INS-1E细胞葡萄糖毒性模型的建立

目的:建立胰岛细胞系INS-1E细胞的葡萄糖毒性模型。方法:将INS-1E细胞分别在不同葡萄糖浓度(5.5 mmol/L、16.7mmol/L、25 mmol/L、30 mmol/L)的1640完全培养基中培养不同时间(48 h、72 h、96 h、120 h),分别在不同时间点取细胞进行细胞功能检测,实时荧光定量PCR法检测胰岛素m RNA的表达,ELISA检测葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素的分泌。结果:与对照组相比,高糖浓度(5.5 mmol/L、16.7 mmol/L、25 mmol/L、30 mmol/L)培养基中培养48 h后,INS-1E细胞的胰岛素合成和分泌的功能均增加(P均0.05),随着培养基中葡萄糖浓度的升高以及培养时间的延长,INS-1E细胞胰岛素合成及分泌的功能逐渐下降,当在葡萄糖浓度为30 mmol/L的培养基中培养120 h后,胰岛素m RNA合成及葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌均显著降低(P均0.01)。结论:INS-1E细胞在30 m M的葡萄糖中培养120 h形成稳定的葡萄糖毒性模型。     

竹节参皂苷Ⅳa通过Akt/mTOR通路保护胰岛β细胞损伤

目的:研究竹节参皂苷Ⅳa(CHS)对高糖诱导的胰岛β细胞损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法:采用高糖建立胰岛β细胞损伤模型,分为正常组、模型组、CHS给药低、中和高剂量组(25、50和100μM)。MTT法检测CHS对胰岛细胞存活率的影响,胰岛素释放实验检测CHS对胰岛β细胞功能的影响,试剂盒检测Caspase 3和细胞色素c的水平,蛋白印迹法检测Bax、Bcl-2、Akt、m TORC1、S6K蛋白表达和磷酸化水平变化。结果:与正常组比较,高糖使INS-1细胞存活率降低,胰岛素释放减少,同时Caspase-3,细胞色素c,Bax蛋白表达增加,Bcl-2蛋白表达减少;与模型组比较,CHS可以明显逆转这一趋势(P 0.05)。此外,CHS可剂量依赖性的促进Akt,m TORC1和S6K磷酸化水平,进一步研究发现,CHS保护胰岛INS-1细胞的作用及对m TORC1和S6K磷酸化的作用被si Akt抵消。结论:CHS可以对抗胰岛β细胞的糖毒性,降低胰岛INS-1细胞凋亡,增加胰岛素释放水平,其作用机制可能与激活Akt/mTOR信号通路有关。     

竹节参皂苷IVa通过Akt/mTOR通路保护胰岛β细胞损伤

摘要 目的：研究竹节参皂苷IVa（CHS）对高糖诱导的胰岛β细胞损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法：采用高糖建立胰岛β细胞损伤模型,分为正常组、模型组、CHS给药低、中和高剂量组（25、50 和100 μM）。MTT法检测CHS对胰岛细胞存活率的影响,胰岛素释放实验检测CHS对胰岛β细胞功能的影响,试剂盒检测Caspase 3和细胞色素c的水平,蛋白印迹法检测Bax、Bcl-2、Akt、mTORC1、S6K蛋白表达和磷酸化水平变化。结果：与正常组比较,高糖使INS-1细胞存活率降低,胰岛素释放减少,同时Caspase-3,细胞色素c,Bax蛋白表达增加,Bcl-2蛋白表达减少;与模型组比较,CHS可以明显逆转这一趋势（P <0.05）。此外,CHS可剂量依赖性的促进Akt,mTORC1和S6K磷酸化水平,进一步研究发现,CHS保护胰岛INS-1细胞的作用及对mTORC1和S6K磷酸化的作用被siAkt抵消。结论：CHS可以对抗胰岛β细胞的糖毒性,降低胰岛INS-1细胞凋亡,增加胰岛素释放水平,其作用机制可能与激活Akt/mTOR信号通路有关。     

血红素加氧酶／一氧化碳系统在1，6-二磷酸果糖抗IL-1β致胰岛细胞凋亡中的作用

目的：探讨1,6-二磷酸果糖（FDP）对白介素-1β（IL-1β）致胰岛细胞凋亡的保护作用及其机制与血红素加氧酶／一氧化碳（HO-1／CO）系统的关系。方法：应用离体培养乳鼠的胰岛细胞,分别检测IL-1β、FDP作用后细胞形态、细胞活性、细胞凋亡率、细胞HO-1的活性和细胞培养上清液中胰岛素的基础和高糖刺激分泌量以及CO的含量的变化,同时设立正常对照组。结果：正常胰岛细胞HO-1活性较低,CO含量少,凋亡细胞率为4．71±0．62。IL-1β作用20h后,与正常组比较胰岛细胞活性明显降低,基础和高糖刺激胰岛素分泌减少,胰岛细胞凋亡率明显增加（P〈0．01）;细胞HO-1活性有所增加,上清液中CO生成增多（P〈0．05）,损伤后与FDP共同孵育细胞活性显著升高,胰岛素基础和高糖分泌量增多,胰岛凋亡率明显降低,HO-1活性和CO生成显著提高（P〈0．01）,具有统计学意义。结论：FDP能降低IL-1β诱导胰岛细胞的凋亡,改善细胞活性,促进细胞的分泌功能,机制可能与FDP增加HO-1活性,从而CO生成增多有关。     

L-亮氨酸对克隆的胰岛β细胞株INS-1E细胞分泌胰岛素的葡萄糖依赖性研究

目的:探讨L-亮氨酸对克隆的胰岛β细胞株INS-1E细胞分泌胰岛素的刺激作用及其葡萄糖依赖性。方法:INS-1E细胞经传代培养2 d后,在Krebs-Ringer缓冲液中37℃培养箱预培养30 min,再用含有不同浓度葡萄糖和不同浓度L-亮氨酸的改良Krebs-Ringer缓冲液培养60 min,然后留取上清液进行胰岛素测定。结果:L-亮氨酸在0.1~10 mmol.L-1范围不增加16.7mmol.L-1葡萄糖刺激的INS-1E细胞的胰岛素分泌,仅20 mmol.L-1的L-亮氨酸促进葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素分泌;10 mmol.L-1L-亮氨酸在1.1、3.3、6.7 mmol.L-1葡萄糖存在的情况下促进INS-1E细胞的胰岛素分泌,而在11.1、16.7、25 mmol.L-1葡萄糖存在的情况下无促进胰岛素分泌的作用。结论:本研究显示在无刺激胰岛素分泌的葡萄糖浓度条件下,10 mmol.L-1L-亮氨酸即显示了刺激INS-1E细胞分泌胰岛素的作用,在较高葡萄糖的条件下,10 mmol.L-1L-亮氨酸的作用减弱或消失。     

高糖通过下调FoxO1磷酸化诱导β细胞去分化

胰岛β细胞发生去分化现象是导致其功能减退的机制之一。已有研究证明,FoxO1与β细胞去分化密切相关。然而,高糖是否可通过FoxO1诱导β细胞发生去分化目前尚未见报告。本研究通过不同浓度高糖干预MIN6细胞,采用葡萄糖刺激胰岛素分泌试验（GSIS）检测β细胞功能|实时荧光定量PCR及蛋白免疫印迹、免疫荧光方法检测高糖干预后β细胞内祖细胞标志基因、β细胞标志基因及FoxO1的表达变化。结果显示,不同浓度高糖干预β细胞后,当浓度达到35 mmol/L时,β细胞祖细胞标志基因表达明显增加。且在该浓度时,检测到β细胞标志基因表达明显降低,MIN6细胞葡萄糖刺激胰岛素分泌功能减退,磷酸化FoxO1表达减少。上述结果提示,高糖可诱导胰岛β细胞去分化的发生,其机制可能是通过FoxO1介导。     

FOXO1在胰岛β细胞中的表达及对增殖凋亡功能的影响

胰岛功能受损的分子机制研究是揭示2型糖尿病(T2DM)发病机制的核心问题．FOXO1是胰岛素信号下游的重要靶转录因子,参与胰岛的发育,但在分化成熟的胰岛β细胞中的功能尚未阐明．本研究采用免疫组化方法结合激光共聚焦技术观察FOXO1在胰岛的表达及细胞定位;通过基因介导的转移技术和siRNA干预技术,在培养的大鼠胰腺癌β细胞系（INS-1E）中特异高表达组成性活性的FOXO1(FOXO1-AAA)或抑制其表达水平,观察FOXO1表达水平的改变对β细胞增殖、凋亡的影响．免疫组化结果显示,FOXO1在正常胰腺组织中仅特异地表达在胰岛内．采用胰岛素与FOXO1的免疫荧光双标结合共聚焦观察进一步揭示,FOXO1主要表达在胰岛的β细胞中．Western印迹显示,腺病毒介导的基因转移技术在体外培养的INS-1E细胞中过表达FOXO1-AAA或其特异的siRNA均能有效地上调或抑制其表达水平3H-TdR掺入实验结果显示,降低FOXO1的表达显著促进细胞增殖;反之,高表达FOXO1显著抑制细胞增殖．与之相应,MTT检测结果显示,降低FOXO1的表达对细胞存活有显著促进作用,高表达FOXO1对细胞存活有显著抑制作用．进一步采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,结果显示降低FOXO1的表达使β细胞凋亡率降低,反之高表达FOXO1使β细胞凋亡率增加．研究结果证实,胰岛β细胞中的FOXO1参与β细胞的存活、增殖、凋亡的调节．病理性高表达FOXO1可能通过阻止β细胞增殖、促进β细胞凋亡从而减少β细胞的数量,在T2DM发生中可能起重要作用．     

ABCA1和PPARγ与糖尿病动脉粥样硬化关系的研究

目的：研究ATP结合盒转运体A1（ABCA1）在多种糖尿病特有因素刺激下在巨噬细胞中的表达,以及PPARγ激动剂干预后其表达的变化,探讨ABCA1及PPARγ在糖尿病大血管并发症发展中的作用机制。从而为研究糖尿病大血管并发症的发生机制及防治提供一定的理论依据。方法：以巨噬细胞为研究对象,体外模拟糖尿病状态,分别以高葡萄糖、高胰岛素和糖基化终末产物刺激巨噬细胞,检测细胞中ABCA1表达的变化;以PPARγ激动剂预处理巨噬细胞后,再以上述因素刺激细胞,分别检测巨噬细胞中ABCA1的表达并比较。结果：高葡萄糖、高胰岛素和糖基化终末产物（AGE）可作为独立因素,导致细胞中ABCA1表达减少（P〈0.05）。PPARγ激动剂预处理后,ABCA1表达量增加（P〈0.05）。结论：糖尿病状态下,一些糖尿病特有的刺激因素如：高葡萄糖、高胰岛素和糖基化终末产物等作为独立因素使ABCA1表达减少,可能是糖尿病患者动脉粥样硬化发生率较非糖尿病人群增高的原因。PPARγ激动剂干预后,糖尿病状态下ABCA1的表达增加,这提示我们应用PPARγ激动剂可能延缓糖尿病患者动脉硬化进展。     

木兰醇通过激活AKT信号通路改善心肌细胞胰岛素抵抗

目的:探究木兰醇对胰岛素抵抗的心肌细胞糖代谢的影响。方法:通过MTT法和LDH检测试剂盒检测木兰醇对心肌细胞的细胞毒性;100 n M的胰岛素刺激SD大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞24 h构建心肌胰岛素抵抗模型;葡萄糖检测试剂盒、糖摄取检测试剂盒检测心肌细胞的糖代谢情况;通过Western blot检测糖代谢相关信号通路蛋白磷酸化AKT的表达情况。结果:木兰醇对心肌细胞无明显毒性,且剂量依赖性的增加胰岛素敏感和非敏感型心肌细胞糖代谢。30μM的木兰醇孵育心肌细胞1 h,显著激活细胞磷酸化AKT信号通路。100 n M的胰岛素刺激心肌细胞24 h后,再次给予100 n M的胰岛素刺激后,心肌细胞的糖代谢水平无明显变化。30μM的木兰醇孵育心肌细胞24 h显著增加胰岛素抵抗心肌细胞的糖代谢水平。PI3K抑制剂Wortmanmin完全抑制木兰醇的上述作用。结论:木兰醇可通过激活AKT信号通路改善心肌细胞胰岛素抵抗。     

低度增高的棕榈酸与脂多糖联合对胰岛β细胞活力的影响

目的:探讨低度增高的棕榈酸联合脂多糖对胰岛β细胞活力的影响及可能机制。方法:采用0.15 mmol/L棕榈酸和50 ng/mL脂多糖单独、联合刺激大鼠胰岛β细胞株INS-1细胞24h后,通过CCK8法检测细胞活力,Western blot方法检测细胞内神经鞘脂代谢的关键酶-中性神经酰胺酶(NCDase)的蛋白表达水平。进一步建立过表达NCDase基因重组质粒pEGFP-C3-NCDase并转染INS-1细胞后,用棕榈酸、脂多糖联合刺激24h,再通过CCK8法检测细胞活力。结果:与对照组相比,0.15 mmol/L棕榈酸或50ng/mL脂多糖分别刺激INS-1细胞24h后对其细胞活力的影响无统计学意义(P0.05),但二者联合刺激可明显降低INS-1细胞的活力(P0.05)。与对照组相比,单独棕榈酸或脂多糖刺激INS-1细胞后并不影响细胞内NCDase的蛋白表达,但联合刺激可显著下调NCDase的表达(P0.05);与pEGFP-C3+棕榈酸+脂多糖组相比,pEGFP-C3-NCDase明显削弱了棕榈酸联合脂多糖对INS-1细胞活力的抑制作用(P0.05)。结论:低度增高的棕榈酸与脂多糖协同刺激可产生β细胞毒性作用,其机制可能与下调胰岛β细胞内NCDase表达有关。     

Role of the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal in Daxx trafficking and ASK1 oligomerization

Overexpression of JNK binding domain inhibited glucose deprivation-induced JNK1 activation, relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) oligomerization in human prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells. However, SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, did not prevent relocalization of Daxx and oligomerization of ASK1 during glucose deprivation. Studies from in vivo labeling and immune complex kinase assay demonstrated that phosphorylation of Daxx occurred during glucose deprivation, and its phosphorylation was mediated through the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal transduction pathway. Data from immunofluorescence staining and protein interaction assay suggest that phosphorylated Daxx may be translocated to the cytoplasm, bind to ASK1, and subsequently lead to ASK1 oligomerization. Mutation of Daxx Ser667 to Ala results in suppression of Daxx relocalization during glucose deprivation, suggesting that Ser667 residue plays an important role in the relocalization of Daxx. Unlike wild-type Daxx, a Daxx deletion mutant (amino acids 501-625) mainly localized to the cytoplasm, where it associated with ASK1, activated JNK1, and induced ASK1 oligomerization without glucose deprivation. Taken together, these results show that glucose deprivation activates the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 pathway, and the activated HIPK1 is probably involved in the relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The relocalized Daxx may play an important role in glucose deprivation-induced ASK1 oligomerization.     

DEC1 and MIC-1

Comment on: Qian Y, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109:11300-5.     

LINE-1编码蛋白L1-ORF1的原核表达纯化和多克隆抗体制备

目的: 制备具有肿瘤组织特异性表达的L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体并进行初步应用研究。方法:采取基因工程表达方法制备L1-ORF1蛋白,免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体,间接ELISA检测抗体效价,Western blot和细胞免疫荧光方法检测抗体特异性,免疫检测验证其识别肿瘤细胞内L1-ORF1蛋白的特异性。结果:制备的抗L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体具有很高的敏感性与特异性,免疫学检测表明该抗体不仅能检测出正常细胞中瞬时表达的L1-ORF1蛋白,而且可检测出肿瘤细胞中天然表达的L1-ORF1蛋白。结论:制备的多克隆抗体具有较高的敏感性与特异性,为以后该抗体的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 toxins of bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC50s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC50s were obtained. All of these LC50s were significantly higher than the expected LC50s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC50 of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm2 of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC50s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm2 of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm2 of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Regulation of PCTAIRE1 protein stability by AKT1, LKB1 and BRCA1

PCTAIRE1, also known as CDK16, is a cyclin-dependent kinase that is regulated by cyclin Y. It is a member of the serine-threonine family of kinases and its functions have primarily been implicated in cellular processes like vesicular transport, neuronal growth and development, myogenesis, spermatogenesis and cell proliferation. However, as extensive studies on PCTAIRE1 have not yet been conducted, the signaling pathways for this kinase involved in governing many cellular processes are yet to be elucidated in detail. Here, we report the association of PCTAIRE1 with important cellular proteins involved in major cell signaling pathways, especially cell proliferation. In particular, here we show that PCTAIRE1 interacts with AKT1, a key player of the PI3K signaling pathway that is responsible for promoting cell survival and proliferation. Our studies show that PCTAIRE1 is a substrate of AKT1 that gets stabilized by it. Further, we show that PCTAIRE1 also interacts with and is degraded by LKB1, a kinase that is known to suppress cellular proliferation and also regulate cellular energy metabolism. Moreover, our results show that PCTAIRE1 is also degraded by BRCA1, a well-known tumor suppressor. Together, our studies highlight the regulation of PCTAIRE1 by key players of the major cell signaling pathways involved in regulating cell proliferation, and therefore, provide crucial links that could be explored further to elucidate the mechanistic role of PCTAIRE1 in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC₅₀s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC₅₀s were obtained. All of these LC₅₀s were significantly higher than the expected LC₅₀s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC₅₀ of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm² of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC₅₀s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm² of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm² of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Generation of 'humanized' hCYP1A1_1A2_Cyp1a1/1a2(-/-) mouse line

Human/rodent CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 orthologs are well known to exhibit species-specific differences in substrate preferences and rates of metabolism. This lab previously characterized a BAC-transgenic mouse carrying the human CYP1A1_CYP1A2 locus; in this line, human dioxin-inducible CYP1A1 and basal vs dioxin-inducible CYP1A2 have been shown to be expressed normally (with regard to mRNAs, proteins and three enzyme activities) in every one of nine mouse tissues studied. The mouse Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 genes are oriented head-to-head and share a bidirectional promoter region of 13,954 bp. Using Cre recombinase and loxP sites inserted 3' of the stop codons of both genes, we show here a successful interchromosomal excision of 26,173 bp that ablated both genes on the same allele. The Cyp1a1/1a2(-) double-knockout allele was bred with the "humanized" line; the final product is the hCYP1A1_1A2_Cyp1a1/1a2(-/-) line on a theoretically >99.8% C57BL/6J genetic background-having both human genes replacing the mouse orthologs. This line will be valuable for human risk assessment studies involving any environmental toxicant or drug that is a substrate for CYP1A1 or CYP1A2.     

Isolation and Characterization of Ubiquitin-activating Enzyme E1-domain Containing 1, UBE1DC1

Ubiquitin and other ubiquitin-like proteins play important roles in post-translational modification. They are phylogenetically well-conserved in eukaryotes. Activated by other proteins, ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins can covalently modify target proteins. The enzymes responsible for the activation of this modification have been known to include UBA1, SAE2, UBA3, SAE1 and ULA1. Here we report a new ubiquitin activating enzyme like cDNA, named ubiquitin activating enzyme E1-domain containing 1 (UBE1DC1), whose cDNA is 2654 base pairs in length and contains an open reading frame encoding 404 amino acids. The UBE1DC1 gene consists of 12 exons and is located at human chromosome 3q22. The result of RT-PCR showed that UBE1DC1 is expressed in most of human tissues. These two authors contributed equally to this paper. The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to GenBank under accession number AY253672.