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siRNA和miRNA的沉默机制是生物基因调控的重要手段之一. 小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)是RNA干扰的引发物,激发与之互补的目标mRNA沉默. 非编码RNA中的微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA),能够识别特定的目标mRNA,通过与mRNAs的3′ 非翻译区结合,影响该目标蛋白的翻译水平. siRNA和miRNA的基因调控机制对生物学研究及疾病的病因和治疗等有直接影响. 本文主要对siRNAs和miRNAs的生物起源及沉默机制进行比较性论述:提出Dicers酶蛋白、Ago蛋白以及20 nt~25 nt的双链RNAs的 3类大分子是RNA沉默的特征结构,并进行了说明性论述|总结性叙述了siRNA和miRNA的2类小分子经典沉默机制,并提出其异同点. 最后,本文根据近期研究进展,对siRNA和miRNA的生物起源及沉默机制提出了新的疑问. 相似文献
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《中国生物化学与分子生物学报》2012,(5)
siRNA和miRNA的沉默机制是生物基因调控的重要手段之一.小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)是RNA干扰的引发物,激发与之互补的目标mRNA沉默.非编码RNA中的微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA),能够识别特定的目标mRNA,通过与mRNAs的3'非翻译区结合,影响该目标蛋白的翻译水平.siRNA和miRNA的基因调控机制对生物学研究及疾病的病因和治疗等有直接影响.本文主要对siRNAs和miRNAs的生物起源及沉默机制进行比较性论述:提出Dicers酶蛋白、Ago蛋白以及20 nt~25 nt的双链RNAs的3类大分子是RNA沉默的特征结构,并进行了说明性论述;总结性叙述了siRNA和miRNA的2类小分子经典沉默机制,并提出其异同点.最后,本文根据近期研究进展,对siRNA和miRNA的生物起源及沉默机制提出了新的疑问. 相似文献
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MicroRNA(miRNA)是真核生物中一类内源性、长约22个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA,参与基因转录后水平调控。miRNA的突变或者异常表达,与大多数癌症的发生发展有关,且与某些抗肿瘤药物疗效密切相关。因此,miRNA在癌症的诊断、预后、治疗和指导肿瘤个体化用药方面具有一定的临床应用潜力,是肿瘤生物治疗领域的一个新亮点。本文即对miRNA在诊断和治疗肿瘤方面的应用现状作一综述。 相似文献
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microRNA (miRNA)和small interfering RNA(siRNA)在真核生物生命活动的基本过程中发挥着重要的调节作用。随着对siRNA和miRNA研究的不断深入, 最近科学家在研究大鼠雄性精子时发现哺乳动物睾丸内存在另一种新型的小RNA分子, 该分子在精子发生过程中起着重要的生理调节作用, 该种小分子RNA被命名为piRNA, 在功能、分布和分子特征等方面piRNA较miRNA和siRNA存在着显著的不同, 对piRNA深入研究有望揭示出机体内在的基因表达调节机制。 相似文献
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近年来的研究发现,生物体内存在着大量的非编码RNA(non.codingRNAs,ncRNA),它们在染色质修饰、基因转录、RNA剪接和mRNA翻译等多种水平上参与了基因表达的调控。ncRNA中的小分子RNA如miRNA能够识别特定的目标mRNA,通过与mRNAs3’非翻译区结合,影响mRNA转录及蛋白质翻译;siRNA是RNA干扰的引发物,能够导致与dsRNA同源的mRNA降解,进而抑制相应基因表达;saRNA是目前最新发现的一种靶向目的基因启动子区的在转录水平激活目的基因表达的dsRNA。miRNA、siRNA和saRNA在生成机制、作用途径等方面关系密切,既区别又相互联系,小分子RNA的研究将是今后分子生物学的研究热点之一。 相似文献
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miRNA(microRNA)是一类广泛存在于高等真核细胞中的长度约为21个碱基的小分子非编码RNA,参与调控三分之一以上基因的表达,并与多种人类疾病存在重要关联。而siRNA(small interfering RNA)是RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)中的效应分子,其结构和作用机制与miRNA存在许多类似之处。由于miRNA和siRNA具有重要的生物学功能。因此,对它们作用机制的理解具有非常重要的理论意义和应用指导价值。该综述将对它们作用机制的研究进展做一总结和回顾。 相似文献
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Huang Huang Renping Qiao Deyao Zhao Tong Zhang Youxian Li Fan Yi Fangfang Lai Junmei Hong Xianfeng Ding Zhenjun Yang Lihe Zhang Quan Du Zicai Liang 《Nucleic acids research》2009,37(22):7560-7569
Silencing specificity is a critical issue in the therapeutic applications of siRNA, particularly in the treatment of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diseases where discrimination against single nucleotide variation is demanded. However, no generally applicable guidelines are available for the design of such allele-specific siRNAs. In this paper, the issue was approached by using a reporter-based assay. With a panel of 20 siRNAs and 240 variously mismatched target reporters, we first demonstrated that the mismatches were discriminated in a position-dependent order, which was however independent of their sequence contexts using position 4th, 12th and 17th as examples. A general model was further built for mismatch discrimination at all positions using 230 additional reporter constructs specifically designed to contain mismatches distributed evenly along the target regions of different siRNAs. This model was successfully employed to design allele-specific siRNAs targeting disease-causing mutations of PIK3CA gene at two SNP sites. Furthermore, conformational distortion of siRNA-target duplex was observed to correlate with the compromise of gene silencing. In summary, these findings could dramatically simplify the design of allele-specific siRNAs and might also provide guide to increase the specificity of therapeutic siRNAs. 相似文献
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In vivo specific delivery of c-Met siRNA to glioblastoma using cationic solid lipid nanoparticles 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jin J Bae KH Yang H Lee SJ Kim H Kim Y Joo KM Seo SW Park TG Nam DH 《Bioconjugate chemistry》2011,22(12):2568-2572
RNA interference is a powerful strategy that inhibits gene expression through specific mRNA degradation. In vivo, however, the application of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is severely limited by their instability and their poor delivery into target cells and tissues. This is especially true with glioblastomas (GBMs), the most frequent and malignant form of brain tumor, that has limited treatment options due to the largely impenetrable blood-brain barrier. Here, cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), reconstituted from natural components of protein-free low-density lipoprotein, was conjugated to PEGylated c-Met siRNA. The c-Met siRNA-PEG/SLN complex efficiently down-regulated c-Met expression level, as well as decreased cell proliferation in U-87MG in vitro. In orthotopic U-87MG xenograft tumor model, intravenous administration of the complex significantly inhibited c-Met expression at the tumor tissue and suppressed tumor growth without showing any systemic toxicity in mice. Use of Cy5.5 conjugated SLN revealed enhanced accumulation of the siRNA-PEG/SLN complexes specifically in the brain tumor. Our data demonstrates the feasibility of using siRNA-PEG/SLN complexes as a potential carrier of therapeutic siRNAs for the systemic treatment of GBM in the clinic. 相似文献
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Background
Many in vitro studies have demonstrated that silencing of cancerous genes by siRNAs is a potential therapeutic approach for blocking tumor growth. However, siRNAs are not cell type-selective, cannot specifically target tumor cells, and therefore have limited in vivo application for siRNA-mediated gene therapy. 相似文献14.
Activation of the interferon system by short-interfering RNAs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool used to manipulate gene expression or determine gene function. One technique of expressing the short double-stranded (ds) RNA intermediates required for interference in mammalian systems is the introduction of short-interfering (si) RNAs. Although RNAi strategies are reliant on a high degree of specificity, little attention has been given to the potential non-specific effects that might be induced. Here, we found that transfection of siRNAs results in interferon (IFN)-mediated activation of the Jak-Stat pathway and global upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes. This effect is mediated by the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR, which is activated by 21-base-pair (bp) siRNAs and required for upregulation of IFN-beta in response to siRNAs. In addition, we show by using cell lines deficient in specific components mediating IFN action that the RNAi mechanism itself is independent of the interferon system. Thus, siRNAs have broad and complicating effects beyond the selective silencing of target genes when introduced into cells. This is of critical importance, as siRNAs are currently being explored for their potential therapeutic use. 相似文献
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McNamara JO Andrechek ER Wang Y Viles KD Rempel RE Gilboa E Sullenger BA Giangrande PH 《Nature biotechnology》2006,24(8):1005-1015
Technologies that mediate targeted delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are needed to improve their therapeutic efficacy and safety. Therefore, we have developed aptamer-siRNA chimeric RNAs capable of cell type-specific binding and delivery of functional siRNAs into cells. The aptamer portion of the chimeras mediates binding to PSMA, a cell-surface receptor overexpressed in prostate cancer cells and tumor vascular endothelium, whereas the siRNA portion targets the expression of survival genes. When applied to cells expressing PSMA, these RNAs are internalized and processed by Dicer, resulting in depletion of the siRNA target proteins and cell death. In contrast, the chimeras do not bind to or function in cells that do not express PSMA. These reagents also specifically inhibit tumor growth and mediate tumor regression in a xenograft model of prostate cancer. These studies demonstrate an approach for targeted delivery of siRNAs with numerous potential applications, including cancer therapeutics. 相似文献
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N. A. Nikitenko T. Speiseder E. L. Chernolovskaya M. A. Zenkova T. Dobner V. S. Prassolov 《Molecular Biology》2016,50(1):164-167
Human adenoviruses, in particular D8, D19, and D37, cause ocular infections. Currently, there is no available causally directed treatment, which efficiently counteracts adenoviral infectious diseases. In our previous work, we showed that gene silencing by means of RNA interference is an effective approach for downregulation of human species D adenoviruses replication. In this study, we compared the biological activity of siRNAs and their modified analogs targeting human species D adenoviruses DNA polymerase. We found that one of selectively 2’-O-methyl modified siRNAs mediates stable and long-lasting suppression of the target gene (12 days post transfection). We suppose that this siRNA can be used as a potential therapeutic agent against human species D adenoviruses. 相似文献
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Chan Il Chang Hye Suk Kang Changill Ban Soyoun Kim Dong-ki Lee 《Molecules and cells》2009,27(6):689-695
Chemically synthesized small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can specifically knock-down expression of target genes via RNA interference
(RNAi) pathway. To date, the length of synthetic siRNA duplex has been strictly maintained less than 30 bp, because an early
study suggested that double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) longer than 30 bp could not trigger specific gene silencing due to the
induction of nonspecific antiviral interferon responses. Contrary to the current belief, here we show that synthetic dsRNA
as long as 38 bp can result in specific target gene silencing without nonspecific antiviral responses. Using this longer duplex
structure, we have generated dsRNAs, which can simultaneously knock-down expression of two target genes (termed as dual-target
siRNAs or dsiRNAs). Our results thus demonstrate the structural flexibility of gene silencing siRNAs, and provide a starting
point to construct multifunctional RNA structures. The dsiRNAs could be utilized to develop a novel therapeutic gene silencing
strategy against diseases with multiple gene alternations such as viral infection and cancer. 相似文献
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Nan Zhang Chunyan Tan Puqin Cai Peizhuo Zhang Yufen Zhao Yuyang Jiang 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2009,17(6):2441-2446
siRNAs modified with morpholino nucleoside analogues were synthesized and their biological properties were examined in details. The gene silence abilities of modified siRNAs were correlated to the positions of the modifications, some of which appeared to be more potent than the native siRNA. The 3′-end modification improved the stability of siRNAs in serum significantly. Furthermore, the dose–response and time-course experiments demonstrated that the siRNAs with 3′-end modification have potent gene silence activity at lower concentration and prolonged action time. These favorable properties make the morpholino modified siRNA a potentially useful tool in therapeutic applications. 相似文献
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ShanYi Chen GuoFeng Gao Wei Chen Qing Lü Shen Tang Zhong Hua WenBin Ye DaYong Gu ShaYan Wang YaOu Zhang 《中国科学:生命科学英文版》2008,51(2):104-110
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is up-regulated in the vast majority of human tumors. The up-regulation of VEGF not only plays important roles in tumor angiogenesis, but also provides a target for tumor treatment with small interfering RNA (siRNA) that targets VEGF; however, it is unclear whether a quite high up-regulation of VEGF will affect the efficiency of RNA interference strategies targeting VEGF. A high level expression of VEGF was found in CNE cells from a nasopharyngeal car-cinoma cell line. In this study, we investigate whether VEGF-specific siRNAs can effectively suppress VEGF expression in CNE cells, and study the methods for the use of VEGF-specific siRNAs as potential therapeutic agents. CNE cells with high VEGF expression induced by hypoxia were transfected with VEGF-specific siRNAs. The expression of VEGF was effectively suppressed by VEGF-specific siRNAs, measured by ELISA, Western blot analysis and RT-PCR. Furthermore, experiments in nude mice bear-ing nasopharyngeal carcinoma xenograft were initiated 5 d after injection of CNE cells. VEGF-specific siRNAs were modified with 2′-deoxy, then injected into the tumors, and a liposome-mediated siRNA transfection system and ultrasound exposure were used to help delivery of the siRNAs. Tumor growth was reduced significantly after 3 weeks’ treatment. These studies suggest that VEGF-specific siRNAs still can effectively suppress VEGF expression even in tumor cell lines with a relatively high level of VEGF expression, such as CNE, and VEGF-specific siRNAs modified with 2′-deoxy can be used as po-tential agents for tumor therapy. 相似文献
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Nucleic acids that bind to cells and are subsequently internalized could prove to be novel delivery reagents. An anti-prostate specific membrane antigen aptamer that has previously been shown to bind to prostate tumor cells was coupled to siRNAs via a modular streptavidin bridge. The resulting conjugates could be simply added onto cells without any further preparation, and were taken up within 30 min. The siRNA-mediated inhibition of gene expression was as efficient as observed with conventional lipid-based reagents, and was dependent upon conjugation to the aptamer. These results suggest new venues for the therapeutic delivery of siRNAs and for the development of reagents that can be used to probe cellular physiology. 相似文献