海南三亚一头死亡中华白海豚的形态学记录

On February 2,2015, a dead female Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) was found in the coastal water of Meilian Village, Yacheng Town, Sanya City, Hainan Province, China. It was the first Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin death case ever found in waters southwest of Hainan Island. In the present study, data about external morphology and skeleton system of the dead dolphin were documented, Body length and body mass of the animal were 235.0 cm and ca. 150 kg, respectively, with completely white body color. The cranium of this dolphin wa 189 mm in zygomatic width, and 415 mm in skull length. Its vertebra formula was C6+T12+L10+Ca20=48. It had 12 pairs of ribs and 11 V-bones. According to previous reports, our skeleton sample may have one cervical vertebra missing, and one or more caudal vertebras and V bones missing. More new skeleton samples from the same population are needed to confirm this presumption.     

一头遭鲨鱼袭击和误捕的小须鲸幼仔

A minke whale was by-caught by fishermen in a drift gill net off Shidao, Weihai, Shandong Province on June 15, 2007. The whale, which had been attacked by a shark, was a male with body length 2.43 m, and was suspected to have died soon after the birth. The small size of the whale suggests that a breeding ground for minke whales might exist in the Chinese coastal waters. Evidence of shark attack on this young whale was apparent: half of the fluke was lost and the belly was bitten as well; injuries were not as severe on the caudal peduncle. It was not possible to determine if the shark-related injuries observed occurred prior to the whale being by-caught or were post-mortem. Some conservation measures were proposed in order to better protect the cetaceans in waters off China.     

误捕及其对海兽种群的影响

几乎在全世界都有误捕海兽的记录．有误捕记录的海兽有鲸目１４科６２种,鳍脚目３科１２种,海牛目２科２种及食肉目１科１种．误捕海兽的渔具包括刺网、拖网、围网、张网、插网和陷阱等．误捕可导致种群数量的下降及生活史特征的改变．我国需要开展这方面的研究工作．     

中国沿岸小型鲸类误捕情况的调查

报道了１９９４ ～１９９５ 年对中国沿岸小型鲸类误捕情况的调查结果．调查表明,有误捕记录的小型鲸类主要有５ 种,即江豚（ Ｎｅｏｐｈｏｃａｅｎａ ｐｈｏｃａｅｎｏｉｄｅｓ） 、长喙真海豚（ Ｄｅｌｐｈｉｎｕｓ ｃａｐｅｎｓｉｓ） 、瓶鼻海豚（ Ｔｕｒｓｉｏｐｓｔｒｕｎｃａｔｕｓ） 、点斑原海豚（Ｓｔｅｎｅｌｌａ ａｔｔｅｎｕａｔａ） 和伪虎鲸（ Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｒｃａ ｃｒａｓｓｉｄｅｎｓ） ,其中以江豚的误捕率最高．１９９４ 年在山东、浙江、福建、广东、海南省和广西壮族自治区沿岸渔业误捕的小型鲸类约３０４５ ±２１２０ 头,其中江豚的误捕量约２１３２ ±１４８４ 头．误捕小型鲸类的渔具主要有拖网、刺网和张网．中国沿岸没有专门捕鲸的渔业方式．误捕的小型鲸类在沿岸居民的生活中不占重要地位,它们大部分被丢弃或廉价出售．目前尚不知道误捕对中国水域小型鲸种群影响的程度,但可能是造成数量下降原因之一．     

一头罕见伪虎鲸的测量

2005 年10 月山东省荣成市远洋渔船的渔民偶然误捕了一头海豚,经鉴定,系伪虎鲸,且为畸形。主要鉴别特征:全身呈暗黑色,体细长,背鳍狭长而呈镰刀形,胸鳍前缘有一特有的隆起,即所谓的“肘部”,牙齿大,呈圆锥形,上颌齿数为14,下颌齿数为16。同时,还对其进行了较详细的观察和测量。畸形表现在:左右口角的形状不一;左鳍肢前缘有一明显的二分叉;雌性,乳沟内无乳头,但经解剖发现腹内却有一胎儿,系雄性,体长1.8 m,体重40 kg。
     

中国大陆海域沿岸搁浅和误捕的喙鲸类调查

从2009 年1 月至2010 年2 月,我们对中国大陆海域沿岸搁浅和误捕的喙鲸类头骨标本进行了测量和鉴
定。目前中国大陆海域搁浅和误捕的喙鲸类有5 种,分别为柯氏喙鲸、贝氏喙鲸、朗氏喙鲸、柏氏中喙鲸和小
中喙鲸,其中小中喙鲸为中国海域(包括台湾)的首次报道,也是在西北太平洋区的首次记录。小中喙鲸的主
要形态鉴别特征为有1 对纺锤形牙齿着生在下颌骨联合后面。经对已报道过的大陆海域搁浅和误捕的3 个雌性
银杏齿中喙鲸头骨标本和台湾省搁浅银杏齿中喙鲸的颅骨、鼻骨、下颌骨以及牙齿特征对比重新鉴定,订正大
陆的3 个样本为雌性柏氏中喙鲸。本文报道了大陆沿岸海域搁浅和误捕的喙鲸类最新调查研究结果。     

误捕:无心巨害

对于海洋生态系统,变化最重要的直接驱动力是过度捕捞。人类以鱼类为食并将鱼作为水产养殖饲料的需求将继续增长,其结果是区域海洋渔业资源受到重大而长期的破坏的危险在增加。在世界上多数地区,渔业目标鱼类(包括目标物种和意外捕获物种)的生物量同工业化捕捞前的水平相比减少了90%。世界上商业化海洋渔业品种的约3/4已被利用,其中50%已充分利用,25%已经过度利用。千年生态系统评估:生态系统与人类福祉—生物多样性综合报告     

台湾海峡厦门-东山水域瓶鼻海豚的种群密度、分布和误捕研究

台湾海峡厦门东山水域瓶鼻海豚 ( Tursiopsaduncus)的种群密度约为 0 .0 4 36± 0 .0 2 86头 /km2 ,该水域南部瓶鼻海豚的发现率高于中部和北部。问卷调查和随船出海调查表明围网作业发现和误捕小型鲸类的频率要高于拖网 ,同时拖网又高于刺网。调查期间从东山港记录到的误捕致死的 2 0头小型鲸类中 ,6头 (占 30 % )为瓶鼻海豚 ,分别由拖网和围网捕获。需要开展对当地渔民的宣传教育和加强台湾海峡瓶鼻海豚等小型鲸类的种群生物学和保护生物学的研究。     

福建平潭抗风耐盐园林植物的筛选与配置

通过对福建平潭海坛岛植物野外调查研究与查阅相关资料,筛选出适合平潭种植的抗风耐盐园林植物89种,其中乔木34种、灌木28种、地被植物26种、红树植物1种;针对滨海防护林带、环岛景观路四大风口、竹屿湖等不同类型风口地带的绿地提出了抗风耐盐园林植物配置示例,为平潭乃至福建沿海岛屿的园林绿化建设提供参考。     

福建平潭无居民岛屿空间特征对植物多样性的影响

为了明确岛屿空间特征对植物物种多样性的影响,该研究应用样线法和样方法对福建省平潭主岛周边19座无居民海岛进行植被调查,统计分析每座岛屿的物种丰富度和典型植物群落的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数;采用多种函数对种-面积关系进行拟合,并利用冗余分析影响岛屿典型植物群落物种多样性的空间因素,以探究岛屿植物物种多样性的形成与维持机制。结果表明：(1)平潭主岛周边19座无居民岛屿中有12座岛屿以典型的岛屿森林群落为主,有2座岛屿以灌草丛为主且缺乏乔木层,有5座岛屿只有草丛覆盖。(2)19座岛屿的植物物种丰富度均随岛屿面积的增加而增加,当岛屿面积增加到7.184 hm²时,物种数量增加的速率减慢。(3)岛屿的面积、周长、周长面积比、近岸距离是影响物种多样性的主要空间特征,其中岛屿的面积、周长越大,周长面积比、近岸距离越小,岛屿的物种丰富度越高。(4)在岛屿典型植物群落中,乔木层的物种多样性主要受岛屿面积、周长、周长面积比的影响,而灌、草层的物种多样性主要受近岸距离的影响。研究认为,岛屿面积达...     

Anthropogenic scarring of western gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus)

Western gray whales ( Eschrichtius robustus ) are critically endangered and anthropogenic threats, such as entanglement in fishing gear and collisions with vessels, may be acting to limit recovery of the population. Thus, examining the magnitude of such anthropogenic interactions using a scar-based approach is warranted. A multi-year (1995–2005) photo-identification study of western gray whales on their feeding ground off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, has resulted in a large data set of digital and film images of 150 individuals. These images were reviewed and scored for anthropogenic scarring by recording the presence of visible scars resulting from fishing gear entanglement and vessel collisions in 21 defined body regions. In total, 20.0% ( n = 30) of whales identified during the study period had detectable anthropogenic scarring, with 18.7% ( n = 28) determined to have been previously entangled in fishing gear at least once and 2.0% ( n = 3) to have survived at least one vessel collision. These estimates are likely to be conservative given the nature of the photo-identification data set, but indicate that male and female western gray whales are subject to anthropogenic interactions. Future studies designed to systematically estimate the frequency and rates of anthropogenic events are needed and would have direct conservation and management implications.     

Migration timing and distance from shore of southbound eastern Pacific gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) off Ensenada,Baja California,Mexico

Eastern Pacific gray whales were monitored off Ensenada, Mexico, during the southbound migration. The objectives were to determine southbound migration timing and width of the migration corridor during three seasons (2003–2006). Migration timing was determined by fitting a generalized additive model to the shore counts for each season and estimating the 10, 50, and 90 percentiles of the fitted curves. To estimate abundance from shore‐based counts, a probability density function for the shore based distances was estimated by a product of a gamma distribution fit to the boat survey distance data for 2006/2007 and a half‐normal detection function using combined data of the three seasons. The parameters of the gamma distribution were corrected to account for less boat survey effort carried out 20–40 km than 0–20 km from shore. The onset of the migration off Ensenada was in late December/early January and ended around 13 February. The median date was 23–26 January for the first and third season and a week early for the second season. Boat surveys indicated a wide (20 km) migration corridor but most gray whales traveled within 9.9 km from shore. The estimated total number of whales during watch hours was 2,298 (95% CI = 1,536–4,447).     

Activity budget and diving behavior of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in feeding grounds off coastal British Columbia

Behavior and diving patterns of summer resident gray whales ( Eschrichtius robustus ) foraging on mysids were studied in coastal bays along the north shore of Queen Charlotte Strait, British Columbia. In this region, gray whales were found to feed primarily on planktonic prey rather than on the benthos as in their primary feeding areas further north. During the summers of 1999 and 2000, whales spent most of their time actively feeding or searching for prey (77%), whereas only 15% of their time was spent traveling and 8% socializing. The majority of the dives were short; the mean dive duration was 2.24 min with approximately three respirations per surfacing and 15 s between blows. Whales dove frequently (26.7 h⁻¹), spending only 17% of their time at the surface with an overall blow rate of 1.14 respirations per minute. Activity states were characterized by significantly different diving and respiratory parameters; feeding whales dove more frequently, with shorter intervals between respirations, thus spending less time at the surface compared to when traveling or searching. This diving pattern differs from benthic-feeding whales and likely optimizes capture of the mobile mysid swarms in shallow waters.     

Abundance estimation of gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) calves from shore‐based surveys undertaken near Ensenada,Baja California,Mexico, 2004–2006

Gray whale calf abundance was estimated from shore‐based surveys near Ensenada, Baja California, during their northbound migration. Over the course of 129 effort‐days (756.5 observation hours), 162 calves were counted, comprising 42, 41, and 79 calves in 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively. To estimate the number of undetected calves during the observation periods in 2006, detection probabilities were estimated by simultaneous and independent counts using a Huggins model. The detection probabilities ranged from 0.655 to 0.997. The number of calves estimated during effort periods were divided by their estimated detection probabilities, while the total number of calves were estimated by fitting a generalized additive model (GAM) to the passage rate (whales/h) and effort (time) data. The final gray whale calf abundance estimates were 451 (95% CI = 430, 513), 253 (95% CI= 245, 308), and 442 (95% CI = 396, 510) calves for 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively. The estimates were lower than those reported for Piedras Blancas, California, during the same years, with one possible reason being that an important number of cow/calf pairs migrate too far from shore (>10 km) to be detected from the observation site used in this research.     

Assessment of wound healing of tagged gray (Eschrichtius robustus) and blue (Balaenoptera musculus) whales in the eastern North Pacific using long‐term series of photographs

Tags have been used to examine migration routes and habitat use of large whales for >40 yr, however, evaluation of tag wound healing has largely been short‐term, anecdotal or generalized. This study developed methods for systematic photographic assessment of long‐term external consequences of tag placement, to determine potential differences in wound healing between species and tag types and thus advise future tagging efforts to possibly minimize undesirable side effects. Tag site appearance and healing characteristics were evaluated by two reviewers and a time series evaluated by five veterinarians from photographs during 995 postdeployment encounters with 34 gray and 63 blue whales tagged in the North Pacific. Blue whale resightings were less frequent, but spanned a longer time period due to earlier tag deployments than the more frequent gray whale follow‐up observations. Swelling occurred in 74% of reencountered gray whales, with the highest frequency 6 mo postdeployment. Swellings were common in blue whales with early tag designs but rare with current models. Depressions occurred in 82% of gray and 71% of blue whales. This study demonstrates the value of follow‐up studies of tagged animals and systematic scoring of photographs to quantitatively compare tag response.     

利用mtDNA序列及形态特征重新鉴定福建长乐搁浅喙鲸

<正>中国大陆沿岸属大陆棚水域,常见的齿鲸物种以近岸型的海豚科(Delphinidae)、小抹香鲸科(Kogiidae)及鼠海豚科(Phocaenidae)动物为主(王丕烈,2012),而喙鲸科(Ziphiidae)发现纪录相对较少,近年来仅由王丕烈等(2011)针对喙鲸科的中喙鲸属(Mesoplodon)标本进行检视校正,认为中国大陆沿岸存在柏氏中喙鲸     

Prey, parasites and pathology associated with the mortality of a juvenile gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) stranded along the northern California coast

An eastern Pacific gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) stranded off Pelican Point, Tomales Bay, California, USA, was examined for physiological parameters, prey, parasites and associated pathology. The whale was emaciated, and hematological examination revealed an elevation in hematocrit, serum sodium, potassium, electrolyte values and hypoglycemia. Parasites recovered included 5 species, 1 ectoparasite (Cyamus scammoni), and 4 helminths (Anisakis simplex, Ogmogaster antarcticus, Ogmogaster pentalineatus, Bolbosoma balanae) with the latter causing multifocal transmural abscesses. Histological examination indicated severe acute lung congestion, minimal, multifocal, lymphocytic, interstitial myocarditis, and mild hepatocellular and Kupffer cell hemosiderosis. The prey taxa present in the stomach indicated the whale was feeding on hard bottom communities prior to death.     

黔金丝猴食性及社会结构的初步研究

黔金丝猴(Rhinopithecus brelichi)是我国一级重点保护动物,仅分布于贵州梵净山狭小范围内(杨业勤,2002),被IUCN列为"濒危种"(IUCN, 2007).它自1903年由Thomas命名后,直到1965年才出现一些生态方面的报道(彭鸿绶等,1965),20世纪80年代,Tan(1985)、马世来等(1988)零星报道了一些黔金丝猴生态学方面的工作.     

A new juvenile specimen of Yunnanosaurus robustus (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from Early to Middle Jurassic of Chuxiong Autonomous Prefecture,Yunnan Province,China

An almost complete skeleton with partial cranial material (ZMNH-M8739) is recovered from the Early or Middle Jurassic of southwest China. ZMNH-M8739 is identified as a juvenile individual of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur, Yunnanosaurus robustus Young, 1951. The revised diagnoses are as follows: absence of anteroposterior expansion on the medial end of astragalus and dorsoventrally compressed medium shaft of the metatarsal IV. Unfused neural arch and finely grooved long bone surface texture indicate that this individual is in the immature growth stage. ZMNH-M8739 possesses the tooth–tooth wear facet on its mesial maxillary and dentary teeth. However, the distal maxillary teeth have coarse serrations. Such a characteristic dentition could represent a unique feeding mechanism of this animal. Finally, ZMNH-M8739 constitutes a monophyletic group with Y. robustus (holotype), and Y. huangi is nesting this clade in the phylogenetic tree of the present analysis. Comparison of juvenile and adult specimen reveals distinctive growth changes of Y. robustus. This clade is positioned in an unnamed clade at a sister taxon of Sauropoda. Finally, some members of the so-called prosauropod dinosaurs constitute a monophyletic group in the present result.