益生菌防治过敏性鼻炎的研究进展

益生菌是一类在适当的摄入数量时会对宿主机体带来益处的活体微生物,其对机体的免疫系统具有调节作用。研究表明,益生菌可以通过调节Th1/Th2平衡,纠正患者肠道菌群的紊乱,从而缓解过敏性症状。本研究综述了近年来研究益生菌防治过敏性鼻炎的进展。     

益生菌辅助防治过敏性疾病的研究进展

益生菌是一类在适当的摄入数量时会对宿主机体带来益处的活体微生物,其对于机体的免疫系统具有调节作用.研究表明,益生菌可以通过调节Th1/Th2平衡,增加宿主对相关抗原的口服耐受,从而缓解过敏性症状.本文综述了近十年来研究益生菌抗过敏作用在体外试验、动物实验和临床试验三方面的进展.     

益生菌治疗变应性鼻炎的研究进展CSCD

变应性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)是临床上的多发病和常见病,其发病率逐年升高。近年来,随着分子生物学的不断发展,越来越多的研究认为AR的发病机制可能和肠道菌群有关。因此,肠道菌群和AR之间的关系逐渐成为过敏性疾病的研究热点,而益生菌在AR中所发挥的治疗作用也备受关注。研究表明Th17/Treg细胞、树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)及Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)参与AR的发病。本文综述益生菌对Th17/Treg细胞的免疫调节作用、促进耐受性的DCs活性以及TLRs对DCs和Th17/Treg细胞的刺激作用的相关研究,探讨AR的调节机制,并阐明益生菌可能是治疗AR的潜在新方法,为AR的肠道微生态研究提供一定的理论依据。     

益生菌对特应性皮炎的防治及机制研究进展

特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis, AD)是一种以反复发作和严重瘙痒为特征、发病率最高的过敏性皮肤病。AD的致病机制涉及遗传易感性、表皮屏障功能障碍、微生物组失调、免疫反应失衡以及环境等多个因素,而现有治疗用药副作用大、疗效欠佳。目前研究已发现肠道菌群尤其是益生菌在AD中起着重要作用。益生菌能够通过抑制病原菌、增强屏障功能、改善肠道环境和平衡Th1/Th2免疫应答等机制改善AD症状。本文综述了AD患者皮肤及肠道微生态特征,基于AD发病的致病机制和影响因素,系统阐明益生菌缓解AD的机制,以期为益生菌治疗AD及相关皮肤过敏性疾病提供理论支持。     

高脂肪饮食对益生菌缓解大鼠过敏性炎症作用的影响及意义

目的 探究高脂肪饮食对过敏性炎症的发生以及对益生菌缓解大鼠过敏性炎症效果的影响及其机制。方法 将3周离乳期雄性Wistar大鼠（57 g±9 g）随机分为5组（8只/组）：对照组、正常饮食模型组、正常饮食治疗组、高脂肪饮食模型组及高脂肪饮食治疗组。基于正常饮食和高脂肪饮食分别建立大鼠过敏性炎症模型,应用益生菌对不同饮食的模型组大鼠进行干预,观察应用益生菌治疗后各组大鼠的过敏体征、炎症细胞及免疫平衡的变化,同时应用变性凝胶梯度电泳对各组大鼠的肠道菌群进行初步分析。结果 相较于正常饮食模型组,高脂肪饮食模型组大鼠过敏体征加重,血中炎症细胞水平增高,Th1/Th2失衡显著（t=-8.563,P=0.005）,肠道菌群多样性显著降低。益生菌能缓解过敏性炎症大鼠的过敏体征,使炎症细胞浸润减轻,明显纠正血和鼻灌洗液中Th1/Th2失衡（t=3.778、10.451,P=0.027、0.001）,恢复肠道菌群多样性。而在益生菌缓解过敏性炎症时伴有高脂肪饮食能阻碍过敏体征的缓解,加重炎症细胞的浸润,延缓了益生菌对血清中Th1/Th2的纠偏作用（t=-10.157,P=0.001）,阻碍了益生菌对肠道菌...     

维生素D辅助治疗过敏性哮喘的研究进展

过敏性哮喘是由多种炎症细胞和介质共同参与的以气道炎症为特征的疾病,病因和发病机制极其复杂,目前尚不完全清楚。维生素D最经典的作用是调节钙和磷的吸收,近年来随着对维生素D代谢和生物学效应的深入研究,发现维生素D对人体免疫系统存在更广泛的影响,在大多数疾病中均能发挥作用。维生素D参与哮喘辅助治疗的机制体现在多个方面,主要通过免疫学机制调节Th1/Th2平衡,降低气道重塑的风险。此外,维生素D能影响肠道菌群组成和比例,可能通过“肺—肠轴”缓解哮喘。在此基础上,维生素D与糖皮质激素等药物联用,可以增强药效,减少药物用量。本文就维生素D辅助治疗过敏性哮喘的研究进展进行总结分析。     

益生菌与口腔微生态调控的研究进展

口腔疾病的发生和发展与口腔微生物群落的失衡密切相关。益生菌是一类对人体健康有益的活的微生物,主要通过分泌抗菌物质、与致病菌竞争性定殖、调节毒力相关基因表达、调节宿主免疫反应、调节氧化应激反应、参与硝酸盐—亚硝酸盐—一氧化氮代谢循环通路、调整生物膜pH值等过程发挥其益生效能。研究发现,益生菌疗法能够降低龋齿的风险、改善牙周状况、提高口腔黏膜病的治疗效果,有望成为防治口腔疾病的潜在途径。本文就近年来益生菌与口腔微生态调控相关的研究情况做一综述。     

ILCs在哮喘疾病中作用的研究进展

哮喘是一种容易反复发作的气道炎症性疾病,病人会出现气道高反应性(airway hyperresponsiveness,AHR)、黏液分泌增多、气道重塑以及气流受限等临床症状.引发哮喘的因素较多,如遗传因素、环境因素等.按照临床表型,哮喘可分为过敏性哮喘和非过敏性哮喘. T细胞2(T helper 2, Th2)长期以来被认为在过敏性哮喘疾病中发挥关键的调节作用,故过敏性哮喘又称Th2型哮喘.随着非Th2型哮喘以及固有淋巴细胞(innate lymphocytes, ILCs)的发现, ILCs在哮喘疾病中的功能逐渐成为研究的焦点.最近的研究发现, ILCs是Ⅱ型细胞因子IL-5和IL-13的有效来源,并可调节适应性免疫应答,在哮喘疾病中发挥重要作用.本文主要综述ILCs在哮喘疾病中作用的最新研究进展.     

益生菌与肠道健康

肠道菌群与人体肠道健康密切相关.益生菌在防治感染、调节机体菌群平衡,提高机体免疫力和儿童生长发育等发挥关键作用.本文主要介绍了益生菌与肠道健康的主要作用机制及益生菌在消化道疾病的应用.     

肠道益生菌预防和治疗食物过敏的研究进展

目前 ,食物过敏的发生率在人群 ,尤其是婴幼儿中逐年增高。其治疗策略仍是以排除致敏食物为主 ,但效果欠佳。由于益生菌所独有的生物学特点和肠道粘膜免疫反应的特异性 ,使肠道益生菌疗法作为治疗食物过敏的一种新兴疗法 ,日益受到人体的重视。本文就其临床疗效、作用机制、选菌原则、使用安全性等问题作一综述 ,以期加强对益生菌的研究和应用。1　益生菌治疗食物过敏的疗效研究进展益生菌在人体中主要以双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌为主 ,具有粘附肠粘膜、稳定胆汁酸、使用安全 ,是人类肠道共生细菌等共同特点。作为肠道微生态的平衡者和肠道粘膜免…     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Acidophilic and acid-tolerant fungi and yeasts

Fungi have not been systematically studied from mines and mine drainage waters, even though they are often encountered there. This paper provides a key from literature sources and lists morphological characteristics and habitat information for the 81 fungal species that have been collected or identified in pH <4 environments.