黑脊倒刺鲃生精细胞拟染色体的形成过程

电子显微镜观察了黑脊倒刺把生精细胞中拟染色体的形成过程。拟染色体在初级精原细胞中形成。在初级精原细胞的细胞核中,拟染色体前体物质先附着于核膜内侧,该处核膜崩溃并在拟染色体前体物质的内侧,新核膜形成。新核膜将拟染色体前体物质分隔出细胞核之外新核膜呈凹陷状。拟染色体前体物质集中于该凹陷中,并聚集成拟染色体。新核膜上有较大的空隙核内还有少量拟染色体前体物质通过该空隙进入核表面的凹陷中,并结合到拟染色体上黑脊倒刺鲃生精细胞拟染色体的形成方式与通常认为的核内物质通过核孔排出核外的方式不同,似可表明核内物质向外运输存在着另一种机制。拟染色体形成后不久就与线粒体结合,并离开核凹在以后的发育过程中,拟染色体又与线粒体分离。     

黑脊倒刺Ba生精细胞拟染色体的形成过程

用电子显微镜观察了黑脊倒刺Ba生精细胞中拟染色体的形成过程。拟染色体在初级精原细胞中形成。在初级精原细胞的细胞核中,拟染色体前体物质先附着于核膜内侧,该处核膜崩溃。并在拟染色体前体物质的内侧,新核膜形成。新核膜将拟染色体前体物质分隔出细胞核之外。新核膜呈凹陷状。拟染色体前体物质集中于该凹陷中,并聚集成拟染色体。新核膜上有较大的空隙。核内还有少量拟染色体前体物质通过该空隙进入核表面的凹陷中,并结合到拟染色体上。黑脊倒刺Ba生精细胞拟染色 体的形成方式与通常认为的核内物质通过核孔排出核外的方式不同,似可表明核内物质向外运输存在着另一种机制。拟染色体形成后不久就与线粒体结合,并离开核凹。在以后的发育过程中,拟染色体又与线粒体分离。     

大黄鱼的精子发生

应用电子显微镜技术观察了大黄鱼（Pseudosciaena crcea）的精子发生过程。其发生经历了初级精原细胞、次级精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和精子细胞阶段,精子细胞再经过精子形成过程成为精子。在精原细胞阶段,部分核仁物质排出核外,成为拟染色体。拟染色体的主要成分是核糖体。在精子发生中,拟染色体逐渐扩散到生精细胞的胞质中。成熟分裂的前期Ⅰ,同源染色体经历了联会复合体形成和解体的变化。在精子形成过程中,精子细胞先形成鞭毛,随后细胞核逐渐浓缩。     

金鱼精子发生中的拟染色质小体

拟染色质小体是性细胞特有的细胞器。本文报道:在金鱼精子发生过程中,精原细胞含有大量的拟染色质小体,在它上面不仅聚集着许多线粒体,而且有膜片层附着,其本身还会出现环孔和类似线粒体内嵴状结构。随着细胞的分化,拟染色质小体逐渐变少减小,直至消失。本文对拟染色质小体的形成方式与功能进行了讨论。     

杜鹃精细胞的超微结构及DNA荧光观察——着重阐明质体双亲遗传的细胞学基础

迎红杜鹃 ( Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz.)的成熟花粉为二细胞型 ,精细胞在花粉管中形成。花粉管中的两个精细胞及与营养核之间互相联结 ,形成雄性生殖单位。两个精细胞的细胞质中均含有丰富的细胞器 ,包括质体、线粒体、小泡及微管 ,内质网和高尔基体稀少。具正常结构的精细胞质体在切面上多呈环形或哑铃形 ,内膜不发达 ,基质电子密度高。线粒体为球形或棒状 ,基质电子密度较低。 DNA特异性荧光染色显示 ,生殖细胞及精细胞中均含有大量类核 ( nucleoid) ,两个精细胞中的类核数量无明显差异。结果证明了杜鹃精细胞中存在大量具 DNA的可遗传细胞器 ,为杜鹃属植物的双亲细胞质遗传方式提供了细胞学证据。     

秀丽白虾精子发生的研究

利用透射电镜观察秀丽白虾的精子发生,并根据染色质及细胞形态的变化将精子发生的全过程划分为五个时期,即精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞和精子。在精子发生过程中,细胞器经历了由少到多,到最后解体特化的过程。晚期精细胞中出现单个中心粒,但在成熟精子中消失。棘突由片层复合体衍生物汇集并延伸而成。染色质在精原细胞中为部分异固缩,在精母细胞中高度凝聚为染色体,在精细胞及精子中为均匀非致密态。减数分裂同步率较高。成熟精子中帽状体和棘突构成顶体复合体。     

秀丽白虾精子发生的研究

利用透射电镜观察秀丽白虾的精子发生，并根据染色质及细胞形态的变化将精子发生的全过程划分为五个时期，即精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞和精子。在精子发生过程中，细胞器经历了由少到多，到最后解体特化的过程。晚期精细胞中出现单个中心粒，但在成熟精子中消失。棘突由片层复合体衍生物汇集并延伸而成。染色质在精原细胞中为部分异固缩，在精母细胞中高度凝聚为染色体，在精细胞及精子中为均匀非致密态。减数分裂同步率较高。成熟精子中帽状体和棘突构成顶体复合体。     

唐鱼精巢的组织学观察

应用光学显微镜对唐鱼Tanichthys albonubes精巢的组织结构进行了观察.结果表明,唐鱼的精巢属于小叶型结构.性成熟唐鱼的精巢呈乳白色,长条状,左右各一,合并成“Y”型.小叶间质把精巢分成许多精小叶,每个精小叶由数个精小囊组成,精子就在精小囊中形成.同一精小叶内的精小囊不一定同步发育,但同一精小囊中的生精细胞发育是同步的.唐鱼的精子发生和形成过程经历了初级精原细胞、次级精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和成熟精子6个阶段.精巢内同时存在初级精原细胞和次级精原细胞两种类型的精原细胞.     

盘基网柄菌细胞分化和凋亡的形态特征

本文用透射电镜和DAPI荧光染色法研究了盘基网柄菌(Dictyosteliumdiscoideum)细胞分化和柄细胞的凋亡特征,结果显示:细胞丘中绝大部分细胞的线粒体内出现一小空泡,随着发育进程,空泡逐渐增大,线粒体的嵴随之变少,直至线粒体完全空泡化,最后形成单层膜的空泡。据此我们推测前孢子细胞特有的空泡来源于线粒体,并且这种细胞器水平上的内自噬现象与前孢子细胞分化密切相关。在前柄细胞分化阶段,前柄细胞中出现数个自噬泡,最初吞噬的线粒体嵴结构完整;随着前柄细胞进一步分化,部分线粒体内出现类似于前孢子细胞中的内自噬现象,并且自噬泡只吞噬这种线粒体。在凋亡后期,细胞核内核仁消失,染色体固缩形成高电子密度斑块,自噬泡采用与细胞核膜融合的方式来完成核的清除,最后柄细胞完全空泡化且包被一层纤维素壁。作者认为前柄细胞凋亡过程实质上是一种分化过程,所以有其鲜明特点:细胞出现自噬泡,标志着凋亡开始,用自噬而不是凋亡小体来清除胞内各种细胞器,直到分化最后阶段才清除细胞核和形成纤维素壁。这些特点不仅是前柄细胞凋亡的形态学指标,也和细胞发育和分化相关。     

山羊精子发生不同阶段的显微与超微结构观察

应用光镜和透射电镜技术研究山羊精子发生不同阶段各级生精细胞显微、超微结构及山羊精子分化成熟过程。结果表明：山羊精子发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞及变态精子阶段发育成成熟的精子。精原细胞期核呈椭圆形,染色质凝集成团分布于核质中,线粒体开始出现;精母细胞期有高尔基体分布;精子细胞经过核质浓缩、线粒体迁移等过程发育成成熟精子,成熟的山羊精子头部细长,核质高度浓缩,中段膨大,线粒体丰富。线粒体、中心粒对精子变态发生起重要作用,同时观察到头部与中段脱落的畸形精子。     

Spatiotemporal changes of levels of a moonlighting protein,phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase,in subcellular compartments during spermatogenesis in the rat testis

We studied temporal changes in the subcellular localization and levels of a moonlighting protein, phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx), in spermatogenic cells and mature sperm of the rat by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. The PHGPx signals were detected in chromatoid bodies, clear nucleoplasm, mitochondria-associated material, mitochondrial aggregates, granulated bodies, and vesicles in residual bodies in addition to mitochondria, nuclei, and acrosomes as previously reported. Within mitochondria, PHGPx moved from the matrix to the outermost membrane region in step 19 spermatid, suggesting that this spatiotemporal change is synchronized with the functional change of PHGPx in mitochondria. In the nucleus, PHGPx was associated with electron-lucent spots and with the nuclear envelope, and PHGPx in the latter region increased after step 16. In early pachytene spermatids, PHGPx signals were noted in the nuclear material exhibiting a very similar density to chromatoid bodies and in the intermitochondrial cement, supporting the previous proposal that chromatoid bodies originate from the nucleus and intermitochondrial cement. The presence of PHGPx in such various compartments suggested versatile roles for this protein in spermatogenesis. Quantitative immunoelectron microscopic analysis also revealed dynamic changes in the labeling density of PHGPx in different subcellular compartments as follows: 1). Total cellular PHGPx rapidly increased after step 5 and reached a maximum at step 18; 2). mitochondrial labeling density increased after step 1 and achieved a maximum in steps 15-17; 3). nuclear labeling density suddenly increased in steps 12-14 to a maximum; 4). in cytoplasmic matrix, the density remained low in all steps; and 5). the labeling density in chromatoid bodies gradually decreased from pachytene spermatocytes to spermatids at step 18. These spatiotemporal changes in the level of PHGPx during the differentiation of spermatogenic cells to sperm infer that PHGPx plays a diverse and important biological role in spermatogenesis.     

Structures related to the germ plasm in mouse

This report presents data from ultrastructural and morphometric studies on the germinal-body-like structures, nuage, nuage-mitochondrial clusters and chromatoid bodies in 4.5-day embryo cells and spermatogenic cells of the laboratory mouse Mus musculus. In the 4.5-day embryo cells the germinal-body-like structures that, according to previous data, arise by condensation of mitochondria in Graafian oocytes, were found not to undergo any ultrastructural alterations. In spermatogonia the germinal-body-like structures presumably were transformed into nuage that functioned as 'intermitochondrial cement' binding the mitochondrial clusters. In primary spermatocytes mitochondria aggregated by nuage were found with large vacuoles containing membraneous conglomerates that were obviously excreted by organelles into the cytoplasm. The chromatoid bodies that arose in spermatocytes and finally disintegrated in the posterior part of late spermatids seemed not to be implicated in the pathway of the germinal-body-like structure. The dispersion of chromatoid bodies was noted to be accompanied by excretion of membraneous conglomerates by late spermatid mitochondria. The spermatozoa were not found to contain either the germinal-body-like structures or any other germ-plasm-related structures.     

Fine structural study of the acrosome formation in the starfish Marthasterias glacialis (Echinodermata, Asteroidea)

The fine structure of the spermatogenic cells in the starfish Marthasterias glacialis was studied regarding acrosome formation. The main finding in the spermatogenesis of M. glacialis is that the formation of the pro-acrosomal vesicles seems to be initiated in late spermatogonia. Small dense bodies resulting from the division of large granulofibrillar masses were also observed in the cytoplasm of late spermatogonia. During spermiogenesis the inner acrosomal vesicle membrane becomes coated first with dense materials originated from the cytoplasmic dense bodies and then with cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. Both coating materials are incorporated in the periacrosomal space of the mature acrosome. Besides being involved in the genesis of the periacrosomal material, cytoplasmic dense bodies were also seen in close relationship with intercellular bridges and midpiece structures of spermatids. These findings are discussed in comparison with other echinoderm spermatogenesis.     

Variations in mitochondrial size and ultrastructure during germ cell development

Summary Size variations and ultrastructural changes in mitochondria of developing germ cells of the female hamster were analyzed. Mitochondria in oogonia of foetus and newborn were elongate with transverse cristae. During pre-dictyate meiotic prophase they became small, rounded, and electron-dense with pleomorphic cristae. These changes were largely reversed when dictyate was reached. Maximum mitochondrial size and complexity of cristae were reached just at the beginning of the phase of rapid oocyte growth, and thereafter declined. As mitochondrial size and number of cristae decreased in the rapidly enlarging oocyte, the ratio of length to width increased, as did electron density of the matrix, until the formation of an antrum within the follicle. After antrum formation, the mitochondria again became more rounded and cristae were seldom seen. An attempt is made to correlate changes of mitochondrial morphology with other events occurring during oogenesis.The author wishes to thank the Department of Anatomy, University of Dundee, for financial support and for the use of the AEI EM 801 electron microscope     

Immunohistochemical distribution of sulfhydryl oxidase in the human testis

Summary Sulfhydryl oxidase (SOx) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of sulfhydryl compounds. It is present in mitochondria of certain testicular cells at specific stages of functional activation. In the mature human testis moderate SOx immunoreactivity is found in Leydig cells, and lacking in Sertoli and in peritubular cells. The A_dark spermatogonia usually contain immuno-reactive mitochondria, while in A_pale spermatogonia immunoreactivity is mostly low. In stage V of spermatogenesis, A_pale spermatogonia were found containing immunoreactive material. Leptotene (stages IV and V) and zygotene (stage VI) primary spermatocytes display a moderate immunoreaction. It is strongest in pachytene spermatocytes of stages I–IV, decreases in stage V, and is low during diakinesis and in secondary spermatocytes. Late spermatids usually show a stronger immunoreactivity than early spermatids. At stage V of spermatogenesis the late spermatids contain only few immunoreactive particles. Spermatozoa are free of SOx-immunoreactive mitochondria. In residual bodies small amounts of SOx-immunoreactive particles are seen. Compared to rat and hamster testis, SOx immunoreactivity of the human testis is less clearly stage-dependent and it is not confined to certain germ cell stages. As deduced from the findings in patients with spermatogenic disorders, the SOx immunoreactivity of spermatogonia in human testis seems to be of diagnostic relevance.     

The origin of the synchronization of the seminiferous epithelium in vitamin A-deficient rats after vitamin A replacement

In seminiferous tubules of vitamin A-deficient rats, the remaining spermatogonia were A spermatogonia. These cells were topographically arranged as single and paired cells and clones of 4, 8, or more cells. The bromodeoxy-uridine-labeling index and the mitotic index of these cells were found to be 9% and 1%, respectively, indicating that these cells were slowly proliferating. Administration of vitamin A (retinol-acetate) resulted in a reinitiation of spermatogenesis in such a way that the epithelium became stage-synchronized. The rate of development of the spermatogenic cells between 7 and 21 days after vitamin A replacement was found to be similar to that in normal rats. At 24-30 h after administration of vitamin A, a 4- to 6-fold increase in the labeling index was found. In contrast, after 2 days, the labeling index was low, while the mitotic index was elevated (10%). A high labeling index was found again after 3 days. Assuming that during the first 7 days after vitamin A replacement the rate of development of the spermatogenic cells also was normal, it could be deduced that the spermatogonia labeled 24-30 h after vitamin A administration were A1 spermatogonia. These cells would then divide into A2 spermatogonia after about 2 days, which in turn would traverse their S phase after about 3 days. Hence, spermatogenesis in vitamin A-deficient rats would be arrested shortly before the S phase of the A1 spermatogonia. After administration of vitamin A, the spermatogonia synchronously start the series of six divisions leading to the formation of spermatocytes and, ultimately, they develop into mature spermatids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Morphogenesis and fate of the residual body in human spermiogenesis

Summary In the human testis the formation of the residual body of the spermatid and its morphological changes during and after spermiation were studied by means of electron microscopy. The caudal cytoplasmic mass of the late spermatid contains a Golgi complex, mitochondria, annulate lamellae, a chromatoid body, flower-like structures, ribosomes, a few large vacuoles, myelin-like membrane profiles and sporadic lipid droplets. When, by detachment of the caudal cytoplasm from the free spermatozoon, the residual body is formed, the chromatoid body has disappeared; the mitochondria are clustered peripherally; the ribosomes appear as a single complex in contact with a large vacuole containing granular material; in place of the Golgi complex aggregations of vesicles are present. The lipid droplets remain unchanged. The residual bodies or their fragments are either extruded via the seminiferous tubular lumen into the excurrent ducts or they are engulfed by Sertoli cells where in the supranuclear region the successive steps of decomposition can be observed. The participation of the various constituents in the disintegration of the residual body is discussed. In contrast to other mammalian species, in man the sporadic lipid droplets seem to be of minor importance in the fate of the residual body.     

Histological, histochemical, enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural investigations of the testis of Padogobius martensi between annual breeding seasons

From July to March, the testis of the spring‐spawning freshwater goby Padogobius martensi is characterized by spermatogonial proliferation. A close correlation exists among type of proliferating spermatogonia, gonado‐somatic (I_G) profiles and morphological and functional variations of the Leydig cells. The I_G reach their minimal levels by the end of summer and increase progressively but modestly during autumn and winter. Declining I_G levels are associated with proliferation of primary spermatogonia only, whereas increasing I_G levels are associated with predominant proliferation of secondary spermatogonia. Minimal I_G levels are reached when the germinal epithelium is formed by a continuum of primary spermatogonia and associated Sertoli cells. The proliferation of secondary spermatogonia begins only at this time. Spermatogenesis in autumn occurs when spermatogonial cysts contain at the most 16 cells and it rarely results in the maturation of several cysts so that the amount of sperm cells produced is either negligible or scarce. A number of degenerating cells are usually present within the spermatogonial and meiotic cysts. Leydig cells are the unique cells that display features of steroidogenic cells: mitochondria with tubular cristae, extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity and sudanophilia. Light and dark Leydig cell varieties are always present. During regression, Leydig cells undergo a marked decrease in SER amount, mitochondrial sizes and number of mitochondrial cristae. In parallel, the 3β‐HSD and G6PD activities and sudanophilia decrease progressively until they become undetectable by the end of regression. In autumn, mitochondria increase in size, reaching sizes similar to those observed at the end of the spawning season in the light cells, but not in the dark cells. The SER, on the contrary, undergoes a modest and irregular increase only in a part of the Leydig cells, mostly of the light type. In parallel, the 3β‐HSD and G6PD activities increase until they become moderately intense by the end of autumn. At the end of winter, the SER is extensive and regularly dilated in both Leydig cell types, whereas mitochondria still have sizes similar to those observed in December. The 3β‐HSD and G6PD activities are strong and sudanophilia is again detectable. Sertoli cells undergo changes in shape and position in relation to the proliferation of primary spermatogonia and the development of cysts. A junction modulation occurs in association with these changes. Sertoli cells also undergo changes indicative of a decrease in activity immediately after spawning (loss of mitochondrial cristae and clarification of the mitochondrial matrix) and of an increase in activity by the end of the regressing phase (darkening of the mitochondrial matrix and increase in mitochondrial cristae, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and free ribosomes). In addition, they are involved in the phagocytosis of degenerating germ cells at all stages of their development. Macrophages are found in the testis interstitium only, where they are usually adjacent to Leydig cells, myoid cells and blood capillaries and do not participate in the phagocytosis of degenerating germ cells. Myoid cells do not undergo ultrastructural changes except for an increase in the amount of heterochromatin by the end of spawning. The meaning of the autumnal spermatogenic wave and the relationships between the development of the germinal epithelium and the changes of the Leydig and Sertoli cells are discussed.     

Expression of MAEL in nuage and non-nuage compartments of rat spermatogenic cells and colocalization with DDX4, DDX25 and MIWI

The functions of MAELSTROM protein (MAEL) in spermatogenesis are gradually being identified but the precise distribution of MAEL in spermatogenic cells during spermatogenesis has not yet been mapped. We studied the expression of MAEL in rat testis by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM). Immunofluorescence staining showed that MAEL was localized in intermitochondrial cement, irregularly-shaped perinuclear granules and satellite bodies of pachytene spermatocytes, and in chromatoid bodies of spermatids. The SBs appeared exclusively in pachytene spermatocytes at stages IX–X and were stained strongly for MAEL. In step 12–19 spermatids, many granules stained for MAEL but not DDX4. These granules were confirmed to be non-nuage structures, including mitochondria-associated granules, reticulated body, granulated body by IEM. In the neck region of late spermatids and sperm, MAEL-positive small granules were found. MAEL is colocalized with MIWI in nuage and non-nuage. The results suggest that MAEL seems to function in nuage and non-nuage structures and interacts with MIWI.