小鼠胸膜纤维化模型中CX43蛋白的动态表达

目的研究博莱霉素诱导的小鼠胸膜纤维化模型中间隙连接蛋白CX43的动态表达变化,以阐明胸膜损伤而导致纤维化的机制。方法采用胸膜腔内注射博莱霉素和碳粉复制小鼠胸膜纤维化模型,分别于注射后第2,7,21d取肺及胸膜组织,免疫组化法测定CX43蛋白表达和Masson染色检测胸膜胶原表达情况。结果第2d胸膜开始增厚,以炎症细胞浸润为主,第7d胸膜增厚达到高峰,第21d胸膜变薄;胶原表达则从第7d开始增多,21d达高峰;CX43表达第2d增多,第7d达高峰,第21d较低,但均高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论小鼠胸膜纤维化模型中,胸膜组织CX43的表达上调,并且与胸膜炎症反应有关。     

新生猪缺氧后心肌连接蛋白Cx43表达的变化

目的探讨新生猪缺氧后心肌连接蛋白Cx43 mRNA和蛋白含量的变化。方法对照组(C组):新生猪6头,未吸入低氧;缺氧组(H组):新生猪6头,吸入低氧(FiO2=0.1)维持1 h。于缺氧结束后5 h,免疫荧光染色检测心肌组织细胞缝隙连接蛋白Cx43蛋白的表达,实时荧光定量逆转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测心肌组织Cx43 mRNA的表达。结果H组心肌组织Cx43蛋白的表达显著低于C组(P<0.01),但两组心肌组织Cx43 mRNA表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论缺氧可导致心肌Cx43蛋白的表达或分布发生变化。     

心源性猝死者窦房结病理学观察和HCN4、CX45的表达及其意义

目的:研究心源性猝死者窦房结病理学改变和超级化激活环核苷酸门控阳离子通道基因4(HCN4)、缝隙连接蛋白45(Cx45)的表达.方法:实验组为21例心源性猝死者,对照组18例(交通事故损伤致死9例,心脏破裂4例,肝破裂3例,脾破裂2例).经HE染色观察窦房结的形态学变化;应用免疫组化检测HCN4和Cx45在窦房结的表达.结果:心源性猝死组HCN4的表达高于对照组(P＜0.05),心源性猝死者窦房结Cx45的表达明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论:窦房结病理改变是引起心源性猝死的重要原因之一,HCN4表达的增高和Cx45表达的减少与心源性猝死的发生有一定的相关性.     

压力-应激对大鼠心肌细胞Cx43蛋白表达及心肌纤维化的影响

目的:探讨压力-应激对大鼠心肌细胞间隙连接蛋白-43(Cx43)蛋白表达及心肌纤维化的影响。方法:将20只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(n=10)和模型组(n=10),对照组正常饲养,模型组给予不可预测性复合应激结合孤养建立压力-应激大鼠模型。监测两组大鼠的体重变化,并通过组织形态学方法,探讨压力-应激对大鼠心肌细胞Cx43蛋白表达及心肌纤维化的影响。结果:在为期42天的造模过程中,从应激第7天开始,模型组大鼠体重明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。且模型组体重增长缓慢,体重增长百分比明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。与对照组相比,模型组大鼠组织HE染色可见心肌细胞排列紊乱,横纹消失,细胞间隙增大,部分肌纤维断裂、溶解,Masson染色可见心肌间质纤维化,胶原纤维增生、排列紊乱。心肌细胞免疫组化染色可见模型组Cx43蛋白表达明显下降(平均光密度值为0.0110±0.0028),与对照组相比(平均光密度值为0.0268±0.0025),差异具有统计学意义(t=-13.081,P<0.001)。结论:过度疲劳导致猝死的发生可能与Cx43蛋白表达水平的下降引起的恶性心律失常有关。     

心源性猝死心电预测和综合防治研究进展

随着社会老龄化的进一步加剧,冠心痛、高血压、心肌病、恶性心律失常的发病率也成为导致人群中猝死率上升的重要诱发因素.对猝死发病机制的研究中,室性心动过速和室颤往往是导致病人发生猝死的最主要的终末事件.在这篇文章中我们通过12导联心电图(ECG)的心电学预测因子的研究,揭示心电学预测因子在预防心源性猝死中的临床应用价值.另一方面,如何能提高预防猝死的预测因子的敏感性和特异性,发现新的更有临床应用价值的心电学预测因子,更好的防治猝死对社会人群的危害,成为临床研究中不断探寻的答案.最后,我们将近年来对心源性猝死的防治措施及未来的发展方向做一简要的综述.     

心肌肥厚大鼠心肌Cx43的表达及法舒地尔的干预作用

目的：研究腹主动脉缩窄大鼠心肌缝隙连接蛋白Cx43的变化及法舒地尔的干预作用。方法：腹主动脉缩窄建立心肌肥厚大鼠模型,随机分假手术组,腹主动脉缩窄组、腹主动脉缩窄＋10mg／kg法舒地尔（ip,每天1次,8周）组、腹主动脉缩窄＋40mg／kg（ip,每天1次,8周）。病理切片观察心肌组织学变化;免疫组化法检测心肌Cx43蛋白表达。结果：模型组大鼠心肌细胞排列紊乱,肥大,间隙增宽,Cx43蛋白表达量明显低于正常组;Fas治疗后,死亡率下降,cx43蛋白表达量高于模型组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：Fas可能通过调高Cx43蛋白表达,治疗大鼠心肌肥厚。     

心脏性猝死者心肌HO-1 和VEGF 的表达及意义

目的:探讨血红素加氧酶-1(hemeoxygenase-1,HO-1)、血管内皮生长因子(vascularendothelial growthfactor,VEGF)在心脏性猝死病人心室肌细胞中的表达及其意义.方法:运用免疫组织化学方法和Simple PCI图像分析系统观察33例心脏性猝死组和18例非心脏性猝死对照组尸检心肌组织中HO-1、VEGF蛋白的表达情况.结果:心脏性猝死组心肌组织HO-1(155.090±8.957)和VEGF蛋白表达(121.020±10.927)均显著高于非心脏性猝死对照组(116.200±6.355、84.207±4.402,均p<0.05).结论:HO-1和VEGF蛋白在心脏性猝死者心肌组织表达增强,可能与心脏性猝死有一定关系.

Abstract：

Objective: To investigate expression of the heine oxygenaso-1 (HO-I )and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)in the left ventricle in patients with sudden cardiac death (SCD). Methods: Immunohistoehernistry and Simple PCI image analysis system were used to detect the expressions of riO-1 and VEGF in 33 eases of SCD and 18 eases of non SCD (control group). Results: The expressions of HO-1( 155.090± 8.957) and VEGF(121.020± 10.927) in the myoeardium of patients in SCD group were significantly higher than those in control group (116.200± 6.355, 84.207± 4.402 ,all p<0.05). Conclusions: The high expression of HO-1 and VEGF may be related with the sudden cardiac death to some extent.     

心脏性猝死者心肌HO-1和VEGF的表达及意义

目的：探讨血红素加氧酶-1（heme oxygenase-1,HO-1）、血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）在心脏性猝死病人心室肌细胞中的表达及其意义。方法：运用免疫组织化学方法和Simple PCI图像分析系统观察33例心脏性猝死组和18例非心脏性猝死对照组尸检心肌组织中HO-1、VEGF蛋白的表达情况。结果：心脏性猝死组心肌组织HO-1（155.090±8.957）和VEGF蛋白表达（121.020±10.927）均显著高于非心脏性猝死对照组（116.200±6.355、84.207±4.402,均p〈0.05）。结论：HO-1和VEGF蛋白在心脏性猝死者心肌组织表达增强,可能与心脏性猝死有一定关系。     

低氧对大鼠右心室肥厚及心肌中缝隙连接蛋白43表达的影响

目的:研究低氧对大鼠右心室肥厚及心肌中缝隙连接蛋白43 (Cx43)表达的影响.方法:40只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组(control)、低氧3周组、低氧4周组和低氧5周组.除正常组外,其余3组大鼠分别在低氧环境中饲养3周、4周和5周.测定和比较各组大鼠的平均肺动脉压力(mPAP)、右心室收缩压(RVSP)、右心室肥厚度[Rv/(LV+S)％],并通过免疫组化染色法观察各组大鼠左心室心肌细胞中cx43的表达.结果:与正常组相比,低氧3周、4周、5周组大鼠的mPAP、RVSP、右心室肥厚度均显著升高(P均＜0.05),与低氧3周组比较,低氧4周、5周组大鼠的mPAP、RVSP、右心室肥厚度均显著升高(P均＜0.05),而低氧5周组大鼠的mPAP、RVSP、右心室肥厚度均显著高于低氧4周(P均＜0.05).免疫组织化学结果显示:低氧组大鼠Cx43排列紊乱,端-端连接减少,侧面连接增多;随着低氧时间的延长,大鼠心肌细胞中Cx43的表达逐渐减少,差异具有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).结论:低氧可导致右心室肥厚,并随着诱导时间的延长而逐渐加重,这可能与心肌中Cx43的分布紊乱及表达减少有关.     

间隙连接蛋白43基因在斑马鱼和金鱼中的表达模式分析

间隙连接蛋白43(connexin43,Cx43)是间隙连接蛋白家族的成员之一,在多种组织和细胞类型上广泛表达,参与体内平衡、胚胎发育、细胞分化及生长等生理活动。现以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和金鱼(Carassius auratus)为材料,运用RT-PCR方法检测了Cx43基因在其组织和胚胎发育中的表达模式。结果显示:在斑马鱼的组织中,Cx43基因在心脏中的表达量最高,而在肾脏和卵巢的表达量较低;在不同发育时期的胚胎中,Cx43基因在体色素期和出膜期中的表达量较高,而在胚胎发育早期的表达量相对较低。在金鱼组织中,Cx43基因在心脏中的表达量较高,而在鱼鳍和眼睛的表达量较低;在不同发育时期的胚胎中,Cx43基因表达模式基本上与斑马鱼的12个时期相一致。研究表明,Cx43基因在鱼类不同组织和不同胚胎发育时期中可能行使不同的功能,但其具体的功能和机制还有待进一步研究。     

Low Potassium Dialysate as a Protective Factor of Sudden Cardiac Death in Hemodialysis Patients with Hyperkalemia

AimHyperkalemia increases the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in hemodialysis patients. Our objective was to determine the association between administering low potassium dialysate to hyperkalemic hemodialysis patients and SCD.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study with patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis from May 1, 2006, through December 31, 2013. The dialysate composition was adjusted over time according to monthly laboratory results. A 1.0 mEq/L potassium dialysate was applied in patients with predialysis hyperkalemia (>5.5 mEq/L) and was included as a time-dependent confounding factor. The clinical characteristics of enrolled patients, the incidence and timing of SCD and risk factors for all-cause mortality and SCD were analyzed.ResultsThere were 312 patients on maintenance hemodialysis during the study period. One hundred and fifty-seven patients had been dialyzed against a 1.0 mEq/L potassium dialysate at least once. The rates of all-cause mortality and SCD were 48.17 and 20.74 per 1000 patient-years, respectively. A 1.12-fold increase in the risk of SCD in the 24-hour period starting with the hemodialysis procedure and a 1.36-fold increase in the 24 hours preceding a weekly cycle were found (p = 0.017). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models showed that age, diabetes mellitus and predialysis hyperkalemia (>5.0 mEq/L) were significant predictors of all-cause mortality and SCD. Exposure to 1.0 mEq/L potassium dialysate, Kt/V, and serum albumin were independent protective factors against all-cause mortality. Only exposure to 1.0 mEq/L potassium dialysate significantly prevented SCD (hazard ratio = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.13–0.85).ConclusionsUsing low potassium dialysate in hyperkalemic hemodialysis patients may prevent SCD.     

Mutations in Calmodulin Cause Ventricular Tachycardia and Sudden Cardiac Death

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a devastating inherited disorder characterized by episodic syncope and/or sudden cardiac arrest during exercise or acute emotion in individuals without structural cardiac abnormalities. Although rare, CPVT is suspected to cause a substantial part of sudden cardiac deaths in young individuals. Mutations in RYR2, encoding the cardiac sarcoplasmic calcium channel, have been identified as causative in approximately half of all dominantly inherited CPVT cases. Applying a genome-wide linkage analysis in a large Swedish family with a severe dominantly inherited form of CPVT-like arrhythmias, we mapped the disease locus to chromosome 14q31-32. Sequencing CALM1 encoding calmodulin revealed a heterozygous missense mutation (c.161A>T [p.Asn53Ile]) segregating with the disease. A second, de novo, missense mutation (c.293A>G [p.Asn97Ser]) was subsequently identified in an individual of Iraqi origin; this individual was diagnosed with CPVT from a screening of 61 arrhythmia samples with no identified RYR2 mutations. Both CALM1 substitutions demonstrated compromised calcium binding, and p.Asn97Ser displayed an aberrant interaction with the RYR2 calmodulin-binding-domain peptide at low calcium concentrations. We conclude that calmodulin mutations can cause severe cardiac arrhythmia and that the calmodulin genes are candidates for genetic screening of individual cases and families with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia and unexplained sudden cardiac death.     

Cardiac Muscarinic Receptor Overexpression in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Background

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) remains the leading cause of death among infants less than 1 year of age. Disturbed expression of some neurotransmitters and their receptors has been shown in the central nervous system of SIDS victims but no biological abnormality of the peripheral vago-cardiac system has been demonstrated to date. The present study aimed to seek vago-cardiac abnormalities in SIDS victims. The cardiac level of expression of muscarinic receptors, as well as acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity were investigated.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Left ventricular samples and blood samples were obtained from autopsies of SIDS and children deceased from non cardiac causes. Binding experiments performed with [³H]NMS, a selective muscarinic ligand, in cardiac membrane preparations showed that the density of cardiac muscarinic receptors was increased as shown by a more than doubled B_max value in SIDS (n = 9 SIDS versus 8 controls). On average, the erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity was also significantly increased (n = 9 SIDS versus 11 controls).

Conclusions

In the present study, it has been shown for the first time that cardiac muscarinic receptor overexpression is associated with SIDS. The increase of acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity appears as a possible regulatory mechanism.     

Under-Utilization of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Patients with Heart Failure - The Current State of Sudden Cardiac Death Prophylaxis

BackgroundDespite ACC/AHA guidelines indicating implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) as class I therapy for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with EF≤35%, ICD utilization rates in real world practice have been low.ObjectiveTo determine the rate of ICD implantation at a tertiary care academic center and to assess the reasons for under-utilization of the same.MethodsReview of a prospectively collected database which included all patients diagnosed with an EF≤35% was performed to assess the rate of ICD implantation and mortality. Reasons for non-implantation of ICD were then assessed from detailed chart review.ResultsA total of 707 patients (age 69.4 ± 14.1 years) with mean EF of 26±7% were analyzed. Only 28% (200/707) of patients had ICDs implanted. Mortality was lower in the group with ICD (25% vs 37%, p=0.004). When patients who either died or were lost to follow-up prior to 2005 were excluded, ICD utilization rate was still low at 37.6%. The most common reason for non-implantation of ICD was physicians not discussing this option with their patients. Patient refusal was the second most common reason.ConclusionsICD Implantation rates for primary prevention of SCD in patients with EF≤35% is low. Physician and patient education should be addressed to improve the utilization rates.Key words: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, Outcomes, sudden cardiac death     

36 例心源性猝死尸检的临床病理学研究*

目的:分析心源性猝死的临床病理学特征,为心源性猝死的诊断和预防提供理论依据。方法:收集36例心源性猝死病例的尸检解剖资料,进行病理组织学检查。结果:36例心源性猝死者中,冠心病21例,占心源性猝死者总数的58.33%;心律失常性右心室心肌病猝死者3例,占心源性猝死者总数的8.33%。结论:科学系统的尸检可以明确猝死原因,为医疗纠纷鉴定提供可靠依据,同时,对提高医疗质量,早期诊断、治疗心血管系统疾病和减少猝死发生起有重要作用。