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1.
Many people diagnosed with mental illnesses struggle with illicit drug addiction. These individuals are often treated with
psychiatric medications, yet little is known about how they experience this treatment. Research on the subjective experience
of psychiatric medication use highlights the complex, contradictory, and ambiguous feelings often associated with this treatment.
However, for those with mental illness and addiction, this experience is complicated by the need to manage both psychiatric
medication and illicit drug use. Using ethnographic data from a study of heroin use in Northeast Ohio, we explore this experience
by expanding the pharmaceutical self/imaginary (Jenkins, Pharmaceutical Self: The Global Shaping of Experience in an Age of
Psychopharmacology, School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, 2010b) to include psychopharmaceuticals and illicit drugs, what we call the psychotropic self/imaginary. Through this lens we explore the ways participants interpret and manage their psychotropic drug use in relation
to sociocultural, institutional, and political–economic contexts. This analysis reveals how participants seek desired effects
of legally prescribed and illicit drugs to treat mental illness, manage heroin addiction, and maintain a perceived “normal”
self. Participants manage their drug use using active strategies, such as selective use of psychiatric medications, in the
context of structural constraints, such as restricted access to mental health care, and cultural contexts that blur distinctions
between “good” medicines and “bad” drugs. 相似文献
2.
Jenks AC 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):209-235
The incorporation of “culture” into U.S. biomedicine has been increasing at a rapid pace over the last several decades. Advocates
for “cultural competence” point to changing patient demographics and growing health disparities as they call for improved
educational efforts that train health providers to care for patients from a variety of backgrounds. Medical anthropologists
have long been critical of the approach to “culture” that emerges in cultural competence efforts, identifying an essentialized,
static notion of culture that is conflated with racial and ethnic categories and seen to exist primarily among exotic “Others.”
With this approach, culture can become a “list of traits” associated with various racial and ethnic groups that must be mastered
by health providers and applied to patients as necessary. This article uses an ethnographic examination of cultural competence
training to highlight recent efforts to develop more nuanced approaches to teaching culture. I argue that much of contemporary
cultural competence education has rejected the “list of traits” approach and instead aims to produce a new kind of health
provider who is “open-minded,” willing to learn about difference, and treats each patient as an individual. This shift, however,
can ultimately reinforce behavioral understandings of culture and draw attention away from the social conditions and power
differentials that underlie health inequalities. 相似文献
3.
Ben G. Blount 《Primates; journal of primatology》1985,26(4):424-435
One vocalization in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) system of communication is the “girney.” Previous studies indicated that the “girney” is used for short range communication
and that it tends to occur when subordinate animals approach and groom dominant ones and when females without infants approach
females who have infants. Data were collected on the social behavior of adult female Japanese monkeys of the Arashiyama-A
troop in Texas in order to test those results. The study indicates that “girneys” are the most frequently occurring vocalizations
of females during and following the birth season and that they occur primarily in two contexts. Those are the proximity of
a female to another female with a new infant and the proximity of a lower ranking animal to a higher ranking one. The contexts
are ones in which the risk of aggression is high, and the “girneys” appear to function as appeasement gestures to reduce the
risk. 相似文献
4.
Neely Laurenzo Myers 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2010,34(3):500-528
This cultural case study investigates one U.S. psychosocial rehabilitation organization’s (Horizons) attempt to implement
the recovery philosophy of the U.S. Recovery Movement and offers lessons from this local attempt that may inform global mental
health care reform. Horizons’ “recovery-oriented” initiatives unwittingly mobilized stressful North American discourses of
valued citizenship. At times, efforts to “empower” people diagnosed with schizophrenia to become esteemed self-made citizens
generated more stressful sociocultural conditions for people whose daily lives were typically remarkably stressful. A recovery-oriented
mental health system must account for people diagnosed with schizophrenia’s sensitivity to stress and offer consumers contextually
relevant coping mechanisms. Any attempt to export U.S. mental health care practices to the rest of the world must acknowledge
that (1) sociocultural conditions affect schizophrenia outcomes; (2) schizophrenia outcomes are already better in the developing
world than in the United States; and (3) much of what leads to “better” outcomes in the developing world may rely on the availability
of locally relevant techniques to address stress. 相似文献
5.
An adolescent female chimpanzee was trained to press a key in the presence of a computer-graphic geometric figure (“Go” stimulus)
within 5 sec and not to press the key during 5-sec presentations of another figure (“No-go” stimulus) with food reinforcement.
In the acquisition training, the accuracy of performance increased primarily as a result of learning to inhibit key presses
in No-go trials. The chimpanzee acquired this “Go/No-go” visual discrimination task in 1,260 trials. She was then given 14
successive transfer problems. The results for these problems suggested that learning-set formation and repeated use of the
same discriminative stimuli both influenced transfer to new problems. 相似文献
6.
A seaweed with the local name “endong” is a rare eucheumoid variety that has recently been farmed in Tawi-Tawi, southern Philippines.
Local farmers describe it as “eel-like” because of its long, slender and smooth thalli. Being somewhat similar in appearance
to the dominantly farmed seaweed “tambalang” (Kappaphycus alvarezii var. tambalangii), farmers mix their harvests of “endong” with those of “tambalang”. We analyzed the hydrocolloid extract from “endong” using
spectroscopic and chemical techniques. The extract’s infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C) spectra, and sulfate and 3,6-anhydrogalactose contents revealed carrageenan of the iota-type, similar to extracts from
another farmed species, Eucheuma denticulatum. This result implies that “endong” carrageenan exhibits physico-chemical properties different from those of kappa-carrageenan
of “tambalang”. The findings of this study are of significance to the seaweed industry, as carrageenan quality problems could
potentially arise from a mixed harvest. Seaweed farmers are advised to separate their harvests of “endong” and “tambalang”.
Presented at the 19th International Seaweed Symposium, Kobe, Japan 相似文献
7.
Since the early 1970s, the French public health system has been accorded considerable responsibility for immigrants identified
by the educational, judicial or social service authorities as psychologically distressed or socially disruptive. In this paper
we discuss three models of healing embedded in constructs of “cultural difference” and addressed at specialized mental health-care
centers catering to immigrants in Paris: “cultural mediation,” transcultural psychiatry/ethnopsychiatry and clinical medical
anthropology. Based on observations and interviews at three specialized mental health centers in Paris, we explore how these
clinical approaches address migrant wellbeing and seek to resolve crises in migrant families, especially those of West African
origin. We suggest that the prevalent approaches to therapy creatively blend concepts and practices of anthropology, psychiatry
and psychology but, at the same time, confront challenges inherent in the use of a generic “African” healing modality. Cases
studies demonstrate that in order for such interventions to be perceived as effective by patients, “cultural difference” must
be acknowledged but also situated in broader social, political and economic contexts.
相似文献
Carolyn SargentEmail: |
8.
Katie Hejtmanek 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2010,34(4):668-674
In this article, I discuss the meanings of “restraints,” or physical intervention strategies that are used at a total institution
for mentally ill adolescents in the United States. This paper argues that this particularly complex form of mental health
treatment is simultaneously a violent and an intimate way in which men relate to one another and also takes on complex meanings
about trust and identity in mental health recovery. Using data from 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork at one residential
treatment center, this article examines what restraints reveal and embody about intimate interpersonal staff/client relationships,
how Black men relate to one another in this setting and how staff members use physical interventions to link institutional
mental health treatment with street violence in the outside world. I conclude that understanding these meanings of restraints
provides a valuable way of understanding local knowledge in mental health practice, treatment and recovery. 相似文献
9.
Saving camels from straws: how propagule pressure-based prevention policies can reduce the risk of biological invasion 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nonnative species that harm or have the potential to cause harm to the environment, economy, or human health are known as
invasive species. Propagule pressure may be the most important factor in establishment success of nonnative species of various
taxa in a variety of ecosystems worldwide, and strong evidence is emerging that propagule pressure determines both the scale
of invasion extent and impact. In a limited way, the US government is applying a “propagule pressure approach” in a variety
of prevention policy contexts aimed at minimizing the impact of harmful organisms. However, there are also readily apparent
opportunities for enacting propagule pressure-based measures to fill current gaps in invasive species prevention and control
at national, state, and local levels. An explicit focus on propagule pressure-based policies could substantially increase
the effectiveness of US efforts to prevent the introduction of invasive species through by intentional and unintentional introductions.
The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the US government.
“As the last straw breaks the laden camel’s back...”
-Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son 相似文献
10.
Thomas M 《Journal of the history of biology》2005,38(3):425-460
Historians of science have only just begun to sample the wealth of different approaches to the study of animal behavior undertaken
in the twentieth century. To date, more attention has been given to Lorenzian ethology and American behaviorism than to other
work and traditions, but different approaches are equally worthy of the historian’s attention, reflecting not only the broader
range of questions that could be asked about animal behavior and the “animal mind” but also the different contexts in which
these questions were important. One such approach is that represented by the work of the French zoologist Louis Boutan (1859–1934).
This paper explores the intellectual and cultural history of Boutan’s work on animal language and the animal mind, and contextualizes
the place of animal behavior studies within late-nineteenth-and early-twentieth-century French biology. I explore the ways
in which Boutan addressed the philosophical issue of whether language was necessary for abstract thought and show how he shifted
from the idea that animals were endowed with a purely affective language to the notion that of they were capable of “rudimentary”
reasoning. I argue that the scientific and broader socio-cultural contexts in which Boutan operated played a role in this
transition. Then I show how Boutan’s linguistic and psychological experiments with a gibbon and children provide insights
into his conception of “naturalness.” Although Boutan reared his gibbon at home and studied it in the controlled environment
of his laboratory, he continued to identify its behavior as “natural.” I specifically demonstrate the importance of the milieu of the French Third Republic in shaping Boutan’s understanding not only of animal intelligence and child education, but also
his definition of nature. Finally, I argue that Boutan’s studies on the primate mind provide us with a lens through which
we can examine the co-invention of animal and child psychology in early-twentieth-century France. 相似文献
11.
The intentional introduction of exotic species can increase the level of local biodiversity, enrich people’s material lives,
and bring significant social and economic benefits that are also the symbols of human progress. However, along with the frequent
intercourse among countries and regions, the frequency of uncontrolled crossregional migration of species is increased and
there is a lack of scientific management strategy for the intentional introduction of exotic species. Exotic species invasion,
which is behind habitat fragmentation, has become the second largest threatening factor to the maintenance of the global-scale
level of biological diversity. Exotic species invasion can destroy the structure of an ecosystem, disturb the economic life
of a society, and do harm to human health. In this paper, the authors review some of the ecological explanations for issues
such as “what causes or mechanisms have led to the successful invasion of exotic species”, including the “ideal weeds characteristics”,
“biodiversity resistance hypothesis”, “enemies release hypothesis”, “evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis”,
“niche opportunity hypothesis”, and “novel weapon hypothesis”. The authors also analyze and evaluate the background and theoretical
basis of the hypotheses, providing explanations for some phenomena, as well as the deficiencies of these explanations. 相似文献
12.
Snodgrass JG Lacy MG Francois Dengah HJ Fagan J Most DE 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(1):26-62
Videogame players commonly report reaching deeply “immersive” states of consciousness, in some cases growing to feel like
they actually are their characters and really in the game, with such fantastic characters and places potentially only loosely connected to offline selves and realities. In
the current investigation, we use interview and survey data to examine the effects of such “dissociative” experiences on players
of the popular online videogame, World of Warcraft (WoW). Of particular interest are ways in which WoW players’ emotional identification with in-game second selves can lead either to better mental well-being, through relaxation
and satisfying positive stress, or, alternatively, to risky addiction-like experiences. Combining universalizing and context-dependent
perspectives, we suggest that WoW and similar games can be thought of as new “technologies of absorption”—contemporary practices that can induce dissociative
states in which players attribute dimensions of self and experience to in-game characters, with potential psychological benefit
or harm. We present our research as an empirically grounded exploration of the mental health benefits and risks associated
with dissociation in common everyday contexts. We believe that studies such as ours may enrich existing theories of the health
dynamics of dissociation, relying, as they often do, on data drawn either from Western clinical contexts involving pathological
disintegrated personality disorders or from non-Western ethnographic contexts involving spiritual trance. 相似文献
13.
Validation of an Environmental Distress Scale 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nick Higginbotham Linda Connor Glenn Albrecht Sonia Freeman Kingsley Agho 《EcoHealth》2006,3(4):245-254
14.
Velpry L 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2008,32(2):238-258
Almost all the knowledge now produced about psychiatry includes what is called “the patient’s or client’s perspective.” This
paper analyzes how this notion has been framed in the discourses on mental health over the last two decades, particularly
in mental health research and in anthropology. The very concept of the “patient’s perspective” is a social and historical
construct. Despite its remarkable prevalence, the notion remains vague. Mental health research pictures it as a stable attribute
of the individual. Anthropologists integrate the contextual nature of the patient view; but they still largely envision the
psychiatric patient as a rational actor producing narratives based on common sense. However, in psychiatric practice, the
client’s perspective is not something the patient individually produces; it is rather shaped by and in a context. To explore
this process, my research investigated interactions between staff and patients in a French community mental health center,
and showed that the client’s perspective is the result of a collective process. Further analysis demonstrates that eliciting
or producing the patient’s view is sometimes considered a therapeutic goal in itself, since being granted the status of a
rational and narrative actor gives access to the most valued model of care, one that is based on partnership. Being an outcome
that is negotiated between patients and care providers, the “patient’s view” then becomes a new resource in mental health
settings.
相似文献
Livia VelpryEmail: |
15.
Lucchetti G Aguiar PR Braghetta CC Vallada CP Moreira-Almeida A Vallada H 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2012,36(1):124-135
In Brazil, during the XX century, dozens of Spiritist psychiatric hospitals emerged seeking to integrate conventional medical
treatment with complementary spiritual therapy. This combined inpatient treatment is largely found in Brazil, where many psychiatric
hospitals stem from the Spiritist movement. The present report describes the use of these spiritual practices, their operating
structure, health professionals involved, modalities of care, and institutional difficulties in integrating spiritual practices
with conventional treatment in six leading Brazilian Spiritist psychiatric hospitals. These hospitals combine conventional
psychiatric treatment with voluntary-based spiritual approaches such as laying on of hands (“fluidotherapy”), lectures regarding
spiritual and ethical issues, intercessory prayer, spirit release therapy (“disobsession”) and “fraternal dialogue”. The non-indoctrination
and optional nature of these spiritual complementary therapies seem to increase acceptance among patients and their family
members. In conclusion, the Spiritist psychiatric hospitals in Brazil have, for more than half a century, provided an integrative
approach in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, associating conventional and spiritual treatments, more specifically Spiritist
therapy. The lack of standardized treatment protocols and scientific studies remain a barrier to assessing the impact of this
integrative approach on patients’ mental health, quality of life, adherence, and perceived quality of treatment. 相似文献
16.
17.
The home range of resident animals is considered as “familiar area” including a “foraging area.” It has been revealed that
the activity of an average animal unit in the “foraging area” could be approximated by normal distribution. Estimation of
activity distribution in the “familiar area” (beyond the “foraging area”) was impeded by means of marking since it might be
difficult to record distant movements, and the method does not provide an essential body of data. In the case of the common
shrew Sorex araneus, the “familiar area” was estimated using pitfall as animals evade them in the known areal. The “foraging area” radius of
the average shrew was taken to be 30 m (95% of the animal unit activity), the radius of “familiar area” was within the range
of 180–240 m. The “foraging area” was expected to provide the animal with vital resources, and the “familiar area” reflects
its need for exploratory activity. 相似文献
18.
Coccheri S Gasbarrini G Valenti M Nappi G Di Orio F 《International journal of biometeorology》2008,52(3):231-237
Goal of this study was to investigate whether appropriately applied spa therapy in several indications could be associated
with a subsequent fall in the need for costly health services and missed working days due to sick-leave. The Naiade project
was a multicenter observational, longitudinal, questionnaire-based study comparing an “entry” inquiry addressed to patients
before an entry thermal cycle, and a “return” inquiry after 1 year. Routine statistical methods were used for comparisons.
The study was carried out in 297 of the 340 certified Italian spa centers. Inquiries were managed by the spa doctor(s), with
the collaboration of family doctors, and when necessary, hospitals, other health services, labour offices and employers. After
exclusion of regular customers and of patients with acute disease phases or severe health conditions, 39,943 patients divided
into eight diseases subgroups (rheumatic, respiratory, dermatologic, gynaecologic, otorhynologic, urinary, vascular and gastroenteric)
underwent entry inquiry and appropriate spa treatment. Patients who returned for treatment after 1 year (“index year”) were
23,680 (59.2%) and received return inquiry. Outcomes considered were: frequency and duration of hospitalisation periods; missed
working days; regular use of disease-specific drugs; and resort to “non-spa” rehabilitation therapies. The data collected
at return inquiry were compared with those of entry inquiry. All the considered outcomes appeared to be significantly reduced
in the index year in seven of the eight disease subgroups in comparison with the previous year. In conclusion, disease-appropriate
spa treatments were followed by a reduction in the need of subsequent health interventions in most disease subgroups. The
health promoting value of spa treatments should therefore undergo more rigorous assessment with randomised controlled studies. 相似文献
19.
“Genomic medicine” refers to the diagnosis, optimized management, and treatment of disease—as well as screening, counseling,
and disease gene identification—in the context of information provided by an individual patient’s personal genome. Genomic
medicine, to some extent synonymous with “personalized medicine,” has been made possible by recent advances in genome technologies.
Genomic medicine represents a new approach to health care and disease management that attempts to optimize the care of a patient
based upon information gleaned from his or her personal genome sequence. In this review, we describe recent progress in genomic
medicine as it relates to neurological disease. Many neurological disorders either segregate as Mendelian phenotypes or occur
sporadically in association with a new mutation in a single gene. Heritability also contributes to other neurological conditions
that appear to exhibit more complex genetics. In addition to discussing current knowledge in this field, we offer suggestions
for maximizing the utility of genomic information in clinical practice as the field of genomic medicine unfolds. 相似文献
20.
Source-sink landscape theory and its ecological significance 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Exploring the relationships between landscape pattern and ecological processes is the key topic of landscape ecology, for
which, a large number of indices as well as landscape pattern analysis model were developed. However, one problem faced by
landscape ecologists is that it is hard to link the landscape indices with a specific ecological process. Linking landscape
pattern and ecological processes has become a challenge for landscape ecologists. “Source” and “sink” are common concepts
used in air pollution research, by which the movement direction and pattern of different pollutants in air can be clearly
identified. In fact, for any ecological process, the research can be considered as a balance between the source and the sink
in space. Thus, the concepts of “source” and “sink” could be implemented to the research of landscape pattern and ecological
processes. In this paper, a theory of sourcesink landscape was proposed, which include: (1) In the research of landscape pattern
and ecological process, all landscape types can be divided into two groups, “source” landscape and “sink” landscape. “Source”
landscape contributes positively to the ecological process, while “sink” landscape is unhelpful to the ecological process.
(2) Both landscapes are recognized with regard to the specific ecological process. “Source” landscape in a target ecological
process may change into a “sink” landscape as in another ecological process. Therefore, the ecological process should be determined
before “source” or “sink” landscape were defined. (3) The key point to distinguish “source” landscape from “sink” landscape
is to quantify the effect of landscape on ecological process. The positive effect is made by “source” landscape, and the negative
effect by “sink” landscape. (4) For the same ecological process, the contribution of “source” landscapes may vary, and it
is the same to the “sink” landscapes. It is required to determine the weight of each landscape type on ecological processes.
(5) The sourcesink principle can be applied to non-point source pollution control, biologic diversity protection, urban heat
island effect mitigation, etc. However, the landscape evaluation models need to be calibrated respectively, because different
ecological processes correspond with different source-sink landscapes and evaluation models for the different study areas.
This theory is helpful to further study landscape pattern and ecological process, and offers a basis for new landscape index
design.
__________
Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(5): 1444–1449 [译自: 生态学报] 相似文献