免疫致敏结合局部乙酸刺激法建立大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型

目的结肠黏膜组织致敏法加乙酸局部刺激法建立复合大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型。方法30只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、用药组(各10只),用结肠黏膜组织致敏法加乙酸局部刺激法建立大鼠复合溃疡性结肠炎模型后,用药组给予SASP灌胃,模型对照组和正常对照组给予生理盐水,均灌胃2周后处死大鼠,分离其结肠组织和血清。生化法检测各组结肠中MDA、SOD、GSH-PX、NO、TNOS和iNOS值,放免法测定大鼠血清及结肠IL-4及TNF-α含量变化,酶联免疫法测定大鼠血清IFN-γ含量变化。结果与空白对照组比较,模型组大鼠结肠组织MDA、NO、TNOS及iNOS含量升高,SOD、GSH-Px水平显著降低。与模型组比较,SASP组SOD、GSH-Px计数水平显著升高,组织MDA、NO、TNOS及iNOS含量降低。模型组血清和结肠IL-4含量较对照组明显降低,而模型大鼠血清和结肠TNF-α含量明显升高,模型组大鼠血清IFN-γ含量明显升高。SASP组IL-4含量升高,TNF-α和IFN-γ含量明显降低。结论改进的复合造模方法,可以较好的模拟人类UC病变的慢性活动性特点,适合药效观察和评价。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌C1 对金黄色葡萄球菌感染小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的探究解淀粉芽胞杆菌C-1对金黄色葡萄球菌感染小鼠的抗感染作用及其相关的免疫调节机制。方法将48只6～8周龄雌性昆明小鼠随机分为对照组、致病组、预防组和治疗组,每组12只。以金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 25923灌胃动物制备急性感染动物模型,在感染金黄色葡萄球菌前、后连续3 d分别灌胃2×10~9 CFU解淀粉芽胞杆菌C-1作为预防组和治疗组;生理盐水灌胃动物作阴性对照。动物实验结束后,处死动物,取肠道组织进行HE染色和免疫组化分析小鼠组织病理改变;通过肠上皮细胞HT-29的细胞毒性试验检测肠内容物中金黄色葡萄球菌毒素活性;ELISA试验检测肠道黏膜分泌细胞因子sIgA、IFN-γ、IL-2和IL-6的浓度;采集肠道粪便标本通过气相色谱法检测6种短链脂肪酸组成。结果感染模型成功,致病组小鼠的肠道内容物细胞毒性、sIgA及肠道黏膜细胞因子IL-6、IL-2和IFN-γ浓度均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(W=113.000 0,P=0.039 2;t=2.899 0,P=0.042 3;t=2.364 0,P=0.002 2;t=4.483 0,P=0.001 0;t=2.364 0,P=0.033 0)。干预后,C-1干预组(预防组和治疗组)动物的肠道腺泡增生和肠绒毛增殖细胞数量、肠道内容物细胞毒性、sIgA、IFN-γ、IL-6低于致病组;IL-2及粪便中丙酸、丁酸、戊酸浓度均低于致病组,预防组低于治疗组,差异具有统计学意义(W=99.000 0,P=0.003 0;W=96.000 0,P=0.002 0;W=88.000 0,P0.000 1)。结论解淀粉芽胞杆菌C-1可以通过减少致病菌的肠道定植、限制炎症反应和加强肠道屏障来预防金黄色葡萄球菌的感染。     

轮状病毒致乳鼠肝脏IFN-γ/IL-10的变化研究

目的建立乳鼠感染的模型,检测轮状病毒（Rotavirus,RV）肠道内、外感染乳鼠肝脏IFN-γ和IL-10水平,比较肝脏IFN-γ和IL-10在轮状病毒肠道内外感染,以及不同时间点变化的差异性,进一步探讨IFN-γ和IL-10免疫自稳失衡与轮状病毒肠道外感染发病的关系,推测以恢复细胞因子平衡为目标的治疗策略可能是治疗轮状病毒肠炎的一种新方法。方法实验动物选用35日龄的清洁级BALB/C乳鼠,将54只乳鼠随机分为3组,每组18只,即实验组,包括肠道外组：通过腹腔注入0.10 mL（1×10-5）TCID50感染性滴度计量的SA-11株病毒;肠道内组：通过口腔灌入0.10 mL相同病毒;对照组无特殊处理。感染后,各组动物隔离饲养。观察乳鼠的活动、饮食、体型、毛色和大便变化情况等,收集大便经胶体金法检测其中RV抗原。在接种后的3、5和8 d处死乳鼠,留取肝脏,免疫组化方法检测IFN-γ和IL-10水平。结果对照组2种细胞因子表达量较少,肠道内组IFN-γ水平在接种RV后的第3天明显增多,第3天至第8天缓慢减少;IL-10水平较正常组增高但整个过程未见明显变化。肠道外组IFN-γ水平与肠道内组比较差异无统计学意义;IL-10水平在感染第3天也明显增多,第3天至第8天有所减少但仍存在且高于正常组。结论 BALB/C乳鼠肠道内外感染RV动物模型建立成功。乳鼠肠道外感染早期及后期肝脏内细胞因子呈现出不同改变。所以在肠道外组,肝脏细胞因子平衡机制失衡,进一步阐明这种失衡可能是RV肠道外播散的重要机制。     

三皮汤对小鼠实验性溃疡性结肠炎治疗作用及机制初探

目的:探讨三皮汤对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)小鼠的疗效及可能治疗机制.方法:40只BALB/C小鼠随机分成正常组、模型组、柳氮磺胺吡啶(SASP)组和三皮汤组,每组10只.予以恶唑酮建立溃疡性结肠炎模型后,三皮汤组和SASP组分别给予三皮汤和SASP灌胃治疗,每天观察一般情况,十天后处死,剪取脾组织检测重量的变化,取其病变结肠观察组织学改变,并采用ELISA测定各组小鼠血清和脾脏组织细胞因子IFN-γ及IL-4的含量.结果:三皮汤组和SASP组小鼠症状较模型组有明显改善;模型组小鼠免疫器官脾组织明显萎缩,三皮汤组和SASP组小鼠脾组织重量较模型组有所增加;三皮汤组血清和脾脏组织IFN-γ含量低于模型组(P＜0.01),IL-4含量高于模型组(P＜0.01).结论:三皮汤能通过降低IFN-γ及升高IL-4的含量,来调整细胞因子间的网络平衡,改善机体免疫功能,缓解肠道炎症反应.     

丹参对非酒精性脂肪肝Th17细胞及相关细胞因子的影响*

目的:研究丹参对非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)大鼠Th17细胞及相关细胞因子的影响,为临床上丹参治疗NAFLD提供实验依据。方法:SPF级别SD大鼠32只,随机分为模型组、空白对照组、葛根对照组、丹参组,每组8只。模型组给予高脂饲料喂养4周以建立NAFLD模型;丹参治疗组及葛根对照组大鼠给予6.25g·kg^-1·d^-1的浓缩液每日1次灌胃;除了空白对照组外,其余各组大鼠均给予高脂饲料喂饲4周。实验完全结束(第4周),各组大鼠禁食12～14 h,禁水2 h后,采血,收集肝脏组织,检测各组大鼠血脂(TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C)水平及肝功能(AST、ALT)、肝脏指数,观察肝组织病理学改变。流式细胞仪检测外周血Th17、Treg细胞含量。通过ELISA法检测血清IL-6、IL-17、TNF-α水平;RT-PCR法检测肝脏组织RORγt基因表达。结果:连续4周喂养高脂饮食后,模型组大鼠肝脏发生脂肪变性,有大量炎症细胞浸润。与模型组相比,丹参治疗组、葛根对照组大鼠TC、TG、LDL-C、ALT、AST水平及肝脏指数明显低于模型组(P＜0.05),HDL-C水平明显高于模型组(P＜0.05)成功复制NAFLD大鼠模型。丹参治疗组大鼠外周血Th17细胞含量、IL-6、IL-17水平、大鼠RORγt基因表达量显著低于模型组及葛根对照组(P＜0.05);TNF-α水平低于模型组及葛根对照组;Treg细胞含量高于模型组(P＜0.05)及葛根对照组(P＞ 0.05);Treg/ Th17显著高于模型组及葛根对照组 (P＜0.05)。结论:丹参通过降低血清中IL-6、IL-17、TNF-α水平,抑制RORγt基因表达,降低外周血Th17细胞含量,升高Treg细胞含量,调整Th17/Treg平衡,从而抑制NAFLD发生发展。     

IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α及IFN-γ在脾肾阳虚型溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠血清及组织中的表达

目的通过对脾肾阳虚型溃疡性结肠炎(UC)模型大鼠血清及结肠组织中IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α及IFN-γ表达水平的检测,探讨它们在UC发生发展过程中的作用。方法采用灌服大黄水煎液+肌肉注射氢化可的松并结合TNBS(2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸)+乙醇灌肠建立脾肾阳虚型UC动物模型。将60只大鼠随机分为空白组、脾肾阳虚型UC模型7、14d及21d组,采用酶联免疫法检测各组大鼠血清及结肠组织中IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α及IFN-γ的含量。结果与空白组比较,脾肾阳虚型UC模型组大鼠血清及结肠组织中IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α及IFN-γ含量明显升高(P0.05);尤以模型21d组最为明显。结论促炎性细胞因子IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α及IFN-γ在脾肾阳虚型UC发病过程中起重要作用。     

小青龙汤、射干麻黄汤及其合方并用对大鼠哮喘模型血清IL-4/INF-γ影响的实验研究

目的:观察小青龙汤、射干麻黄汤及其合方并用对大鼠哮喘模型血清IL-4/INF-γ的影响。方法:将健康雄性SD大鼠共90只,随机分为6组。每组15只,采用卵蛋白致敏及激发的方法制作大鼠哮喘模型。用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测各组大鼠血清中IFN-γ和IL-4的浓度。结果:哮喘模型对照组血清中IFN-γ的含量明显低于正常对照组(P<0.05),而血清IL-4的含量明显高于前者(P<0.05),存在着严重的IFN-γ/IL-4比例的失衡;与哮喘模型对照组相比较,各药物治疗组均可不同程度的上调IFN-γ并下调血清IL-4的水平;这其中尤以合方并用组的作用最为显著。结论:小青龙汤及射干麻黄汤对哮喘动物模型的免疫失衡均有调节作用,二者合用其调节作用更为显著。     

胃饥饿素对哮喘大鼠气道组织损伤、血清Th1/Th2细胞因子以及TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的影响

摘要 目的：探讨胃饥饿素介导Toll样受体4（TLR4）/核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）信号通路对哮喘模型大鼠的气道组织损伤和血清Th1/Th2细胞因子的影响机制。方法：选择健康Wistar雄性大鼠平均7周龄（体重平均220 g）共40只,随机分为4组,每组10只,分别为对照组、模型组、胃饥饿素低浓度组（1 μmol/L）和高浓度组（5 μmol/L）。除了对照组,其他三组复制急性哮喘模型,胃饥饿素低浓度组和高浓度组腹腔注射10 mL/kg胃饥饿素,对照组和模型组注射等量生理盐水。造模结束24 h 后评估各组大鼠的哮喘症状评分,检测血清中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞百分比,计算中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）,ELISA法检测血清IgE、Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ和Th2 型细胞因子 IL-4,计算IFN-γ/IL-4,HE染色肺组织计算气道壁厚度和气管平滑肌厚度,评估气道损伤程度,Western blot法检测肺组织TLR4和NF-κB p65蛋白相对表达量。结果：与对照组相比,模型组大鼠哮喘症状评分、淋巴细胞百分比、IgE、IL-4、气道壁厚度和气管平滑肌厚度、TLR4和NF-κB p65蛋白相对表达量均显著增加,而NLR、IFN-γ和IFN-γ/IL-4显著降低（P＜0.05）。与模型组相比,胃饥饿素低浓度组和高浓度组大鼠哮喘症状评分、淋巴细胞百分比、IgE、IL-4、气道壁厚度和气管平滑肌厚度、TLR4和NF-κB p65蛋白相对表达量明显降低,而NLR、IFN-γ和IFN-γ/IL-4明显升高（P＜0.05）。与低浓度组相比,高浓度组上述指标也存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。结论：胃饥饿素可能通过抑制TLR4/ NF-κB信号通路活性,进而改善哮喘症状,降低炎症反应,调节Th1/Th2平衡,减轻气道组织损伤,且表现出一定的浓度依赖性。胃饥饿素有望成为临床干预哮喘的新途径。     

肝心宁对肝纤维化大鼠肝组织病理及PDGF-BB、TGF-β、MMP-1的影响

目的：从肝纤维化的病理学和血清标志物方面,探讨肝心宁对肝纤维化大鼠肝组织病理的影响。方法：将60只SD大鼠随机分成正常对照组,肝纤维化模型组和肝心宁干预纤维化组。采用改良式复合因素法复制大鼠肝纤维化模型。正常对照组与肝纤维化模型组给予生理盐水10mL/kg灌胃,肝心宁干预纤维化组给予10g/kg治疗。6周后,取各组大鼠肝脏组织,HE染色比较各组大鼠肝脏组织的病理学变化,检测比较不同组大鼠血清中肝纤维化指示物血小板生长因子-BB（PDGF-BB）、转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β）、基质蛋白酶-1（MMP-1）的含量。结果：肝组织病理学：与肝纤维化模型组相比,干预组炎症坏程度减轻,肝纤维化程度明显改善,血清PDGF-BB、TGF-β1含量显著下降,而MMP-1含量显著升高。结论：肝心宁能有效改善肝纤维化血清学指标和病理学指标。     

青春双歧杆菌对2型糖尿病模型大鼠免疫功能和肾脏的影响

目的通过观察青春双歧杆菌对2型糖尿病模型大鼠血清中细胞因子IL-2、IL-6和IFN-γ活性的影响,以及血清及尿中的NO与ET-1的变化,探讨青春双歧杆菌对2型糖尿病模型免疫功能和肾脏的影响。方法采用青春双歧杆菌灌胃2型糖尿病模型大鼠,取血液和尿液,ELISA法检测细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ和ET-1活性,硝酸酶还原法测定NO水平。结果青春双歧杆菌提高IL-2、IL-4水平,降低IL-6、IFN-γ和ET-1活性,NO水平在病程中动态变化。结论青春双歧杆菌具有平衡2型糖尿病模型大鼠免疫功能,抑制ET-1,调节NO水平的作用,从而预防肾小球硬化的发生。     

Guanine deaminase in rat liver and mouse liver and brain

1. The guanine deaminase in rat liver supernatant preparations was resolved into two fractions, A and B, on DEAE-cellulose columns. The two differed in electrophoretic mobility and in various properties. The most noteworthy distinction between A and B components was that the enzyme A activity showed a sigmoid dependence on substrate concentration whereas the enzyme B showed classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The K(m) value of enzyme A for guanine was 5.3mum and that of enzyme B 20mum. 2. The entire guanine deaminase activity of mouse liver was contained in the 15000g supernatant of iso-osmotic homogenates. 3. A reinvestigation of the behaviour of rat brain 15000g supernatant guanine deaminase isoenzymes revealed that one enzyme had sigmoidal kinetics and the other enzyme showed a hyperbolic response. 4. Of the guanine deaminase in mouse brain iso-osmotic sucrose homogenate 80% was recovered in the 15000g supernatant and the rest from the particles. The supernatant guanine deaminase was resolvable into two fractions on DEAE-cellulose columns. One enzyme showed sigmoidal kinetics whereas the other showed a hyperbolic response to increasing substrate concentration; the K(m) values for the reaction with guanine were respectively 5 and 66mum. 5. The particulate fractions of mouse liver and brain were devoid of any overt inhibitory activity.     

Phosphorylation and inactivation of liver glycogen synthase by liver protein kinases

A rapid method for purifying glycogen synthase a from rat liver was developed and the enzyme was tested as a substrate for nine different protein kinases, six of which were isolated from rat liver. The enzyme was phosphorylated on a 17-kDa CNBr fragment to approximately 1 phosphate/87-kDa subunit by phosphorylase b kinase from muscle or liver with a decrease in the activity ratio (-Glc-6-P/+Glc-6-P) from 0.95 to 0.6. Calmodulin-dependent glycogen synthase kinase from rabbit liver produced a similar phosphorylation pattern, but a smaller activity change. The catalytic subunit of beef heart cAMP-dependent protein kinase incorporated greater than 1 phosphate/subunit initially into a 17-kDa CNBr peptide and then into a 27-30-kDa CNBr peptide, with an activity ratio decrease to 0.5. Glycogen synthase kinases 3, 4, and 5 and casein kinase 1 were purified from rat liver. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 rapidly phosphorylated liver glycogen synthase to 1.5 phosphate/subunit with incorporation of phosphate into 3 CNBr peptides and a decrease in the activity ratio to 0.3. Glycogen synthase kinase 4 produced a pattern of phosphorylation and inactivation of liver synthase which was very similar to that caused by phosphorylase b kinase. Glycogen synthase kinase 5 incorporated 1 phosphate/subunit into a 24-kDa CNBr peptide, but did not alter the activity of the synthase. Casein kinase 1 phosphorylated and inactivated liver synthase with incorporation of phosphate into a 24-kDa CNBr peptide. This kinase and glycogen synthase kinase 4 were more active against muscle glycogen synthase. Calcium-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase from brain phosphorylated liver and muscle glycogen synthase on 17- and 27-kDa CNBr peptides, respectively. However, there was no change in the activity ratio of either enzyme. The following conclusions are drawn. 1) Liver glycogen synthase a is subject to multiple site phosphorylation. 2) Phosphorylation of some sites does not per se control activity of the enzyme under the assay conditions used. 3) Liver contains most, if not all, of the protein kinases active on glycogen synthase previously identified in skeletal muscle.     

Expression of liver and placental alkaline phosphatases in Chang liver cells

This paper presents evidence that a protein characteristic of differentiated liver cells, liver alkaline phosphatase, is synthesized by the Chang liver cell line. Liver alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated by immumochemical assay, ³²P-labeling and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunofluorescence microscopy, and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The synthesis of the liver enzyme by the Chang liver cells is interpreted to indicate fidelity of the Chang cells to their origin from human liver tissue. Chang liver cells also synthesize a phosphatase which is similar if not indentical to the placental alkaline phosphatase. Since a placental-type alkaline phosphatase has been observed in a number of non-trophoblastic cell lines and also in some neoplasms, it does not seem reliable as an index of the origins of the cell line. Because of the claims that Chang liver cells are actually HeLa cells, HeLa cells were studied in tandem with the Chang cells. The results showed that the HeLa cells do not make the liver type phosphatase. The data are discussed in relation to the question of HeLa cell contamination of the Chang cell line and the validity of criteria normally used to identify cell lines.     

Phospholipid-transfer proteins in human liver and primary liver carcinoma

Investigations have been carried out on phospholipid-transfer activity of the cytosol and the phospholipid composition of subcellular membranes from human liver and primary liver carcinoma. In both human liver and primary liver carcinoma cytosolic fractions, the transfer activity for phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and sphingomyelin has been observed for the first time. The transfer rate of PC and PE in normal human liver was almost equal, whereas sphingomyelin-transfer activity was much slower. In carcinoma cells, the transfer activity for PE and PC was significantly enhanced, while sphingomyelin transfer remained unchanged. Comparative investigations with HepG2 cultured cells have revealed a high PE-transfer activity in this cell line. Parallel with the phospholipid-transfer activity modifications in neoplasic cells, changes in the phospholipid composition of microsomes and mitochondria have been observed. The content of PC and PE in hepatocarcinoma cells was decreased in microsomes, while in the mitochondria it was increased. The possible role of the phospholipid-transfer proteins in the maintenance of membrane composition and structure is discussed.     

清肝泄浊法治疗脂肪肝30例临床研究

目的:观察清肝泄浊法治疗脂肪肝的临床疗效.方法:治疗组30例口服自拟清肝泄浊汤,对照组24例口服复方益肝灵,观察肝功能及血脂变化.结果:治疗组30例,有效率90.0%,对照组30例,有效率36.6%.结论:清肝泄浊法治疗脂肪肝的疗效明显,适宜临床推广运用.