容量与压力控制通气模式对胸科手术单肺通气肺内分流及氧合的影响

目的:为观察术前肺功能正常的开胸手术病人在单肺通气(OLV)期间,定压控制通气模式(PCV)和定容控制通气模式(VCV)对气道压力、肺内分流及氧合的影响.方法:选择40例术前肺功能正常进行开胸手术的病人,随机分为A、B两组.A组:单肺通气采用VCV模式30 min后转换为PCV模式.B组:单肺通气采用PCV模式30 min后转换为VCV模式.在麻醉前(TI)、单肺通气前(T2),容量控制通气(压力控制通气)30min(T3)、转换为压力控制通气(容量控制通气)30min(T4)四个时间段测气道压力和采动脉及混合静脉血行血气分析及计算肺内分流.结果:发现;无论VCV还是PCV在单肺通气期间动脉血氧分压(PaO2)无统计学意义(P=0.534),两组间的肺内分流量(Qs/Qt)比较差异无显著性(p>0.05),PCV气道压力比VCV低((P<0.01).结论:肺功能正常的患者在OLV期间,PCV模式与VCV模式比较并不能提高氧合作用,但PCV模式气道压力低,有利于减少气道损伤.     

单肺通气时低氧血症的预防的研究进展

单肺通气技术广泛用于开胸手术的麻醉处理,低氧血症是其主要并发症。低氧血症严重影响病人的正常生理功能,是麻醉医生和外科医生面临的重大挑战。因此,尽可能地预测,预防和处理低氧血症非常重要。术前肺功能、哪侧手术、肺血流灌注是其发生的重要预测因素。使用合理的通气方式,麻醉方法及药物会降低单肺通气时低氧血症的发生。本文综合分析了单肺通气时低氧血症的预防进展,以期减少其发生率。     

高氧医用液输注治疗慢性肺心病呼吸衰竭16例

高氧医用液含有高浓度溶解氧,输入人体内,达到直接内给氧,能迅速改善缺氧症状。我院对慢性肺源性心脏病（肺心病）呼吸衰竭患者,在综合治疗的基础上应用高氧医用液输注治疗,效果满意。现报告如下。     

单肺通气时氧化应激反应的研究进展

单肺通气广泛应用于心胸外科手术中.但单/双肺通气模式的转变能诱发明显的氧化应激反应,可进一步损伤肺和心脏等重要器官.卤族类麻醉药能够减少肺缺血再灌注时氧自由基的产生,静脉麻醉药丙泊酚的抗氧化特性也已得到证实,因此均具有一定的抗氧化损伤作用.本文综合分析了单肺通气时氧化应激反应及麻醉药物时其影响的研究进展,以期减少术后并发症的发生.     

三种兔单肺通气模型的比较

目的采用三种方法建立兔单肺通气模型并比较其效果。方法日本大耳白兔30只,随机分为3组(即A、B、C组)各10个,分别采用自制双腔气管导管法、左主支气管结扎法和插管过深法。呼吸机通气参数为:FiO21.0,RR 40/min,VT 10 mL/kg。单肺通气2 h后恢复双肺通气。记录各组单肺通气实施的一次成功率、总成功率、从气管切开开始到单肺通气实施所需要的时间、动物失血量。实验结束后开胸测量兔气管、左主支气管、右主支气管的长度和内径。结果各组进入实验的动物数分别为10、6、8只。与B、C组比较,A组一次成功率和总成功率高,所需时间明显较少(P<0.01),且出血量明显少于B组(P<0.01)。结论采用自制双腔气管导管能迅速有效的建立单肺通气模型,是用于研究与单肺通气相关病理生理机制的理想模型。     

高氧液临床应用疗效观察

我院自引进高氧液以来,现已应用于临床650例,涉及病种10余个,现将疗效观察报告如下。     

肺保护性通气对单肺通气患者呼吸动力学、炎性因子及认知功能的影响

目的:探讨肺保护性通气对单肺通气(OLV)患者呼吸动力学、炎性因子及认知功能的影响。方法:选取2017年7月～2018年5月期间我院收治的择期行肺部手术的患者215例为研究对象。根据OLV方式的不同将患者分为传统OLV组(n=107)和保护性OLV组(n=108),比较两组OLV0.5 h(T1)、OLV1h(T2)等时间点的胸肺顺应性(CT)、气道阻力(Raw)、气道峰压(Ppeak)等指标情况,比较两组T1、T2、拔管后2 h(T3)白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-8(IL-8)水平,比较两组术前、术后10 d第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO)、25%用力呼气流量(FEF25),比较两组术前、术后10 d、术后1个月简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分,记录两组患者术后认知功能障碍发生率。结果:两组患者T2时间点CT均较T1时间点下降,但保护性OLV组高于传统OLV组(P0.05);两组患者T2时间点Raw、Ppeak较T1时间点升高,但保护性OLV组低于传统OLV组(P0.05)。两组患者T2、T3时间点IL-6、IL-8均较T1时间点升高,且T3时间点高于T2时间点(P0.05);保护性OLV组T2、T3时间点均低于传统OLV组(P0.05)。两组患者术前、术后1个月MMSE评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后10 d,传统OLV组MMSE评分较术前、术后1个月降低,且术后10 d,保护性OLV组MMSE评分高于传统OLV组(P0.05);保护性OLV组术后认知功能障碍发生率显著低于传统OLV组(P0.05)。结论:OLV患者采用肺保护性通气的方式有助于改善患者呼吸动力学、肺功能以及认知功能,同时可以减轻机体炎性反应。     

单肺通气时两种通气模式对PetCO2与PaCO2相关性的影响

目的：探讨胸科开胸手术单肺通气定容通气模式下和定压通气模式下PetC02（呼气末二氧化碳分压）与PaCO2（动脉二氧化碳分压）的相关性。方法：选择40例择期左侧开胸手术单肺通气成年患者,ASAI～II级,随机分为A组（n=20）采用VCV（容量控制通气）模式通气、B组（n=20）采用PCV（压力控制通气）模式通气。比较两组各时段的PaCO2和PetCO2的差异及相关性。结果：经统计学分析,除第一时间点,两组同一时间点的PetC02比较及PaCO2比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈O．05）,A组PetC02四个时间点比较及PaCO2四个时间点比较差异均有有统计学意义（P〈0．001）,B组除PetCO2第三与第四个时间点比较差异无统计学意义外,余PetCO2各时间点相比较及PaCO2各时间点相比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。单肺通气定压通气模式下PetCO2与PaCO2在各个时间点的相关系数均大于定容通气模式时。无论是定容还是定压通气模式,单肺通气时间越长,其PetCO2与PaCOz的相关系数也越小。结论：1．同双肺通气相比,单肺通气时定压通气模式下PaCO2及PetCO2的改变小于定容通气模式时。2．单肺通气时,定压通气模式下PetCO2与PaCO2的相关性好于定容通气模式时。3．在这两种通气模式下PetCO2与PaCO2的相关性与单肺通气的时间成反比。     

高氧液预处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的:研究高氧液预处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法:雄性新西兰白兔32只,随机分为4组(n=8),结扎-开放冠状动脉左前降支(LAD)建立心肌缺血再灌注模型。假手术组(Sham组)只穿线环绕LAD不结扎;吸氧组(OX组)结扎前30 min经鼻吸纯氧2L/min;在结扎LAD前30 min分别静脉注射HO 10 ml/kg(HO1组)、20 ml/kg(HO2组)。于结扎LAD前即刻(T0,基础值)、开放LAD前即刻(T1)、再灌注60 min(T2)及再灌注120 min(T3)时记录HR和MAP,于T3时抽取动脉血样3 ml,测定血清肌酸激酶(CK)、肌钙蛋白I(cTNI)的活性和IL-6和TNF-α的浓度,并测定心肌梗死范围。结果:I/S组与T0时比较,T 1-3时各组HR、MAP进行性下降(P<0.05);三组间HR、MAP比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与Sham组比较,I/S组血清CK、cTNI、IL-6和TNF-α含量明显升高(P 0.01);与OX组比较,HO2组上述酶及炎症因子浓度显著下降(P<0.01),心肌梗死范围减小(P<0.05)。结论:高氧液预处理可减轻兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤,机制可能与其抑制炎性反应有关。     

姜黄素对高氧致新生鼠支气管肺发育不良的保护作用

目的 研究姜黄素对高氧暴露致新生鼠支气管肺发育不良的影响,探讨其作用机制.方法 给予出生6 h内的SD大鼠持续60%氧暴露14d建立肺损伤模型.通氧的同时予姜黄索100 ms/(kg·d)灌胃.观察肺组织病理学改变,进行辐射状肺泡计数(RAC),末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口标记技术(TUNEL)检测肺组织细胞凋亡.免疫组化和Western blot法检测肺组织活化半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)的表达.结果 与空气对照组相比,随着氧暴露时间的延长,高氧组的大鼠出现肺发育停滞的典型病理表现:肺泡增大、结构简化,肺泡隔增厚.RAC明显减少,肺组织细胞凋亡明显增加,免疫组化和Western blot法均显示肺组织活化Caspase-3表达明显升高.姜黄素能改善损伤的肺病理结构,并在干预14d后使RAC显著增多,肺组织凋亡细胞显著减少,干预4d后肺组织活化Caspase-3显著降低.结论 姜黄素可减轻高氧暴露所致的BPD,可能是通过抗凋亡机制实现其保护作用.     

Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Dexmedetomidine Combined with Inhalation of Isoflurane on Arterial Oxygenation and Intrapulmonary Shunt During Single-Lung Ventilation

To investigate the changes in arterial oxygenation and intrapulmonary shunt during one-lung ventilation (OLV) with intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine combined with isoflurane inhalation. ASA I–II 60 patients aged 18–70 year, undergoing OLV during elective thoracic surgery were randomly allocated to two groups: (1) isoflurane + saline (group NISO, n = 30) and (2) isoflurane + dexmedetomidine (group DISO, n = 30). After induction, anesthesia was maintained with intravenous infusion of remifentanil 0.1–0.2 μg kg^?1 min^?1 and inhalation isoflurane (1.0–2.0 %). In addition, anesthesia was maintained with intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine 0.7 μg kg^?1 h^?1 in DISO group and saline 0.25 ml kg^?1 h^?1 in NISO group. Bispectral Index values were maintained within 40–60 by changing the concentration of isoflurane in all groups. Arterial blood gas samples and central venous blood gas samples were taken as follows: during two-lung ventilation before OLV and during the first 40 min of OLV. 45 Patients completed the study, with 23 patients in DISO group and 22 patients in NISO group. The two groups were comparable in terms of demographic variables, hemodynamic, PaO₂, Qs/Q_T, end expiration isoflurane and BIS levels during the operation. Compared with patients in the group NISO, there were significant increases with PaO₂, significant decrease with Qs/Q_T, significant decrease with end expiration isoflurane, and significant decrease with HR in the group DISO during the first 40 min of OLV (P < 0.05). Dexmedetomidine infusions decrease the requirement for isoflurane, decrease intrapulmonary shunt, and moderate the change in PaO₂ and may be useful in managing OLV.     

Therapeutic Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Perfluorocarbon Emulsion on LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats

Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are the leading causes of death in critical care. Despite extensive efforts in research and clinical medicine, mortality remains high in these diseases. Perfluorocarbon (PFC), a chemical compound known as liquid ventilation medium, is capable of dissolving large amounts of physiologically important gases (mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide). In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of intravenous infusion of PFC emulsion on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced ALI in rats and elucidate its mechanism of action. Forty two Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: 6 rats were treated with saline solution by intratracheal instillation (control group), 18 rats were treated with LPS by intratracheal instillation (LPS group) and the other 18 rats received PFC through femoral vein prior to LPS instillation (LPS+PFC group). The rats in the control group were sacrificed 6 hours later after saline instillation. At 2, 4 and 6 hours of exposure to LPS, 6 rats in the LPS group and 6 rats in LPS+PFC group were sacrificed at each time point. By analyzing pulmonary pathology, partial pressure of oxygen in the blood (PaO2) and lung wet-dry weight ratio (W/D) of each rat, we found that intravenous infusion of PFC significantly alleviated acute lung injury induced by LPS. Moreover, we showed that the expression of pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) of endothelial cells and CD11b of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) induced by LPS were significantly decreased by PFC treatment in vivo. Our results indicate that intravenous infusion of PFC inhibits the infiltration of PMNs into lung tissue, which has been shown as the core pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. Thus, our study provides a theoretical foundation for using intravenous infusion of PFC to prevent and treat ALI/ARDS in clinical practice.     

Effects of Intravenous Infusion of Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides on Coagulation,Complement Activation and Hemodynamics

Abstract

Several acute toxicities in monkeys have been associated with administration of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides including effects on coagulation and complement cascades. These effects are transient in nature and the severity is closely associated with peak plasma concentrations of the oligonucleotide. Similar properties have been observed for several oligonucleotides with different base sequences.     

In-Use Contamination of Intravenous Infusion Fluid

During the 1970 to 1971 nationwide epidemic of septicemias caused by Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter agglomerans traced to intrinsic contamination of Abbott intravenous infusion products, 94 infusion systems manufactured by Baxter Laboratories were studied microbiologically and epidemiologically during hospital use. Intravenous fluid from 10 systems (11%) contained microorganisms, usually Staphylococcus or Bacillus species; one infusion was heavily contaminated with Klebsiella pneumoniae. No national epidemic organisms, E. cloacae or E. agglomerans (formerly Erwinia), were recovered, suggesting that during this period frequent contamination with these organisms was unique to Abbott's infusion products. Contamination in this study appeared to be extrinsic in origin (introduced during clinical use) and related to the duration of continuous intravenous therapy. Nine of 61 systems (15%) that had been used longer than 48 h were contaminated, whereas only 1 of 33 used less than 48 h (3%) contained microorganisms. This study and the recent national outbreak indicate that contamination of infusion fluid, both from intrinsic and extrinsic sources, must be recognized as an additional risk of intravenous therapy; however, a once-daily replacement of the delivery apparatus can significantly diminish this hazard.     

术中静脉不同剂量右美托咪啶对全髋置换术患者术后患者芬太尼静脉自控镇痛效果的影响

目的:观察气管内全身麻醉下行全髋置换术患者,术中静脉应用不同剂量右美托咪定对术后芬太尼静脉自控镇痛效果的影响及相关不良反应发生的情况。方法:选择择期在气管内全麻下行全髋置换术的患者60例,ASA I~Ⅱ级,年龄47~78岁,体重42~79 kg。患者随机分组法分为3组(n=20):C组(盐水对照组)、D1组(右美托咪定0.5μg/kg组)和D2组(右美托咪定1μg/kg组),在手术结束前约1小时按分组分别给予生理盐水和右美托咪啶,术后镇痛使用芬太尼静脉自控镇痛24 h。记录患者术后2h、2~6 h、6~12 h、12~24 h芬太尼的用量;VAS评分法评估患者术前、术后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h时的疼痛程度;记录镇痛期间恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒及过度镇静等不良反应发生的情况。结果:术后2h和术后2~6 h芬太尼用量D1组和D2组较C组减少(P0.05),但D1组和D2组之间比较无差异(P0.05);而术后6~12和12~24 h三组患者芬太尼用量无差异(P0.05)。术后2 h、2~6 hVAS评分D1组和D2组较C组减少(P0.05),而D1组和D2组之间比较无差异(P0.05);术后6~12、12~24 h三组患者VAS评分无差异(P0.05)。与C组比较,D1组和D2组镇痛期间恶心呕吐发生率降低(P0.05),余不良反应各组之间比较无差异(P0.05)。结论:气管内全身麻醉下行全髋置换术的患者,术中静脉应用右美托咪啶可在术后6 h内增强芬太尼镇痛的效果减少芬太尼的用量,但增大剂量效果并不增加而作用时间也不延长。     

术中静脉不向剂量右美托咪啶对全髋置换术患者术后患者芬太尼静脉自控镇痛效果的影响

目的：观察气管内全身麻醉下行全髋置换术患者,术中静脉应用不同剂量右美托咪定对术后芬太尼静脉自控镇痛效果的影响及相关不良反应发生的情况。方法：选择择期在气管内全麻下行全髋置换术的患者60 例,ASA Ⅰ ～Ⅱ级,年龄47～78 岁,体重42～79 kg。患者随机分组法分为3 组（n=20）：C 组（盐水对照组）、D1 组（右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg 组）和D2 组（右美托咪定1 μg/kg组）,在手术结束前约1 小时按分组分别给予生理盐水和右美托咪啶,术后镇痛使用芬太尼静脉自控镇痛24 h。记录患者术后2h、2～6 h、6～12 h、12～24 h芬太尼的用量;VAS 评分法评估患者术前、术后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h 时的疼痛程度;记录镇痛期间恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒及过度镇静等不良反应发生的情况。结果：术后2h 和术后2～6 h芬太尼用量D1组和D2 组较C 组减少（P＜0.05）,但D1组和D2 组之间比较无差异（P＞0.05）;而术后6～12 和12～24 h三组患者芬太尼用量无差异（P＞0.05）。术后2 h、2～6 hVAS评分D1 组和D2 组较C组减少（P＜0.05）,而D1组和D2 组之间比较无差异（P＞0.05）;术后6～12、12～24 h三组患者VAS 评分无差异（P＞0.05）。与C 组比较,D1 组和D2 组镇痛期间恶心呕吐发生率降低（P＜0.05）,余不良反应各组之间比较无差异（P＞0.05）。结论：气管内全身麻醉下行全髋置换术的患者,术中静脉应用右美托咪啶可在术后6 h内增强芬太尼镇痛的效果减少芬太尼的用量,但增大剂量效果并不增加而作用时间也不延长。     

周期性静滴给药的稳态动力学研究

对线性一定模型的药物,周期静滴给药的动力学模型为一分段连续函数,本文对其动态动力学特征进行了研究,得到了稳态浓度的ｃ－ｔ方程以及一次给药和多次给药动力学参数之间的关系。为预测稳态浓度提供了依据,在此基础上对给药方案的拟定进行了讨论。