Studying the ability to absorb heavy metal of cadmium on the amount of sugar and chlorophyll using seedlings of berry specie (Morus alba) in pollution area

Heavy metals are from the group of problematic factors in the ecosystem that due to being non-absorbable and having physiological effects on the activity of living organisms at low concentrations are of particular importance. In this study, the ability of berry specie to absorb heavy metal of cadmium was studied. One year old seedlings of berry specie were prepared from the nursery, concentrations of zero and 100 mg per liter of cadmium chloride solution were added to the seedlings pots soil after calculation, and after a three-month period of seedling growth, shoots and roots were separated, then the concentration amount of cadmium in the samples was determined and data were examined. The results of data analysis showed that the highest rate of cadmium accumulation in stems, roots and soil in treatment concentration is 54.76, 107.75 and 8.825 mg per kg, respectively, and the rate of cadmium accumulation in total chlorophyll and sugar in treatment concentration is 3.16 and 0.6693 mg per g, respectively, and based on the results of this research berry specie is relatively suitable for remediation of soils contaminated with cadmium.     

Bioleaching of Heavy Metal Polluted Sediment: Influence of Sediment Properties (Part 2)

A remediation process for heavy metal polluted sediment has previously been developed, in which the heavy metals are removed from the sediment by solid‐bed bioleaching using sulfuric acid as a leaching agent arising from added elemental sulfur (S⁰). This process has been engineered with Weiße Elster River sediment (dredged near Leipzig, Germany), as an example. Here, six heavy metal polluted sediments originating from various bodies of water in Germany were subjected to bioleaching to evaluate the applicability of the developed process on sediment of different nature: each sediment was mixed with 2 % S⁰, suspended in water and then leached under identical conditions. The buffer characteristics of each sediment were mainly governed by its carbonate and Ca content, i.e., by its geological background, the redox potential and oxidation state depended on its pre‐treatment (e.g., on land disposal), while the pH value was influenced by both. The added S⁰ was quickly oxidized by the indigenous microbes even in slightly alkaline sediment. The microbially generated H₂SO₄ accumulated in the aqueous phase and was in part precipitated as gypsum. Significant acidification and heavy metal solubilization only occurred with sediment poor in buffer substances. With the exception of one sediment, the behavior in bioleaching correlated well with the behavior in titration with H₂SO₄. Since the content in carbonate seemed to be the most important factor deciding on the leachability of a sediment, oxic Weiße Elster River sediment was mixed with 2 % S⁰ and 0 to 100 g/kg of ground limestone to simulate various buffer capacities, suspended in water and then leached. The lime did not inhibit microbial S⁰ oxidation but generated a delay in acidification due to neutralization of formed H₂SO₄, where the pH only started to decrease when the lime was completely consumed. The more lime the sediment contained, the longer this lag period lasted, and the higher the pH and the lower the fraction of the solubilized heavy metals finally was. Since Cu requires stronger acidic conditions for its solubilization, it responded more sensitively to lime addition than Zn, Ni, and Cd. Heavy metal polluted sediment containing large amounts of carbonate may, in principle, also be remediated by bioleaching, but metal solubilization requires excessive amounts of the leaching agent and is thus uneconomical.     

Bioleaching of Heavy Metal Polluted Sediment: Influence of Temperature and Oxygen (Part 1)

A remediation process for heavy metal polluted sediment has previously been developed in which the heavy metals are removed from the sediment by solid‐bed bioleaching using elemental sulfur (S⁰): the added S⁰ is oxidized by the indigenous microbes to sulfuric acid that dissolves the heavy metals which are finally extracted by percolating water. In this process, the temperature is a factor crucially affecting the rate of S⁰ oxidation and metal solubilization. Here, the effect of temperature on the kinetics of S⁰ oxidation has been studied: oxidized Weiße Elster River sediment (dredged near Leipzig, Germany) was mixed with 2 % S⁰, suspended in water and then leached at various temperatures. The higher the temperature was, the faster the S⁰ oxidized, and the more rapid the pH decreased. But temperatures above 35 °C slowed down S⁰ oxidation, and temperatures above 45 °C let the process – after a short period of acidification to pH 4.5 – stagnate. The latter may be explained by the presence of both neutrophilic to less acidophilic thermotolerant bacteria and acidophilic thermosensitive bacteria. Within 42 days, nearly complete S⁰ oxidation and maximum heavy metal solubilization only occurred at 30 to 45 °C. The measured pH(t) courses were used to model the rate of S⁰ oxidation depending on the temperature using an extended Arrhenius equation. Since molecular oxygen is another factor highly influencing the activity of S⁰‐oxidizing bacteria, the effect of dissolved O₂ (controlled by the O₂ content in the gas supplied) on S⁰ oxidation was studied in suspension: the indigenous S⁰‐oxidizing bacteria reacted quite tolerant to low O₂ concentrations; the rate of S⁰ oxidation – measured as the specific O₂ consumption – was not affected until the O₂ content of the suspension was below 0.05 mg/L, i.e., the S⁰‐oxidizing bacteria showed a high affinity to O₂ with a half‐saturation constant of about 0.01 mg/L. Stoichiometric coefficients describing the relationship between the mass of S⁰, O₂ and CO₂ consumed are scarcely available. The growth of S⁰‐oxidizing, obligate aerobic, autotrophic bacteria was, therefore, stoichiometrically balanced (by using a yield coefficient of Y_X/S = 0.146 g cells/g S⁰, calculated with data from the literature): 24.14 S⁰ + 29.21 O₂ + 27.14 H₂O + 5 CO₂ + NO₃^–→ C₅H₇O₂N + 24.14 SO₄^2– + 47.28 H⁺, which resulted in Y = 1.21 g O₂/g S⁰ and Y = 0.28 g CO₂/g S⁰.     

苜蓿幼苗对铝胁迫的生理响应及综合评价

为探讨铝胁迫对苜蓿(Medicago sativa)幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,对铝胁迫下苜蓿地上和地下生物量、光合色素及根尖胼胝质含量进行测定,并对根尖结构进行观察,最后采用隶属函数分析法对苜蓿耐铝性进行评价。结果表明,随着铝胁迫的增加,苜蓿地上、地下部分生物量呈降低趋势,低浓度和高浓度铝胁迫使苜蓿生物量显著下降(P0.05);苜蓿的叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,胼胝质积累量增多;中、高浓度铝胁迫使根尖胼胝质含量显著上升。随铝胁迫浓度升高,根尖横切面细胞发生较大变化,尤其在高浓度时,细胞干瘪且排列紊乱。隶属函数分析结果表明,No. 12和No. 18苜蓿材料的耐铝性较好,可在南方酸性富铝化土壤中推广应用。     

翅果油树幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理生化反应

研究了不同浓度NaCl处理对翅果油树幼苗高度、叶绿素含量、膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的升高和胁迫时间的延长,幼苗高度明显受到抑制,叶绿素含量呈下降趋势.整个处理过程中,丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增加,但增加幅度不大,表明脂质过氧化反应水平不高.各处理浓度的叶片相对电导率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈上升趋势.研究表明,翅果油树幼苗在NaCl胁迫下有活性较高的膜保护酶系统,具有一定的抗盐能力.     

烟草幼苗响应弱光胁迫的转录组分析

为了研究烟草幼苗对弱光胁迫反应的分子机制,以'云烟87'为材料,构建全光照和弱光处理条件下大十字期烟苗cDNA文库,利用Illumina测序技术进行转录组测序,筛选差异表达基因.结果表明:借助RNA-seq技术共筛选到2 956个DEGs,其中弱光相对于全光照表达上调的DEGs有691个,表达下调的DEGs为2 265...     

Biotechnological strategies applied to the decontamination of soils polluted with heavy metals

Soils have been submitted to several contaminants that vary in concentration and composition. Heavy metals can be widely spread and accumulated in those environments due to some inappropriate actions. In this present review some remediation techniques to remediate soils are presented, focusing on the use of plants that are capable of surviving in soils with heavy metals along with the function of some microorganisms in the restoration process.     

细菌视紫红质对调制光的响应特性

细菌视紫红质在结构上与视紫红质的相似性使其具有某些视觉响应特性.用电泳法在不锈钢电极上沉积出定向紫膜薄膜,构成不锈钢/紫膜/凝胶/铜电极结构的光接收器.在调制光作用下,光接收器显示出对光强变化的微分响应特性.测量了光电压随调制频率和入射光功率的变化关系.比较和讨论了细菌视紫红质对调制光响应特性与视觉频闪及明暗感的相关性.     

植物对重金属的吸收和分布

植物修复是利用植物来清除污染土壤中重金属的一项技术。该技术成功与否取决于植物从土壤中吸取金属以及向地上部运输金属的能力。植物对金属的吸收主要取决于自由态离子活度。许多螯合剂能诱导植物对重金属的吸收。金属离子在液泡中的区域化分布是植物耐重金属的主要原因。同时,细胞内的金属硫蛋白、植物螯合脓等蛋白质以及有机酸、氨基酸等在金属贮存和解毒方面也起重要作用。本文还论述了重金属在植物体内运输的生理及分子方面的研究进展。     

德国景天扦插苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以耐旱性较强的德国景天(Sedum hybridum)扦插苗为材料进行干旱胁迫处理(60d),并测定其叶片相对含水量、丙二醛含量、细胞伤害率、光合参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率)、荧光参数(F_v/F_m、q~P、PHiPS2),以及苹果酸含量、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)活性等生理指标。结果显示,干旱胁迫导致德国景天叶片相对含水量、光合参数、荧光参数降低,细胞伤害率、丙二醛含量升高;干旱胁迫30d时,各项生理指标变化幅度较小,但40d后变化幅度显著增加,并且德国景天叶片的苹果酸含量和PEPCase活性显著升高,表明C_3光合途径不断减弱,景天酸代谢(CAM)途径被激活,参与了德国景天对干旱胁迫的响应,提高了其耐旱性;当干旱胁迫达60d时,因超过其耐受范围,德国景天受损严重,逐渐死亡。这说明德国景天在生理上表现出极强的耐旱性,并且具有兼性CAM植物的特征,通过CAM途径活化提高植株耐旱性是德国景天重要的耐旱机理。     

土壤重金属污染生态过程、效应及修复

本文探讨了重金属在土壤中的行为特性及其生态化学过程作用的特点,不同的重金属元素在土壤胶体颗粒表面的吸附特性及不同元素间的交互作用类型有所不同,自然对重金属迁移积累的影响有所不同。土壤重金属污染影响了种子萌发、幼苗生长、作物产量及体内重金属含量,探讨了污染土壤的酶学评价方法。阐述了重金属污染土壤生物修复的特点,展望了重金属污染生态过程研究的未来发展趋势。     

Seasonal courses of nutrients and heavy metals in water,sediment and above- and below-ground Typha domingensis biomass in Lake Burullus (Egypt): Perspectives for phytoremediation

The present study was carried out in natural stands of Typha domingensis in Lake Burullus, Egypt, to investigate (1) nutrient dynamics and heavy metals accumulation in its organs, (2) the phytoextractive potential of its organs and (3) the amount of nutrients and heavy metals released back into the water after decomposition of the dead tissues. Nitrogen concentrations were higher in the shoot than in the root and rhizome, while P, Ca, Cu, Fe, Zn and ash concentrations were higher in the root than in the rhizome and shoot. Significant differences in the concentrations of Mg, Cd, Cu and ash were assessed during the growing season of T. domingensis. The content of most nutrients and heavy metals in the shoot increased rapidly during the early growing season in February, reached maximal values in July and then decreased again. The nutrient and heavy metal contents in the below-ground portion of the plant showed an opposite trend compared to the shoot; they decreased sharply during the spring, when they were translocated, supporting the heterotrophic phase of shoot growth. However, they increased slightly from July to September and then decreased again. The transfer factors of all nutrients and heavy metals from the sediment to the below-ground organs were greater than unity. The higher translocation ratio of N in T. domingensis shoots makes it suitable for N phytoextraction from water and sediment, while the lower translocation ratios for Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn make it suitable for metal ion phytostabilisation. The dead shoot biomass of the stands at the end of 2010 amounted to 1950 g DM m⁻², when the seasonal decomposition process began. With a decay rate of 0.0049 day⁻¹, 1624 g DM m⁻² is decomposed in the lake in a year. This is equivalent to releasing the following nutrient and heavy metals into the surrounding water (in g m⁻²): 23.4 N, 0.8 P, 19.2 Ca, 1.8 Mg, 5.6 Na, 32.8 K, 0.01 Cd, 0.01 Cu, 0.84 Fe, 0.12 Pb and 0.03 Zn.     

Changes in the levels of phytochelatins and related metal-binding peptides in chickpea seedlings exposed to arsenic and different heavy metal ions

Phytochelatin-related peptides were analyzed in chickpea plants exposed to six different heavy-metal ions. Cadmium and arsenic stimulated phytochelatin and homophytochelatin synthesis in roots but other metals did not. These metals, however, caused an overall increase in the precursors, glutathione, homoglutathione and cysteine. These changes may be different biochemical indexes for heavy-metal contamination.     

Enhancement of Lead(II) Biosorption by Microalgal Biomass Immobilized onto Loofa (Luffa cylindrica) Sponge

A unicellular green microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana, was immobilized on loofa (Luffa cylindrica) sponge and successfully used as a new biosorption system for the removal of lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The biosorption of lead(II) ions on both free and immobilized biomass of C. sorokiniana was investigated using aqueous solutions in the concentration range of 10–300 mg/L. The biosorption of lead(II) ions by C. sorokiniana biomass increased as the initial concentration of lead(II) ions increased in the medium. The maximum biosorption capacity for free and immobilized biomass of C. sorokiniana was found to be 108.04 and 123.67 mg lead(II)/g biomass, respectively. The biosorption kinetics were found to be fast, with 96 % of adsorption within the first 5 min and equilibrium reached at 15 min. The adsorption of lead(II) both by free and immobilized C. sorokiniana biomass followed the Langmuir isotherm. The biosorption capacities were detected to be dependent on the pH of the solution; and the maximum adsorption was obtained at a solution pH of about 5. The effect of light metal ions on lead(II) uptake was also studied and it was shown that the presence of light metal ions did not significantly affect lead(II) uptake. The loofa sponge‐immobilized C. sorokiniana biomass could be regenerated using 0.1 M HCl, with up to 99 % recovery. The desorbed biomass was used in five biosorption‐desorption cycles, and no noticeable loss in the biosorption capacity was observed. In addition, fixed bed breakthrough curves for lead(II) removal were presented. These studies demonstrated that loofa sponge‐immobilized biomass of C. sorokiniana could be used as an efficient biosorbent for the treatment of lead(II) containing wastewater.     

不同种源乌桕幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以不同种源1年生乌桕幼苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验研究了持续干旱条件下其外部形态及主要生理指标的变化,探讨各种源乌桕的抗旱性特性与差异。结果显示:(1)随着干旱持续时间的延长,各种源乌桕幼苗生长均受到不同程度抑制,外形表现出明显的缺水特征;其叶片相对含水量逐渐减小,复水后明显回升。(2)在极度干旱条件下(停水后第12天),幼苗叶片净光合作用速率仍维持一定的强度,而且细胞膜透性的变化不显著;在干旱胁迫条件下,幼苗叶片的过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性增强,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质质量分数增加,丙二醛含量上升,脯氨酸积累,复水后呈现相反的变化趋势。(3)极度干旱条件下,不同种源乌桕幼苗间除丙二醛和相对电导率外,其它生理指标的变化差异显著或极显著,即不同种源具备比较稳定的抗旱性差异。(4)采用隶属函数法对不同种源幼苗的抗旱性分析发现,安徽黄山、河南商城两种源综合评价指数最大,为抗旱性较强的种源。研究表明,各种源乌桕幼苗能够通过调控自身保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来有效缓解干旱胁迫的伤害,从而表现出较强的抗旱性和适应性,但种源间存在稳定的差异,并以安徽黄山和河南商城种源抗旱性较强,可应用推广于季节性干旱区造林。     

Stress Ameliorative Effects of Indole Acetic Acid on <i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L. Seedlings Subjected to Zinc Toxicity

The heavy metals present in the environment accumulate in the plants and affect their productivity and yield. By entering the food chain, metals cause several serious health problems in human beings as well as in other organisms. Indole acetic acid (IAA) is known to act as a signaling molecule between symbiotic association of metal accumulating plants and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Present study demonstrated a protective role of IAA against surplus Zinc (Zn)-induced toxicity to Hordeum vulgare seedlings. Elevated Zn concentrations suppressed the plant growth, caused a reduction in leaf relative water contents (RWC) and elevated free proline and non-protein thiols (NPT) accumulation. Zinc treatment also led to enhanced lipid peroxidation (MDA contents) as well as the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), showing the involvement of antioxidative defense mechanism to reduce Zn induced toxicity. IAA oxidase activity was also observed to increase due to Zn treatment. IAA pretreatment of H. vulgare caryopsis could partly revert the Zn-induced toxicity in seedlings.     

有棱丝瓜苗期耐热性及其对热胁迫的生理响应

为鉴定有棱丝瓜(Luffa acutangula)的耐热性,对32个品种进行了耐热性筛选,并对不同耐热性品种在热胁迫下的生理响应进行了研究。结果表明,这些品种中有耐热品种3个,热敏品种4个,居中的25个。对耐热品种WB121,较耐热品种YL8和热敏品种WB105进行高温处理,结果表明,随着高温胁迫时间的延长,3个品种叶片的丙二醛含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖含量均逐渐增加。3种保护酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性未表现出与耐热性一致的变化。3个品种的叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Yeild和ETR随着高温胁迫时间的延长均下降,以热敏品种下降幅度最大。Pearson相关分析表明,热害指数与相对电导率呈显著正相关(r=0.693*),与丙二醛和可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.814,0.899**),与叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm,Yield,ETR)呈极显著负相关(r=-0.892,-0.896,-0.897**),与3种保护酶活性的相关性不显著。由此可见,叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm,Yield,ETR)可以快速、准确地反映植物热害,建议将其作为有棱丝瓜耐热性鉴定的重要生理指标。     

Alleviation of Salinity Stress During Germination in Brassica Juncea by Pre-sowing Chilling Treatments to Seeds

Influence of pre-sowing chilling treatments to seeds on seed germination and accumulation of osmotics in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson] under NaCl stress was investigated. Germination was 100 % in water soaked non-chilled (control) seeds upto 100 mM NaCl, whereas it was upto 200 mM NaCl in chilling treated seeds. Pre-sowing chilling treatments to seeds for 5, 10 and 15 d also enhanced the dry mass of 6-d-old seedlings, and concentrations of saccharides and amino acids. The alleviation of NaCl stress by pre-sowing chilling treatments was also associated with decrease in Na⁺ and proline accumulation and a slight increase in K⁺ and Ca²⁺ contents of seedlings. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

土壤NaCl含量对榉树幼苗生理特性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,用0～0.60% NaCl(占土壤干重)处理1年生榉树幼苗后7～35 d对其形态以及叶片渗透性调节物、抗氧化酶活性等5项生理指标的变化进行观察分析,以明确榉树在不同含量盐胁迫条件下的生理适应性.结果显示:(1)不同浓度NaCl处理对榉树幼苗存活和形态有不同的影响,低盐(0.15%)处理,植株生长正常;在0.30%、0.45%和0.60% NaCl处理下,随NaCl含量的增加和胁迫时间的延长,苗木相继出现叶缘焦枯、萎蔫直至死亡等现象,至胁迫35 d时,植株存活率分别为60%、10%和0;(2)在0.15% NaCl处理下其叶片相对电导率和脯氨酸、MDA含量、以及SOD、POD活性等生理指标与对照无显著差异,而在0.30%～0.60%处理下,叶片相对电导率、脯氨酸和MDA含量均显著升高,而SOD和POD活性则呈先升后降的趋势,且随处理时间的增加均与对照差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01);(3)各处理POD活性峰值出现时间晚于SOD活性的峰值,如第7天后,0.45%、0.60%处理的SOD活性均呈快速下降趋势,而POD的活性则处于逐渐上升之中,表明SOD对NaCl处理反应迅速,POD在高盐处理初期(15 d)可保持较高的水平,有助于降低膜质过氧化对细胞膜系统的损伤.研究表明,榉树幼苗能够在0.15% NaCl的土壤中正常生长,而在0.30% NaCl土壤中生长35 d时幼苗的死亡率达40%,即榉树幼苗耐受NaCl胁迫的临界浓度大约在0.15%～0.30%之间.     

NaCl胁迫对栓皮栎幼苗生长及其生理响应

为了研究栓皮栎幼苗期对盐胁迫的生理耐受特性,选择2年生栓皮栎实生幼苗为材料,在盆栽条件下,设置NaCl盐分梯度(0%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%),系统测定分析栓皮栎幼苗在不同盐胁迫梯度和胁迫时间下的形态生长指标以及保护酶活性、脯氨酸含量、根系活力等各项生理指标。结果显示:(1)随着盐胁迫程度的加剧,栓皮栎幼苗各部分器官鲜重和干重以及株高、基径和一级侧根长均先升高后降低,而主根长度逐渐增加,叶片数逐渐减少,并在重度胁迫下达到显著水平。(2)随着盐胁迫时间的延长,栓皮栎幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,但变化时间和幅度不同;丙二醛(MDA)含量则日益增加,且胁迫度越大增加越显著。(3)栓皮栎幼苗叶片的渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量在低盐胁迫下不断升高,高盐胁迫下先升高后降低;而可溶性糖的含量则随时间延长和胁迫加剧显著增加。(4)随NaCl浓度的提高,幼苗根系活力值先增后减,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均呈下降趋势。研究表明,在轻、中度NaCl胁迫下,栓皮栎幼苗通过提高保护酶活性、增加渗透调节物质等策略缓解盐胁迫伤害,表现出一定的耐盐潜力;而在高浓度盐分胁迫下幼苗受到伤害,自我调节能力降低,导致保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力等下降。