海南三亚一头死亡中华白海豚的形态学记录

On February 2,2015, a dead female Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) was found in the coastal water of Meilian Village, Yacheng Town, Sanya City, Hainan Province, China. It was the first Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin death case ever found in waters southwest of Hainan Island. In the present study, data about external morphology and skeleton system of the dead dolphin were documented, Body length and body mass of the animal were 235.0 cm and ca. 150 kg, respectively, with completely white body color. The cranium of this dolphin wa 189 mm in zygomatic width, and 415 mm in skull length. Its vertebra formula was C6+T12+L10+Ca20=48. It had 12 pairs of ribs and 11 V-bones. According to previous reports, our skeleton sample may have one cervical vertebra missing, and one or more caudal vertebras and V bones missing. More new skeleton samples from the same population are needed to confirm this presumption.     

一头遭鲨鱼袭击和误捕的小须鲸幼仔

A minke whale was by-caught by fishermen in a drift gill net off Shidao, Weihai, Shandong Province on June 15, 2007. The whale, which had been attacked by a shark, was a male with body length 2.43 m, and was suspected to have died soon after the birth. The small size of the whale suggests that a breeding ground for minke whales might exist in the Chinese coastal waters. Evidence of shark attack on this young whale was apparent: half of the fluke was lost and the belly was bitten as well; injuries were not as severe on the caudal peduncle. It was not possible to determine if the shark-related injuries observed occurred prior to the whale being by-caught or were post-mortem. Some conservation measures were proposed in order to better protect the cetaceans in waters off China.     

误捕及其对海兽种群的影响

几乎在全世界都有误捕海兽的记录．有误捕记录的海兽有鲸目１４科６２种,鳍脚目３科１２种,海牛目２科２种及食肉目１科１种．误捕海兽的渔具包括刺网、拖网、围网、张网、插网和陷阱等．误捕可导致种群数量的下降及生活史特征的改变．我国需要开展这方面的研究工作．     

中国沿岸小型鲸类误捕情况的调查

报道了１９９４ ～１９９５ 年对中国沿岸小型鲸类误捕情况的调查结果．调查表明,有误捕记录的小型鲸类主要有５ 种,即江豚（ Ｎｅｏｐｈｏｃａｅｎａ ｐｈｏｃａｅｎｏｉｄｅｓ） 、长喙真海豚（ Ｄｅｌｐｈｉｎｕｓ ｃａｐｅｎｓｉｓ） 、瓶鼻海豚（ Ｔｕｒｓｉｏｐｓｔｒｕｎｃａｔｕｓ） 、点斑原海豚（Ｓｔｅｎｅｌｌａ ａｔｔｅｎｕａｔａ） 和伪虎鲸（ Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｒｃａ ｃｒａｓｓｉｄｅｎｓ） ,其中以江豚的误捕率最高．１９９４ 年在山东、浙江、福建、广东、海南省和广西壮族自治区沿岸渔业误捕的小型鲸类约３０４５ ±２１２０ 头,其中江豚的误捕量约２１３２ ±１４８４ 头．误捕小型鲸类的渔具主要有拖网、刺网和张网．中国沿岸没有专门捕鲸的渔业方式．误捕的小型鲸类在沿岸居民的生活中不占重要地位,它们大部分被丢弃或廉价出售．目前尚不知道误捕对中国水域小型鲸种群影响的程度,但可能是造成数量下降原因之一．     

一头罕见伪虎鲸的测量

2005 年10 月山东省荣成市远洋渔船的渔民偶然误捕了一头海豚,经鉴定,系伪虎鲸,且为畸形。主要鉴别特征:全身呈暗黑色,体细长,背鳍狭长而呈镰刀形,胸鳍前缘有一特有的隆起,即所谓的“肘部”,牙齿大,呈圆锥形,上颌齿数为14,下颌齿数为16。同时,还对其进行了较详细的观察和测量。畸形表现在:左右口角的形状不一;左鳍肢前缘有一明显的二分叉;雌性,乳沟内无乳头,但经解剖发现腹内却有一胎儿,系雄性,体长1.8 m,体重40 kg。
     

中国大陆海域沿岸搁浅和误捕的喙鲸类调查

从2009 年1 月至2010 年2 月,我们对中国大陆海域沿岸搁浅和误捕的喙鲸类头骨标本进行了测量和鉴
定。目前中国大陆海域搁浅和误捕的喙鲸类有5 种,分别为柯氏喙鲸、贝氏喙鲸、朗氏喙鲸、柏氏中喙鲸和小
中喙鲸,其中小中喙鲸为中国海域(包括台湾)的首次报道,也是在西北太平洋区的首次记录。小中喙鲸的主
要形态鉴别特征为有1 对纺锤形牙齿着生在下颌骨联合后面。经对已报道过的大陆海域搁浅和误捕的3 个雌性
银杏齿中喙鲸头骨标本和台湾省搁浅银杏齿中喙鲸的颅骨、鼻骨、下颌骨以及牙齿特征对比重新鉴定,订正大
陆的3 个样本为雌性柏氏中喙鲸。本文报道了大陆沿岸海域搁浅和误捕的喙鲸类最新调查研究结果。     

误捕:无心巨害

对于海洋生态系统,变化最重要的直接驱动力是过度捕捞。人类以鱼类为食并将鱼作为水产养殖饲料的需求将继续增长,其结果是区域海洋渔业资源受到重大而长期的破坏的危险在增加。在世界上多数地区,渔业目标鱼类(包括目标物种和意外捕获物种)的生物量同工业化捕捞前的水平相比减少了90%。世界上商业化海洋渔业品种的约3/4已被利用,其中50%已充分利用,25%已经过度利用。千年生态系统评估:生态系统与人类福祉—生物多样性综合报告     

台湾海峡厦门-东山水域瓶鼻海豚的种群密度、分布和误捕研究

台湾海峡厦门东山水域瓶鼻海豚 ( Tursiopsaduncus)的种群密度约为 0 .0 4 36± 0 .0 2 86头 /km2 ,该水域南部瓶鼻海豚的发现率高于中部和北部。问卷调查和随船出海调查表明围网作业发现和误捕小型鲸类的频率要高于拖网 ,同时拖网又高于刺网。调查期间从东山港记录到的误捕致死的 2 0头小型鲸类中 ,6头 (占 30 % )为瓶鼻海豚 ,分别由拖网和围网捕获。需要开展对当地渔民的宣传教育和加强台湾海峡瓶鼻海豚等小型鲸类的种群生物学和保护生物学的研究。     

福建平潭抗风耐盐园林植物的筛选与配置

通过对福建平潭海坛岛植物野外调查研究与查阅相关资料,筛选出适合平潭种植的抗风耐盐园林植物89种,其中乔木34种、灌木28种、地被植物26种、红树植物1种;针对滨海防护林带、环岛景观路四大风口、竹屿湖等不同类型风口地带的绿地提出了抗风耐盐园林植物配置示例,为平潭乃至福建沿海岛屿的园林绿化建设提供参考。     

福建平潭无居民岛屿空间特征对植物多样性的影响

为了明确岛屿空间特征对植物物种多样性的影响,该研究应用样线法和样方法对福建省平潭主岛周边19座无居民海岛进行植被调查,统计分析每座岛屿的物种丰富度和典型植物群落的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数;采用多种函数对种-面积关系进行拟合,并利用冗余分析影响岛屿典型植物群落物种多样性的空间因素,以探究岛屿植物物种多样性的形成与维持机制。结果表明：(1)平潭主岛周边19座无居民岛屿中有12座岛屿以典型的岛屿森林群落为主,有2座岛屿以灌草丛为主且缺乏乔木层,有5座岛屿只有草丛覆盖。(2)19座岛屿的植物物种丰富度均随岛屿面积的增加而增加,当岛屿面积增加到7.184 hm²时,物种数量增加的速率减慢。(3)岛屿的面积、周长、周长面积比、近岸距离是影响物种多样性的主要空间特征,其中岛屿的面积、周长越大,周长面积比、近岸距离越小,岛屿的物种丰富度越高。(4)在岛屿典型植物群落中,乔木层的物种多样性主要受岛屿面积、周长、周长面积比的影响,而灌、草层的物种多样性主要受近岸距离的影响。研究认为,岛屿面积达...     

INTER-OBSERVER COUNT DISCREPANCIES IN A SHORE-BASED CENSUS OF GRAY WHALES (ESCHRICHTIUS ROBUSTUS)

Estimations of gray whale abundance have generally assumed that shore-based observers record all whales migrating through the viewing area during periods uncompromised by visibility. We tested the repeatability of data collected at the standard gray whale census site at Granite Canyon Marine Laboratory in central California by using pairs of observers maintaining independent sighting records. Proximal shore sites were occupied 6 d (60 h) in January 1986 where one team counted 845 whales in 427 groups while the other team counted 990 whales in 477 groups. A comparison of the records showed that the first team missed 290 whales seen by the second team, and the second team missed 204 whales seen by the first team. The total number of whales in the viewing area was calculated for each team by the Petersen estimate, using mutually sighted whale groups as "recaptures". On average, observers recorded only 79% of the whales. More whales (68%) were missed when entire groups of whales were not seen rather than when groups were undercounted (32%). Visibility did not appear to affect observed rates of missed whales. Whales migrating at intermediate distances from the shore were less often missed than were those > 6 km or < 1 km offshore. This count discrepancy test confirms that an uncorrected calculation of population size for gray whales based on sighting records from solitary observers will be underestimated.     

GROWTH IN YOUNG GRAY WHALES (ESCHRICHTIUS ROBUSTUS)

Mean body lengths of gray whale calves were found to increase linearly from 4.6 m at birth to 7 m by weaning at six mo. After weaning, rates of length increase diminish, with calves reaching 8 m by one yr of age and 9 m by two yr. Evaluations of the weights of nine gray whales as functions of their measured lengths and girths reduce the emphasis placed on fast-induced seasonal variations in girth by Rice and Wolman (1971). From birth weights of just under one metric ton, calves double their weights by three mo of age and double again by weaning at six mo.     

Environmental factors influencing eastern North Pacific gray whale calf production 1994–2016

This paper describes the relationship between eastern North Pacific gray whale calf production and environmental conditions in the Pacific Arctic where they feed. The results show how interannual variation in sea ice cover in the Bering and Chukchi Seas along with broader indices of North Pacific climate, such as Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Index (NPI), are linked to variation in gray whale reproductive output. Estimates of gray whale calf production were derived from 23 consecutive years (1994–2016) of shore-based visual surveys conducted off California during the northward migration. PDO and NPI in combination with ice cover in the Bering and Chukchi Seas during the early phase of gestation appear to be important in explaining the observed variability in calf production. Of the 2,285 time series linear models evaluated, the model of best-fit included PDO(July), Ice(June), NPI(February), and explained 60% of the observed variability in calf production. After elimination of two data outliers in calf production estimates (2013 and 2014) a model including Ice(May), PDO(May), and NPI(July) explained 90% of the variability. We conclude that access to prey early in the gestation period is critical to reproductive success in this population and may be important for other capital breeding mammals.