横断山区高山姬鼠臼齿特征的研究

高山姬鼠Apodemus chevrieri分布在横断山及其附近地区。臼齿在动物的生存和生态适应中起着重要的作用。为探讨横断山环境对高山姬鼠臼齿表型变异的影响,本研究采用几何形态测量法对横断山由北到南(东北:巴塘;中部:中甸和宁蒗;南部:景东)分布的高山姬鼠的上臼齿(第一上臼齿、第二上臼齿、第三上臼齿)和下臼齿(第一下臼齿、第二下臼齿、第三下臼齿)进行测量,并进行主成分分析、薄片样条分析和多维尺度分析。研究结果表明,横断山高山姬鼠各地理种群间的臼齿有一定形态变异,薄片样条法分析显示各臼齿齿叶间有一定的形变发生,这可能与高山姬鼠在横断山各地区生存环境有关。     

四川省食虫目研究：Ⅰ.猬科,鼹科

四川省地理位置独特,动物资源丰富,现有兽类217种,特别是原始古老的食虫类尤为丰富,现有33种之多,约占全国（67种）的1／2。笔者据多年采集的标本进行了系统整理。I.猬科包括2亚科3种计有中国渭Neoteracussinensis、秦岭刺渭Meschinushughi、刺猬Erinaceusamueusis。Ⅱ鼹科包括1亚科8种计有巨鼹Talpagrandis、长吻鼹Talpalongirostris、甘肃鼹Scapnulusoweni、白尾鼹Parascaplerleucura、长尾鼹Scaptonyxfusicaudus、少齿鼹Uropsilussoricips、峨眉鼯鼹U.andersoni、长吻鼹U．gricilis。对各种的产地、量衡度、鉴别特征、生物学、国内分布、与疾病的关系等均作了叙述,并着重对其分类作了讨论。     

鼹科长吻鼩鼹和库氏长吻鼹的首次转录组分析

现生的鼹科动物分布于欧亚大陆和北美大陆,包括54种已知物种。鼹科动物有丰富的生态类型,是研究适应性进化的较好模型。本研究通过二代测序的方法分别获得了长吻鼩鼹和库氏长吻鼹两个物种心脏和肺脏以及脾脏和肺脏的转录组数据。这两个物种分别代表了分布于中国西南部、缅甸北部的没有特化的原始类群鼩鼹亚科以及高度适应地下生活的鼹亚科鼹族。我们首次报道了库氏长吻鼹在中国的分布。通过从头拼接,分别获得长吻鼩鼹和库氏长吻鼹197 092个和225 956个转录本,以及125 427个和94 023个unigene。通过与GenBank中的基因组注释文件比对,得到鼹科物种同源基因家族8 376个,及鼹科鼩鼱科同源基因家族8 114个。差异表达基因中各组织的高表达基因中均找到10个以上组织特异性基因。然而BUSCO分析确定完整单拷贝基因在两个物种中分别为43.0%和56.6%,提示死后mRNA迅速降解并影响转录组拼接。比较两个物种肺部基因的表达差异发现库氏长吻鼹335个相对高表达的基因,其中包括HMGB1、HSPD1、SF3B1、COL3A1、SUMO1和JUNB等,有报道上述基因可能与低氧或高海拔适应有关。     

黄耆属簇毛黄耆亚属生物地理学研究

簇毛黄耆亚属的种类主要沿亚洲的“山链”分布,即横断山,喜马拉雅,查谟和克什米尔,帕米尔—阿赖,兴都库什和苏莱曼山脉,表达了东亚、西亚和中亚的植物区系地理关系。本文基于亚属的分布式样,对其8个分布区进行了分析生物地理学中的成分分析。结果表明,这8个分布区可划分为4类,即1)华北—东北;2)横断山和西藏;3)西喜马拉雅,西巴基斯坦,塔吉克斯坦;4)内蒙古—新疆。在本亚属的分布式样中,有两个地理“结点”,即横断山和西喜马拉雅,后者主要指克什米尔。推断地理上的衍进方向是由东向西发展,喜马拉雅是连接东西分布的通道。     

鼩鼹亚科(Talpidae:Uropsilinae)一新种

2006 年至2009 年,在四川西南地区开展小型兽类区系调查时,在普格县、美姑县、泸定县、九龙县采获了11 号鼩鼹类标本。其外形和头骨形态与其他鼩鼹类一致,但牙齿数量和齿式与已知鼩鼹类不同。这批标本上、下颌牙齿均为9 枚,齿式为i2/2,c1 /1,pm3 /3,m3 /3 =36,与少齿鼩鼹上颌9 枚、下颌8 枚(齿式:i2 /1,c1/1,pm3 /3,m3 /3 =34)不同,也不同于长吻鼩鼹与贡山鼩鼹(齿式:i2 /1,c1 /1,pm4/4,m3 /3 = 38)及峨眉鼩鼹(齿式:i2/2,c1 /1,pm4 /3,m3 /3 = 38)上颌10 枚、下颌9 枚,而不能归类于现有任何已知鼩鼹类物种。通过线粒体细胞色素b 基因构建的系统发育关系显示未归类标本形成一单系群,且与峨眉鼩鼹关系最近,构成姊妹关系。为此,我们认为采自于四川普格县、美姑县、泸定县、九龙县的鼩鼹类标本为鼩鼹亚科一新物种。根据新种上、下颌牙齿数量相等命名为等齿鼩鼹(Uropsilus aequodonenia)。     

不同地区精河沙拐枣居群果实形态差异性分析

采用居群生态学调查方法,对分布于不同地区的精河沙拐枣居群的果实进行大量观测,结果表明:精河沙拐枣果实(瘦果)形态以及果实的刺毛长短、果肋扭转程度在株间、居群内、居群间3个层次均存在差异.精河沙拐枣果实沟槽宽窄的变异幅度为0.08～0.55mm、深浅的变化范围为0.19～0.44mm,沟槽颜色与光照呈正相关,在居群间呈现规律性变化,表明精河沙拐枣果实形态具有多样性和可塑性,产生差异性的原因可能与环境差异性及其居群分化有关,这也是该属植物较难鉴定的原因之一.对三列沙拐枣的模式标本和精河沙拐枣(艾比湖沙拐枣)模式标本进行观察,从果实形态上重新认识精河沙拐枣的植物分类特征,为研究和鉴定该属其它种植物分类提供理论依据.     

我国华鳊属鱼类形态差异及其物种有效性的研究

为探讨华鳊属鱼类种间和种内居群间的形态差异及其物种有效性,采用多变量形态度量,结合传统分类方法,获得该属鱼类不同地理居群共224尾标本的32个测量性状和7个可数性状数据,并做主成分分析。在可数性状上,海南华鳊各居群间无差异,但明显不同于其他种类;四川华鳊与大眼华鳊差别明显,与伍氏华鳊之间也存在较大程度的差异;大眼华鳊的乌江和珠江居群之间存在显著差异,而伍氏华鳊各地理居群差异不明显。在可量性状上,四川华鳊和大眼华鳊的乌江居群都明显区别于其他种或居群,而大眼华鳊的珠江居群与伍氏华鳊之间以及海南华鳊各居群之间没有明显差异。对上述结果分析认为：四川华鳊和海南华鳊为两个有效的物种;大眼华鳊的乌江标本是一个未被描述的物种,而珠江居群和伍氏华鳊各居群应属同一个种。     

云南滇龙胆居群表型多样性及其与环境关系研究

为揭示滇龙胆天然居群表型变异程度和变异规律,以云南省5个区域天然分布的20个野生居群400个单株20个表型性状指标为调查研究对象,并用变异系数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和巢式方差分析对滇龙胆居群间和居群内的表型变异进行分析,用相关性分析对滇龙胆表型性状与地理气象因子间的变异格局进行分析,用类平均聚类法对20个滇龙胆居群进行分类.结果表明:5个区域的滇龙胆以楚雄地区变异最大,变异系数为39.8%,变异最小的是昆明地区,为31.4%;不同居群的20个表型性状变异程度差异明显,变异系数在14.4%～91.8%之间,平均为40.4%,20个居群的平均变异为26.8%～37.0%;滇龙胆地理居群的表型分化较高,20个性状居群间的分化系数平均为73.14%,变化范围为36.03%～91.94%,居群间变异高于居群内;滇龙胆20个表型性状的总的多样性指数平均为2.547,5个不同分布区域多样性指数存在差异,最大为楚雄(1.271 4),最小为玉溪(1.266 7);表型性状变异受经度和降雨量影响较大,与纬度、海拔和温度相关性不显著;通过UPGMA聚类,滇龙胆被分成3个组,性状的表型特征并没有依地理距离而聚类....     

濒危植物金花茶果实、种子形态分化

对濒危植物金花茶5个天然居群和1个人工居群的果实、种子形态进行了研究.结果表明:6个金花茶居群按果实、种子大小进行排序为:广西植物所(GXIB)＞那子山中海拔2(NZSH2)＞大王江(DWJ)＞庚毛山(GMSH)＞那子山高海拔3(NZSH3)＞那子山低海拔1(NZSHI);表型性状在居群内和居群间均存在一定程度的变异,不同形态性状在居群间变异系数的平均值从0.429(种子质量/果,SWPF)到0.069(果实整体形态,FT/FD),果实整体形态最为稳定,各居群形态性状变异系数的平均值从0.287(NZSH3)到0.155(GXIB)不等;在调查的15个性状中,果实直径、果实质量等3个性状在居群间的差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05),种长、种宽等7个性状在居群间的差异达极显著水平(P＜0.01),多数居群已产生较明显的形态分化;聚类分析结果表明,在居群水平上,形态分化并不与居群间的地理距离远近相关联.影响果实、种子表型性状变异的主导因子为海拔高度、土壤有机质、土壤含水量和乔木层透光率.     

不同地理种群东方墨头鱼(Garra orientalis)的形态分化

为确认分布于闽江、珠江、红河水系和海南岛的东方墨头鱼居群间存在的形态差异是否达到亚种或种的水平,该文将采自上述4个水系共72尾标本根据水系分为四组,比较了10个外部形态特征,并运用多变量形态度量学方法,对13个框架结构特征和23个常规特征进行分析。主成分分析结果散点图显示,海南岛居群相对集中,但仍未能与其他3个水系居群完全区分,而其他3个水系居群则完全混杂在一起。该研究结果表明,形态特征比较和形态度量学分析难以区分东方墨头鱼的不同地理居群,其种或种下分化研究需借助于分子生物学方法。     

基于mtDNA COⅠ基因序列的云南榕母管蓟马不同地理种群的遗传分化分析

榕母管蓟马Gynaikothrips ficorum （Marchal）是一种已扩散至各大洲的榕树主要害虫, 目前在云南省热带及亚热带区域发生危害亦较为严重。为了揭示榕母管蓟马在云南省不同地理种群间的遗传变异, 测定了10个地理种群145个个体的mtDNA COⅠ基因的646 bp序列, 对地理种群间的序列变异和遗传分化进行了分析。结果表明： 10个地理种群间的COⅠ基因共有38个变异位点和6个单倍型, 其中1个单倍型为8个种群所共享。种群间的遗传距离范围为0~0.043, 其中瑞丽、 芒市、 玉溪、 呈贡种群间的遗传距离最小, 宜良和陇川、 墨江种群间的遗传距离最大, 种群遗传距离大小与其相对地理距离的远近之间没有相关性。分子方差分析显示3组（组1： 陇川、 瑞丽、 芒市、 玉溪、 呈贡、 墨江、 临沧、 勐腊8个种群; 组2： 蒙自种群; 组3： 宜良种群）之间已经具有明显的遗传分化, Fst值为0.9828（P<0.05）, Nm值为0.01, 但是仅0.0172的遗传变异来自组内。采用邻接法（NJ）构建分子系统树, 单倍型被分成3组与各自的地理区域相对应的簇群, 各组之间未发现共享的单倍型。分子系统树显示3组的聚类结果与地理分布格局并不对应。综合采集地寄主植物的状况, 初步推测蒙自和宜良种群出现的遗传分化可能是由于寄主植物生长状况及品种不同引起的。各地理种群中的单倍型在网络中介图上散布在不同的分布群中, 缺乏明显的地理分布格局。     

Analysis of quantitative trait locus effects on the size and shape of mandibular molars in mice

While >50 genes have been found to influence the development of teeth in mice, we still know very little about the genetic basis for the adaptive characteristics of teeth, such as size and shape. We applied interval mapping procedures to Procrustes size and shape data obtained from 10 morphological landmarks on the mandibular molar row of the F(2) progeny from a cross between the LG/J and SM/J strains of mice. This revealed many more QTL for molar shape (18) than for molar centroid size (3), although levels of dominance effects were comparable among QTL for size and shape. Comparisons of patterns of Procrustes additive and dominance shape effects and ordination of QTL effects by principal components analysis suggested that the effects of the shape QTL were dispersed among the three molars and thus that none of these molars represents a genetically distinct developmental structure. The results of an analysis of co-occurrence of QTL for molar shape, mandible shape, and cranial dimensions in these mice suggested that many of the QTL for molar shape may be the same as those affecting these other sets of characters, although in some cases this could be due to effects of closely linked genes.     

从线粒体Cyt b基因探讨红瘰疣螈物种地位的有效性

疣螈属的红瘰疣螈(Tylototriton shanjing)和棕黑疣螈(T.verrucosus)的物种界限一直不清楚。测定了来自中国西南地区14个地点的T.shanjing和T.verrucosus共40只标本的线粒体DNACytb基因(753bp)。结果表明:(1)用邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法等3种系统发育分析法分别重建棕黑疣螈种组系统发育树的拓扑结构不支持T.shanjing是单系群;(2)T.shanjing与T.verrucsus的mtDNA Cytb序列差异平均值仅为1.2%,未达到种级水平。因此,全部T.shanjing样品都属于同一个物种,即T.verrucosus,不支持T.shanjing的物种地位,T.shanjing为T.verrucosus的同物异名,并建议恢复T.verrucosus的中文名红瘰疣螈。根据基于40个样品Cyt b基因序列的系统发育树和遗传变异以及地理分布,这些红瘰疣螈(T.verrucosus)样品聚为3支,即中国西南地区的红瘰疣螈可分为片马、滇中滇西和滇东南3个地理居群。     

A geometric morphometric analysis of the shape of the first upper molar in mice of the genus Mus (Muridae, Rodentia)

Phenotypic variation in the shape of the first upper molar among 595 mice, representing nine extant and three extinct taxa of the genus Mus , was studied with thin-plate spline analysis. The reliability of classification of individual specimens into known groups based on their molars varied from 75 to 100%, depending on group and method used. Including 13 sliding semilandmarks to the analysis improved the detection of different kinds of size and shape variation as well as visualization of shape differences between studied groups. Correlation between phylogenetic and morphometric distances suggested about 80% contribution of phylogenetic inertia to the molar shape variation; moreover, the importance of localized versus global shape changes was similar in the detection of phylogenetic signals. Finally, shape changes along individual evolutionary lineages were revealed, suggesting a few cases of reversals, convergence and/or retention of ancestral shape. The evolution of mouse molars has thus been driven by random effects of drift together with stabilizing selection and convergence.     

Shape variation in the mole dentary (Talpidae: Mammalia)

The clade Talpidae consists of specialized fossorial forms, shrew‐like moles and semi‐aquatic desmans. As with all higher jawed vertebrates, different functional, phylogenetic and developmental constraints act on different parts of dentary influencing its shape. In order to determine whether morphological variation in the dentary was unified or dispersed into an integrated complex of structural–functional components, a morphometric analysis of the mole dentary was undertaken. The dentary was subdivided into component parts – horizonal ramus; coronoid, condylar, angular processes of the ascending ramus – and outline‐based geometric morphometric methods used to quantify, compare and contrast modes of shape variation within the clade. These were successful in revealing subtle differences and aspects of shape important in distinguishing between mole genera. Closer examination of shape variation within the two fully fossorial mole clades (Talpini and Scalopini) revealed several similarities in ascending ramus shapes between genera from each clade. For example, the broad, truncated appearance of the coronoid process in the talpine genera Talpa and Parascalops was shared with the scalopine genus Scapanus. Also, the more slender, hook‐shaped coronoid process of Euroscaptor and Parascaptor (Talpini) closely resembles that of Scalopus (Scalopini). Interestingly, subspecies (one from each clade) more closely resembled genera other than their own in coronoid process shape. Important distinctions in horizontal ramus shape were found to exist between the two clades, such as the extent of curvature of the ventral margin and relative depth of the horizontal ramus. Results show shape variation in this region is correlated with dental formulae and the relative sizes of the teeth. The taxonomically important dentition differences characteristic of mammals are also reflected in the horizontal ramus results. Moreover, these results suggest size may be affecting shape and the extent of variation in, for example, the coronoid and condylar processes between the semi‐aquatic moles Desmana and Galemys. It is likely that the effects of morphological integration seen at this level of analysis – covariation between shapes of dentary components – may exist because interacting traits are evolving together. Horizontal ramus and coronoid process shape, for example, are similar across Scapanus and Parascalops, but both these shapes have diverged in Scalopus. © 2008 Trustees of the Natural History Museum (London). Journal compilation © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 153 , 187–211.     

Developmental constraints revealed by co-variation within and among molar rows in two murine rodents

SUMMARY Morphological integration corresponds to interdependency between characters that can arise from several causes. Proximal causes of integration include that different phenotypic features may share common genetic sets and/or interact during their development. Ultimate causes may be the prolonged effect of selection favoring integration of functionally interacting characters, achieved by the molding of these proximal causes. Strong and direct interactions among successive teeth of a molar row are predicted by genetic and developmental evidences. Functional constraints related to occlusion, however, should have selected more strongly for a morphological integration of occluding teeth and a corresponding evolution of the underlying developmental and genetic pathways. To investigate how these predictions match the patterns of phenotypic integration, we studied the co‐variation among the six molars of the murine molar row, focusing on two populations of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) and wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). The size and shape of the three upper and lower molars were quantified and compared. Our results evidenced similar patterns in both species, size being more integrated than shape among all the teeth, and both size and shape co‐varying strongly between adjacent teeth, but also between occluding teeth. Strong co‐variation within each molar row is in agreement with developmental models showing a cascade influence of the first molar on the subsequent molars. In contrast, the strong co‐variation between molars of the occluding tooth rows confirms that functional constraints molded patterns of integration and probably the underlying developmental pathways despite the low level of direct developmental interactions occurring among molar rows. These patterns of co‐variation are furthermore conserved between the house mouse and the wood mouse that diverged >10 Ma, suggesting that they may constitute long‐running constraints to the diversification of the murine rodent dentition.     

Does space in the jaw influence the timing of molar crown initiation? A model using baboons (Papio anubis) and great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus)

Radiographic and histological studies of baboon (Papio hamadryas, P. anubis) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) permanent tooth development have found that periods of molar crown mineralization overlap markedly in chimpanzees but are staggered in baboons. Here we test the hypothesis that these intertaxon differences in molar initiation are primarily due to the space available in the mandibles of each species for these teeth. This study includes radiographic, linear measurement, and three-dimensional (3D) coordinate landmark data taken from baboon (Papio anubis n=51) and great ape (Pan paniscus n=43, P. troglodytes n=60) mandibles and permanent molars across a broad developmental range for each taxon. Unexpectedly, 3D multivariate statistical shape analysis of the molar crypt, crown, and root data shows that all three species trajectories of molar row shape change are indistinguishable from each other. Qualitative analysis of these 3D data reveals subtle and inconclusive intergeneric differences in the space maintained between adjacent molars during growth. The space distal to each newly initiated molar is slightly greater in the baboon. Bivariate analyses comparing molar row and mandibular corpus proportions in Papio and Pan fail to show clear or consistent taxonomic differences in the ratio of space afforded developing molars in the alveolar bone. Thus, there is a poor correlation between mandibular proportion and both intermolar spacing and 3D molar development pattern. Contrary to earlier studies, these results suggest that pattern of molar crown initiation and temporal overlap of adjacent mineralizing crowns is not significantly different between Papio and Pan. This may be due in part to the inclusion here of not only 3D molar crown data but also 3D molar crypt data. This study strongly refutes the hypothesis that space available in the mandible directly underlies different times of permanent molar crown initiation between Papio and Pan.     

Seroepidemiology of spotted fever group rickettsiae in small field rodents in Japan.

To clarify the geographic distribution of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae in Japan, small field rodents captured in endemic and nonendemic areas were screened for anti-SFG rickettsia antibodies by the immunofluorescence test. Among total 716 specimens tested, 73-75% of rodents were antibody-positive against Rickettsia japonica and/or Rickettsia montana, showing different degree of antibody-positive proportions among each species of the rodents. Interestingly, these profiles were not different in the rodents from each endemic and nonendemic areas, indicating that the SFG rickettsiae are prevailing in the wider areas where patients have not been found yet.     

Genetic Heterogeneity of the β-Globin Gene in Various Geographic Populations of Yunnan in Southwestern China

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the geographic distribution of β-globin gene mutations in different ethnic groups in Yunnan province.

Methods

From 2004 to 2014, 1,441 subjects with hemoglobin disorders, identified by PCR-reverse dot blot and DNA sequencing, were studied according to ethnicity and geographic origin. Haplotypes were examined among 41 unrelated thalassemia chromosomes.

Results

Eighteen β-thalassemia mutations and seven hemoglobin variants were identified for 1,616 alleles in 22 different ethnic groups from all 16 prefecture-level divisions of Yunnan. The prevalence of β-thalassemia was heterogeneous and regionally specific. CD 41-42 (-TCTT) was the most prevalent mutation in the populations of northeastern Yunnan. CD 17 (A>T) was the most common mutation in the populations of southeastern Yunnan, especially for the Zhuang minority, whereas Hb E (CD 26, G>A) was the most prevalent mutation in populations of southwestern Yunnan, especially for the Dai minority. Among the seven types of haplotypes identified, CD 17 (A>T) was mainly linked to haplotype VII (+ - - - - - +) and IVS-II-654 (C>T) was only linked to haplotype I (+ - - - - + +).

Conclusion

Our data underline the heterogeneity of β-globin gene mutations in Yunnan. This distribution of β-globin mutations in the geographic regions and ethnic populations provided a detailed ethnic basis and evolutionary view of humans in southern China, which will be beneficial for genetic counseling and prevention strategies.     

Phenotypic Changes Across a Geographic Gradient: The Case of Three Sympatric Dolphin Species

Phenotypic changes in the mammalian mandible can occur at different spatial and temporal scales. We investigated mandibular size and shape variation in three extant closely related dolphins (Cetacea, Odontoceti): Tursiops truncatus, Stenella coeruleoalba and Delphinus delphis in order to test the hypothesis that similar phenotypic changes occur across the same geographical gradient. Our data included 219 specimens representative of the following geographic locations: the Mediterranean Sea, the eastern north Atlantic and the North Sea. Each mandibula was photographed laterally and spatial positioning of eight homologous 2D landmarks was recorded. After applying generalised Procrustes analysis (GPA), intraspecific variation was first investigated between sexes and among populations to allow further pooling of samples. Size and shape differences among populations and species were investigated through multivariate ordination techniques (PCA), Procrustes ANOVA and allometric analyses. In all three species, Mediterranean populations clearly differed in mandible shape from the extra-Mediterranean ones. Among the three, the direction of geographic phenotypic changes was significantly similar in the striped and common dolphin, while the bottlenose dolphin was the most divergent species, differing both in size and allometric trajectory. Shape variation of the two former species highlighted a morphological convergence in the Atlantic, and a phenotypic divergence in the Mediterranean. Shape differences among the three dolphin species were interpreted in the light of different prey preferences, feeding strategies and habitat partitioning to avoid direct competition.