广州地区生殖系统念珠菌感染的菌型及其体外药敏分析

目的 了解性传播疾病病人中生殖系统念珠菌感染的菌型及其对临床常用抗真菌药物的敏感性.方法 采用法国梅里埃公司的ATB ID32C酵母菌鉴定反应板鉴定菌种并使用Rosco纸片扩散法进行体外药敏检测,比较不同菌型念珠菌的药敏情况.结果 临床131例生殖系统念珠菌感染者中,白色念珠菌116例(88.55％)、近平滑念珠菌7例(5.34％)、光滑念珠菌5例(3.82％)、季也蒙念珠菌2例(1.53％)、克柔念珠菌1例(0.76％).药敏分析结果:念珠菌属对制霉菌素(96.18％)、酮康唑(90.84％)、氟康唑(70.23％)敏感,而对咪康唑(31.30％)、嗌康唑(31.30％)、伊曲康唑(47.33％)和特比奈酚(7.63％)的中度敏感性和耐药性比较高.结论 生殖系统念珠菌感染以白色念珠菌为主,感染的念珠菌除了对多烯类药物敏感率高外,对唑类抗真菌药有不同程度的交叉耐药,不同菌型其药敏谱存在差异.     

外阴阴道念珠菌病的病原检测及体外药敏试验

目的了解STD门诊患者外阴阴道念珠菌病的菌种分布及对常用抗真菌药物的敏感状况,为临床治疗提供参考。方法取STD门诊疑似念珠菌感染患者的阴道分泌物标本,用沙氏琼脂培养基分离纯化菌株,然后用ATB ID 32C酵母菌鉴定系统和ATB Fungus3药敏系统进行菌种鉴定与药物敏感试验。结果950份标本中检出306株念珠菌,占32.21%,其中白色念珠菌226株,阳性率为73.86%;光滑念珠菌37株,阳性率为12.09%;热带念珠菌24株,阳性率为7.84%;近平滑念珠菌13株,占4.25%。药敏结果显示：念珠菌对5-氟胞嘧啶（5-FC）;两性霉素B（AMB）,伏立康唑（VRC）耐药率〈6%;近平滑念珠菌对5种抗真菌药物均敏感;白色念珠菌对氟康唑（FCZ）、伊曲康唑（ICZ）耐药率依次：9.29%、11.06%,光滑念珠菌药耐药率依次为37.84%,67.57%,热带念珠菌药耐药率依次为8.33%、12.5%。结论STD门诊患者阴道念珠菌检出率明显高于普通妇科门诊患者,检出菌种仍以白色念珠菌为主,但光滑念珠菌和热带念珠菌生殖道感染有明显上升趋势;念珠菌对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶敏感性较高,对唑类药物有耐药菌株。因此,念珠菌鉴定和药敏监测是非常必要的,临床医生应根据药敏结果合理使用抗真菌药物。     

男性尿道炎和包皮龟头炎致病真菌的分布与药敏分析

目的了解男性念珠菌性尿道炎和包皮龟头炎的菌群分布及体外抗真菌药敏试验情况。方法菌株分离均来自复旦大学附属华山医院皮肤性病门诊临床症状轻重不一、真菌直接镜检阳性的61例患者。用科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基及API 20C AUX鉴定系统进行菌种鉴定;采用CLSIM27-A2肉汤微量稀释法对61株临床分离念珠菌作了氟康唑、两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、特比萘芬6种抗真菌药物敏感性测定。结果对培养阳性的61例菌株,通过科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基及API 20C AUX鉴定系统作菌种鉴定,白念珠菌52例（85.2%）,近平滑念珠菌3例,光滑念珠菌2例,热带念珠菌2例,季也蒙念珠菌1例,克柔念珠菌1例。对52株白念珠菌的药敏试验显示氟康唑98.1%敏感,1.9%剂量依赖性敏感;氟胞嘧啶96.2%敏感,3.8%耐药;伊曲康唑44.2%敏感,40.5%剂量依赖性敏感,15.3%耐药;伏立康唑84.6%敏感,15.4%耐药;两性霉素B全部敏感;特比萘芬的MIC范围为1-64μg/ml,MIC50和MIC90皆为64μg/ml。结论在男性念珠菌性尿道炎和包皮龟头炎中,白念珠菌仍是第一位致病菌,体外药敏试验显示氟康唑、伏立康唑、氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B对男性念珠菌性尿道炎均有较好的敏感性。     

下呼吸道真菌感染的临床特点及耐药性分析

目的探讨住院患者下呼吸道真菌感染的临床特点,对其耐药性进行分析,以指导临床合理用药。方法回顾性调查2008年1月至2009年12月间安徽医科大学第一附属医院发生下呼吸道真菌感染的病例,并进行统计学分析。结果 374例下呼吸道真菌感染患者检出白色念珠菌253例(67.6%),光滑念珠菌74例(19.8%),热带念珠菌28例(7.5%),克柔念珠菌10例(2.7%),其他假丝酵母菌3例(0.8%),毛霉菌4例(1.1%),烟曲霉菌2例(0.5%)。本组资料药敏结果显示各种真菌对多种抗真菌药物敏感率较高,其中两性霉素B、伏立康唑和氟康唑的敏感率较高,而伊曲康唑的耐药率最高,达到12.2%。结论下呼吸道真菌感染仍以白色念珠菌感染为主,光滑念珠菌和热带念珠菌其次,3种念珠菌占总分离真菌的94.9%,5种抗真菌药物的耐药率以伊曲康唑最高,社区获得性感染患者预后明显优于医院感染患者。     

妇科住院患者酵母样真菌感染的菌株分布与药敏研究

目的对妇科住院患者阴道分泌物酵母样真菌隐性感染的菌群分布与药敏结果进行回顾性分析,为临床围手术期合理使用抗真菌药物提供依据。方法妇科住院患者5813例阴道分泌物中分离到396株酵母样真菌,采用API-20Aux和ATBFUNGUS进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果396株酵母样真菌中,分离率最高的前3位是白色假丝酵母菌（59.6%）、光滑假丝酵母菌（21.2%）和接合假丝酵母菌（6.6%）。酵母样真菌对5-氟胞嘧啶（5-FC）、两性霉素B（AMB）和制霉菌素（NYS）敏感率最高,达90.7%、92.7%和96.2%,咪康唑（MIC）、益康唑（ECO）和酮康唑（KET）分别为74.2%、61.6%和69.4%。结论住院妇科患者阴道分泌物酵母样真菌隐性感染主要以白色念珠菌和光滑念珠菌为主,感染的酵母样真菌对5-FC、AMB和NYS的药物敏感性较高,对唑类抗真菌药则有不同程度的耐药率。     

临床酵母样真菌的感染特点及耐药性研究

目的了解临床酵母样真菌的感染类型、分布以及耐药情况,为临床诊断治疗提供合理的用药依据.方法采用常规方法进行真菌培养,用科玛嘉显色培养基联合法国生物梅里埃API 20C AUX鉴定条进行鉴定,药敏试验采用微量稀释法.结果864株酵母样真菌中,白色念珠菌619株（71.6%）,其次为热带念珠菌116株（13.4%）和克柔念珠菌47株（5.4%）,非白色念珠菌感染的比例逐年上升（21.5%）.其中,呼吸道标本酵母样真菌检出率最高,达79.7%,其次是消化道为8.8%,泌尿道为4.7%.科室分布依次为干部科、呼吸科、急诊内科、血液科等;白色念珠菌对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶高度敏感,达90%以上,对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的敏感性有所降低.结论酵母样真菌的检出率与患者基础疾病密切相关;对氟康唑等药物的敏感性有下降的趋势,未发现对4种药物同时耐药的菌株,提示在治疗中,药敏监测是非常必要的.     

118株口腔致病念珠菌病原学特征及药敏结果分析

目的调查分析临床致病口腔念珠菌菌种分布及对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、制霉菌素、5-氟胞嘧啶和酮康唑的药物敏感性,以提供临床用药依据。方法收集口腔真菌感染患者标本,常规涂片镜检、培养,对酵母样生长菌落用生物梅里埃公司API20AUX进行菌种鉴定。对其中的念珠菌进行药敏分析。结果共收集141例临床口腔真菌病标本,其中118株念珠菌中,白念珠菌87株（73.7%）,热带念珠菌15株（12.7%）,高里念珠菌6株（5.1%）,光滑念珠菌4株,其他念珠菌6株。口腔念珠菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、制霉菌素、5-氟胞嘧啶和酮康唑的耐药率分别为5.1%、1.7%、0%、3.4%、5.1%。结论解放军324医院口腔真菌感染主要为长期应用抗生素的老年患者。口腔念珠菌病仍以白念珠菌为主,对常用抗真菌药物呈不同程度的耐药,应进行真菌常规菌种鉴定及药敏试验。     

白念珠菌酵母相与菌丝相对5种抗真菌药物的敏感性比较

目的比较白念珠菌酵母相与菌丝相对常用抗真菌药物的敏感性的差异,为病原真菌学研究及临床用药提供理论指导。方法应用法国生物-梅里埃ATB FUNGUS 3药敏试剂盒对临床分离的220株白念珠菌进行抗真菌药物的敏感性测定。结果 220株白念珠菌酵母相与菌丝相对两性霉素B、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶5种常用的抗真菌药物的敏感率分别为97.27%与97.73%,81.82%与85.00%,87.27%与90.46%,92.72%与95.00%,96.82%与97.27%。氟康唑、伊曲康唑和伏立康唑对白念珠菌酵母相MIC值明显高于菌丝相,差异有显著性(P0.05),两性霉素对白念珠菌酵母相和菌丝相MIC值差异不显著(P0.05)。受试菌株两相细胞对5种抗真菌药物敏感度总体一致性为85.46%(188/220),有32株菌株酵母相表现为耐药及中介,但菌丝相却为中介与敏感。结论白念珠菌酵母相和菌丝相对5种抗真菌药物的敏感性存在差异,抗真菌药物对菌丝相的抗菌活性强于酵母相。     

289株VVC致病菌的菌种分布和对9种抗真菌药物敏感性

外阴阴道念珠菌病（vulvovaginal candidiasis,VVC）是女性的常见病。本研究收集了2018年1月-12月苏州地区VVC患者分离的289株念珠菌进行了病原学鉴定和包括棘白菌素类、新三唑类药物在内的9种抗真菌药物体外敏感性分析。本文采用核糖体RNA的D1/D2基因进行念珠菌菌种鉴定。参照M27-A3方法检测其对9种抗真菌药物（包括棘白菌素类及新三唑类药物）的体外敏感性。结果表明,289株VVC念珠菌菌株中,白念珠菌259株、光滑念珠菌14株、克柔念珠菌10株、热带念珠菌4株、近平滑念珠菌2株。259株VVC白念珠菌对棘白菌素类体外敏感性好,对米卡芬净敏感性高于另外两种棘白菌素类;对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑敏感性好;但对伊曲康唑、伏立康唑敏感性差;对泊沙康唑敏感性好。光滑念珠菌株和克柔念珠菌分离株对卡泊芬净敏感性差,但对米卡芬净、阿尼芬净敏感性好;光滑念珠菌株对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶体外敏感性好,对伊曲康唑敏感性差,对泊沙康唑敏感性好;伏立康唑对光滑念珠菌分离株MIC₅₀/₉₀为0.5/1μg/mL;克柔念珠菌对伊曲康唑、伏立康唑50%耐药;4株热带念珠菌对伊曲康唑50%耐药,对卡泊芬净、氟康唑、伏立康唑100%耐药,对其余5种抗真菌药物敏感。近平滑念珠菌对9种抗真菌药物均敏感。白念珠菌仍为苏州地区VVC的主要病原菌,其次是光滑念珠菌和克柔念珠菌,它们对临床常用药物伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、卡泊芬净敏感性差。研究结果提示对VVC病人常规进行分泌物培养、菌种鉴定,对苏州地区临床医生制定VVC治疗方案具有重要参考价值。尽管棘白菌素类、两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、新三唑类药物尚未应用到VVC的临床治疗中,但是这些药物对VVC病原体总体敏感性较好,未来有望成为氟康唑、咪唑类药物治疗失败患者的新选择。     

白色念珠菌的临床分布及Rosco纸片法药敏结果分析

目的了解目前白色念珠菌的临床分布及其耐药现状,以加强抗真菌药物的合理应用。方法采用Rosco纸片扩散法检测2005年2—9月安徽医科大学第一附属医院临床分离的260株白色念珠菌对7种抗真菌药物的药敏结果。结果白色念珠菌的临床分布以痰液标本为主,老年患者居多。白色念珠菌对制霉菌素、两性霉素B和伊曲康唑的敏感率均较高,分别为98.9％、96．9％和94．2％;其次为酮康唑和氟康唑,敏感率分别为84．6％和82．3％;灰黄霉素、益康唑和眯康唑的敏感率较低,分别为73．9％、57．8％和57．6％。结论临床微生物实验室要加强对白色念珠菌的分离培养和药敏试验,指导临床合理用药,有效控制和减少真菌感染。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.