and length of their 1-year shoots under coloured hailnets, particularly with cv. ‘Fuji’ when grown under
green–black hailnet. Hailnets reduced flower induction in June and return bloom in the next spring to the same extent as they
reduced the light transmission. Overall, tree growth under coloured hailnets was genetically influenced, with cv. ‘Fuji’ being
more prone and sensitive to adverse effects of coloured hailnets than cv. ‘Pinova’, but is also influenced by the environment.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
15.
The damselflyMnais pruinosa costalis (Odonata: Calopterygidae) is unusual in that males are dimorphic, existing as clear-winged non-territorial ‘sneaks’ and orange-winged
territorial ‘fighters’. Here we report the results of population census data and behavioural observations in the field and
laboratory, and present estimates of emergence period, reproductive period, total lifespan, and reproductive success of each
morph. Clear-winged males are smaller and have lower daily reproductive success than orange-winged males, but live for longer
in the field and laboratory. We accounted for the difference in the ‘operational reproductive life’ of the two morphs and
estimated lifetime reproductive success: there was no difference between clear-winged and orange-winged males. We discuss
possible mechanisms for the maintenance of the two forms. 相似文献
16.
The effects of indole-butyric acid (IBA) and electro-pulses on rooting and shoot growth were studied in vitro, using olive
shoot cultures. Tested shoots were obtained from seedlings belonging to three Spanish cultivars, ‘Arbequina’, ‘Manzanilla
de Sevilla’ and ‘Gordal Sevillana’, which have easy-, medium- and difficult-to-root rooting abilities, respectively. The standard
two-step rooting method (SRM), consisting of root induction in olive rooting medium supplemented with 0, 0.1 or 1 mg/l IBA
followed by root elongation in the same rooting medium without IBA, was compared with a novel one-step method consisting of
shoot electro-pulses of 250, 1,250 or 2,500 V in a solution of IBA (0, 0.1 or 1 mg/l) and direct transferral to root elongation
medium. The rooting percentage of the seedling-derived shoots obtained with the SRM was 76% for ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Gordal Sevillana’
cultivars and 100% for ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ cultivar, whereas with the electro-pulse method, the rooting percentages were
68, 64 and 88%, respectively. IBA dipping without pulse produced 0% rooting in ‘Arbequina’ seedling-derived shoots. The electroporation
in IBA not only had an effect on shoot rooting but also on shoot growth and development, with longer shoots and higher axillary
shoot sprouting and growth after some of the treatments. These effects were cultivar-dependent. The electro-pulse per se could
explain some of these effects on shoot development.
I.M.G. Padilla and I. Vidoy contributed equally to this article. 相似文献
17.
18.
Photoautotrophic shoot and root development for triploid melon 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Adelberg Jeffrey Fujiwara Kazuhiro Kirdmanee Chalermpol Kozai Toyoki 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1999,57(2):95-104
The aim of this investigation was to establish environmental factors which promote growth and photosynthesis of melon (Cucumis
melo L.) shoot buds, in vitro, and determine if photoautotrophic shoots had superior root forming ability in photoautotrophic
environments. Buds from the triploid melon clone ‘(L-14×B)×L-14’ were observed for 21 days after transfer from a multiplication
MS medium with 3% sucrose and 10 μM benzyladenine (BA) to a shoot development medium with 1 μM BA at three levels of sucrose
in the medium (0, 1 and 3%), and light (50, 100 and 150 PPF) and CO2 (500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) in the culture chamber. More shoot buds were observed with 3% sucrose in the medium. Increased light
and CO2 had a positive interaction with shoot proliferation. Fresh and dry weights were greatest at 3% sucrose, 150 PPF light and
1500 ppm CO2. Shoot buds grew more slowly in sugar-free medium, but fresh and dry weight still doubled over 21 days of culture. Net photosynthetic
rates (NPR) of buds were negative after four days in treatment conditions, but became positive after transfer to fresh, sugar-free
medium. Two triploid genotypes of melon were (1) grown in vitro with sugar (photomixotrophic) and without sugar (photoautotrophic),
(2) rooted in sugar-free media, both in a laboratory controlled environment chamber (in vitro) and a greenhouse acclimatization
unit (ex vitro), and (3) compared for subsequent nursery growth in the greenhouse unit. The genotype ‘(L-14×B)×L-14’ produced
more shoots than ‘(L-14×B)×Mainstream’ in both photomixotrophic or photoautotrophic conditions. ‘(L-14×B)×L-14’ rooted as
well from either photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic shoots but ‘(L-14×B)×Mainstream’ rooted less frequently from photoautotrophic
shoots. Seventy-six percent of the shoots in the laboratory controlled environment chamber were able to root photoautotrophically,
whereas 47% of the shoots in the greenhouse acclimatization unit were rooted. Between 77% and 88% of plantlets from all treatment
combinations survived transfer to the nursery. After growth in the nursery, the sizes of plants (fresh weight, dry weight,
leaf area) were the same for either genotype, from either photoautotrophic or photomixotrophic shoots. Nursery plants that
had been rooted in the laboratory controlled environment chamber were larger than those rooted in the acclimatization greenhouse
chamber.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Although ecosystem-based management can lead to sustainable resource use, its successful implementation depends on stakeholders’
acceptance. A framework to integrate scientific knowledge about the ecosystems with stakeholders’ preferences is therefore
needed. We propose here a ‘Public Sentiment Index,’ or PSI, as an integration framework that combines an ecosystem model (Ecopath
with Ecosim; EwE) with a public choice model (the damage schedule). Using Chesapeake Bay as a case study, we demonstrate the
development of the PSI, based on judgments of Bay stakeholders, including ‘watermen’ (commercial fishers), seafood wholesalers
and retailers, recreational fishers, representatives from non-governmental organizations, scientists and managers on a range
of Bay ecosystems. The high PSI for Chesapeake Bay suggests a consensus amongst Bay stakeholders who, understanding the need
for restoring the Bay ecosystem, may accept difficult policy choices and support their implementation. 相似文献
20.
Pierrel J 《Journal of the history of biology》2012,45(1):109-138
The importance of viruses as model organisms is well-established in molecular biology and Max Delbrück’s phage group set standards
in the DNA phage field. In this paper, I argue that RNA phages, discovered in the 1960s, were also instrumental in the making
of molecular biology. As part of experimental systems, RNA phages stood for messenger RNA (mRNA), genes and genome. RNA was
thought to mediate information transfers between DNA and proteins. Furthermore, RNA was more manageable at the bench than
DNA due to the availability of specific RNases, enzymes used as chemical tools to analyse RNA. Finally, RNA phages provided
scientists with a pure source of mRNA to investigate the genetic code, genes and even a genome sequence. This paper focuses
on Walter Fiers’ laboratory at Ghent University (Belgium) and their work on the RNA phage MS2. When setting up his Laboratory
of Molecular Biology, Fiers planned a comprehensive study of the virus with a strong emphasis on the issue of structure. In
his lab, RNA sequencing, now a little-known technique, evolved gradually from a means to solve the genetic code, to a tool
for completing the first genome sequence. Thus, I follow the research pathway of Fiers and his ‘RNA phage lab’ with their
evolving experimental system from 1960 to the late 1970s. This study illuminates two decisive shifts in post-war biology:
the emergence of molecular biology as a discipline in the 1960s in Europe and of genomics in the 1990s. 相似文献