不同类型冠心病患者血清Hcy、TBIL、hs-CRP、尿酸的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨不同类型冠心病患者血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、总胆红素(TBIL)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、尿酸的水平及临床意义。方法:选取首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院2015年9月-2018年7月收治的冠心病患者132例为冠心病组,根据临床诊断分为稳定型心绞痛52例(SAP组)、不稳定型心绞痛42例(UAP组)、急性心肌梗死38例(AMI组),另选取50例同时期于我院体检的健康志愿者为对照组,检测各组Hcy、TBIL、hs-CRP、尿酸的水平,采用Pearson相关分析Hcy、TBIL、hs-CRP、尿酸水平之间的相关性,采用Logistic回归分析冠心病的影响因素。结果:冠心病组患者的血清Hcy、hs-CRP、尿酸水平显著高于对照组,TBIL水平显著低于对照组(P0.05)。AMI、UAP组患者的血清Hcy、hs-CRP、尿酸水平显著高于SAP组,TBIL水平显著低于SAP组(P0.05),且AMI组患者的血清Hcy、hs-CRP、尿酸水平显著高于UAP组,TBIL水平显著低于UAP组(P0.05)。经Pearson相关分析显示,Hcy与hs-CRP、尿酸呈正相关,与TBIL呈负相关,hs-CRP与尿酸呈正相关(P0.05),TBIL与hs-CRP、尿酸无明显相关性(P0.05)。经Logistic回归分析显示,Hcy、hs-CRP、尿酸、高血压、糖尿病均是冠心病的独立危险因素(P0.05),TBIL是冠心病的保护因素(P0.05)。结论:冠心病患者血清Hcy、hs-CRP、尿酸水平升高,TBIL水平降低,Hcy、TBIL、hs-CRP、尿酸与患者的病情相关,也是冠心病的影响因素。     

冠心病患者的血脂、胆红素、UA及Fib水平变化及临床意义

目的:研究冠心病(CHD)患者的血脂、胆红素、血尿酸(UA)及纤维蛋白原(Fib)水平变化及临床意义。方法:选取2014年4月到2015年4月我院收治的CHD患者110例(研究组),另选取同期健康体检者110例(对照组),检测两组受检者血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、间接胆红素(IBIL)、总胆固醇(TBIL)、UA以及Fib水平。结果:研究组TC、TG、LDL-C、UA以及Fib水平均显著高于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组HDL-C、DBIL、IBIL以及TBIL均显著低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:血脂水平异常,胆红素水平降低,UA以及Fib水平增高与CHD的发病有关。     

血清胆红素、YKL-40、HMGB-1对糖尿病合并冠心病患者的临床意义

目的:探讨血清胆红素、人类软骨糖蛋白-39(YKL-40)、高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB-1)对糖尿病合并冠心病患者的临床意义方法:选择2017年1月至2018年12月我院接诊的190例2型糖尿病患者,根据是否合并冠心病分为单纯糖尿病组121例和糖尿病合并冠心病组69例,并选择同期在我院接受体检的100例健康者作为对照组。比较三组临床生化指标、血清胆红素、YKL-40、HMGB-1及不同病变支数、不同病变程度糖尿病合并冠心病组血清胆红素、YKL-40、HMGB-1的表达。结果:三组空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血清胆红素、YKL-40、HMGB-1比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);不同病变支数、病变程度糖尿病合并冠心病患者血清胆红素、YKL-40、HMGB-1比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);经两两Pearson线性相关性分析结果显示,血清胆红素和Gensini评分呈负相关(r=-0.812,P0.01),YKL-40、HMGB-和Gensini评分正相关(r=0.873、0.801,P0.01)。结论:在糖尿病合并冠心病患者中,血清胆红素的表达明显降低,YKL-40、HMGB-1明显升高,且随着冠脉病变程度的加重变化更明显,本研究也为后期血清胆红素、YKL-40、HMGB-1在该病的早期诊断、预防、治疗效果评价等方面提供了依据     

哈萨克族原发性高血压患者血浆CGRP水平及其相关性研究

目的:探讨血浆降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)水平与新疆哈萨克族(哈族)原发性高血压病患者血压、血脂、血糖、肥胖等的相关性。方法:选取新疆哈族原发性高血压患者52例为观察组,哈族健康对照组48例,测量血压(BP)、身高、体重、腰围(WC)、臀围(HC),抽取空腹静脉血测定血糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),计算体重指数(BMI)腰臀比(WHR)。结果:①原发性高血压组血浆CGRP水平明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(p<0.01);②原发性高血压组血浆CGRP水平与SBP、LDL-C和TG呈显著负相关(p<0.01);对照组血浆CGRP水平与SBP和LDL-C呈显著负相关(p<0.01)。结论:哈族原发性高血压患者血浆CGRP水平与血压、血脂存在相关性。     

脑梗塞患者血清hs-CRP、TNF-α、血脂水平的变化及其临床意义

目的:观察脑梗塞患者血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)及血脂水平的变化,并探讨其临床意义.方法:选择我院2010年6月～2012年6月收治的86例急性脑梗塞患者(轻型脑梗塞组27例、中型脑梗塞组34例、重型脑梗塞组25例)为实验组和同期40例健康体检者为对照组,检测和比较两组血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)的水平,并进行相关性分析.结果:与健康对照组比较,实验组血清hs-CRP、TNF-α及TC、TG、LDL-C水平显著升高,而血清HDL-C水平显著降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与轻型脑梗塞组比较,中、重型脑梗塞组血清hs-CRP、TNF-α及TC、TG、LDL-C等血脂水平均显著升高,而血清HDL-C水平显著降低,其异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与中型脑梗塞组比较,重型脑梗塞组血清TC、TG、LDL-C等血脂水平均显著升高,血清HDL-C水平显著降低,其差异亦均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).脑梗塞患者血清hs-CRP与TNF-α水平呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),与TC、TG、LDL-C等血脂水平均亦呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),与血清HDL-C水平呈显著负相关(P＜0.05).脑梗塞患者血清hs-CRP、TNF-α水平与病情严重程度呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).结论:检测血清hs-CRP、TNF-α及血脂指标水平对评估脑梗塞患者病情具有重要的临床意义.     

阻塞性黄疸患者总胆汁酸的表达及与血脂水平的关系研究

目的:探讨阻塞性黄疸(OJ)患者血清总胆汁酸(TBA)水平与血脂水平的关系。方法:选择2015年5月到2015年12月我院收治的70例OJ患者作为观察组,同期选择70例健康人员作为对照组。检测并比较两组血清TBA、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、载脂蛋白AI(Apo AI)、载脂蛋白B(Apo B)、脂蛋白α[Lp(α)]、总胆红素(T-Bil)及直接胆红素(D-Bil)水平,并分析血清TBA与血脂水平的关系。结果:观察组患者的血清TBA、TG、TC、Apo B、T-Bil及D-Bil水平均明显低于对照组,血清LDL-C、HDL-C、Apo AI及Lp(α)水平均明显高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Pearson直线相关性分析结果表明,血清TBA水平与血清TG、TC、Apo B、T-Bil及D-Bil呈正相关性,与血清LDL-C、HDL-C、Apo AI及Lp(α)水平呈负相关性。结论:OJ患者体内存在血脂水平紊乱,血清TBA可能是导致OJ患者血脂代谢紊乱的重要因素。     

冠心病患者血清sCD40L水平及其与hs-CRP关系研究

目的:研究冠心病患者血清sCD40L和hs-CRP临床特点及其关系,探讨其在冠心病预测和治疗中的意义.方法:采用夹心法酶联免疫吸附测定分析法及微粒子增强透射免疫分析法分别对对照组15例、稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组27例、不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)组35例及急性心肌梗死(AMI)组14例受试者血清sCD40L和hs-CRP水平进行检测,并观察其与冠脉狭窄程度的相关性.结果:1)、血清hs-CRP水平:SAP组、UAP组、AMI组呈依次递增(AMI组比UAP组、UAP组比SAP组P＜0.05,AMI组、UAP组比对照组(P＜0.01);SAP组与对照组血清hs-CRP水平相似;2)、血清sCIMOL水平:AMI组及UAP组血清sCD40L水平高于SAP组和对照组(P＜0.01),AMI组与UAP组之间、SAP与对照组间没有统计学差异;3)、相关分析显示血清sCD40L水平与hs-CRP水平显著相关(r=0.787,P＜0.0001),两者均与冠脉狭窄程度无相关性.结论:血清hs-CRP、sCD40L水平升高与冠心病临床表现类型和病情是否稳定有关,与冠状动脉狭窄程度无关,此两项指标能够用于冠心病病情不稳定性的判断和预测.     

男性冠心病患者血清同型半胱氨酸、睾酮、肌钙蛋白Ⅰ水平变化及临床意义

目的:探讨男性冠心病(CHD)患者血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、睾酮(T)及肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnI)水平变化及临床意义.方法:将110例男性冠心病患者分为三组:SAP组51例、UAP组36例、AMI组23例,对各冠心组患者血清Hcy、T及cTnI等指标水平进行检测,并与健康对照组40例健康受试者进行比较分析.结果:与健康对照组比较,冠心病组血清Hcy、cTnI水平均显著升高,而血清T水平显著降低,组间差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与AMI组比较,SAP组、UAP组血清Hcy、cTnI水平均显著降低,T水平显著升高,组间差异亦均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与UAP组比较,SAP组血清Hcy、cTnI水平均显著降低,血清T水平显著升高,组间差异亦具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).冠心病患者血清Hcy与cTnI水平呈正性显著相关(P＜0.05);血清T与Hcy、cTnI水平之间均呈负性显著相关(P＜0.05).结论:检测男性冠心病患者血清Hcy、T及cTnI水平对患者疾病预防及治疗具有重要的临床意义.     

血清γ-谷氨酰转移酶与冠心病影响因素及血管病变严重程度的相关性研究

目的:探究血清γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)水平与冠心病影响因素及患者血管病变严重程度之间的相关性。方法:选取2013年7月至2017年10月于我院经冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病的61例患者为实验组,将其按照临床症状分为稳定性心绞痛组(下简称A组,20例)、不稳定性心绞痛组(下简称B组,21例)和急性心肌梗死组(下简称C组,20例),另选取同期于我院进行冠脉造影检查确诊为非冠心病的30例患者为对照组,检测和比较四组患者的空腹血糖(FBG)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、尿酸等水平,而分析GGT与危险因素、冠脉Gensini评分的相关性。结果:(1)实验组患者血清FBG、TC、TG、SBP、DBP、尿酸水平均高于对照组患者,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)GGT水平与冠心病上述危险因素呈正相关性(r=0.236、0.351、0.316、0.239、0.301、0.395,P=0.035、0.000、0.000、0.034、0.001、0.000);(3)四组患者GGT及Gensini评分均按照C组B组A组对照组的趋势变化,且各组间对比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);(4)冠心病患者血清GGT水平与Gensini评分呈正相关性(r=0.681,P=0.000)。结论:冠心病患者血清GGT水平与血清FBG、TC、TG、SBP、DBP、尿酸水平及血管病变的严重程度均呈显著正相关,其可能作为预测冠心病患者病变程度的参考指标。     

阿托伐他汀对老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者的治疗效果及对血脂、尿酸水平的影响

目的:探讨阿托伐他汀对老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者的治疗效果及对血脂、尿酸水平的影响。方法:收集我院就诊的116例冠心病合并糖尿病患者,随机分为对照组和实验组,每组各58例。两组患者入院后均给予控制血糖、降血压等对症治疗。对照组患者给予阿司匹林肠溶片0.3~0.6g/次,3次/d,口服,氯吡格雷片2片/次,1次/d,口服,硝酸甘油0.25~0.5 g/次,3次/d,含服;实验组患者在对照组基础上给予阿托伐他汀片10~20 mg/次,1次/d,治疗连续4周,治疗期间根据患者情况及时调整药量。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、尿酸(UA)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平以及临床疗效。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后的血清LDL-C、TG、TC、UA、Hb A1c水平均下降,HDL-C水平升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组相比,实验组患者的LDL-C、TG、TC、UA、Hb A1c水平较低,HDL-C水平及临床治疗有效率均较高,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:阿托伐他汀能够有效降低老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者血糖、血脂以及尿酸水平,且临床治疗效果较好。     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.