新疆维、哈两民族粪样中韦荣球菌属和梭菌属水平与2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的探讨目标差异肠道菌群与新疆维吾尔族、哈萨克族2型糖尿病(T2DM)的相关性。方法采用16S r DNA实时荧光定量PCR对新疆维吾尔族、哈萨克族正常糖耐量及2型糖尿病患者粪样中韦荣球菌属和梭菌属水平进行检测。两组间均数比较采用t检验,运用Pearson分析方法对差异肠道菌群与新疆维、哈两民族正常糖耐量及2型糖尿病人群的体检及生化指标进行相关性分析。结果 (1)16S r DNA实时定量PCR结果显示,韦荣球菌属及梭菌属水平在哈萨克族2型糖尿病组粪样中显著高于该民族正常糖耐量组(P=0.035,P=0.028)。(2)新疆维吾尔族、哈萨克族正常糖耐量人群和2型糖尿病人群粪样中韦荣球菌属水平与体重及体重指数(BMI)显著正相关(r=0.469,P=0.009;r=0.623,P=0.002),与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平显著负相关(r=-0.466,P=0.025);梭菌属水平与体重、空腹血糖(FBG)、甘油三酯(TG)水平显著正相关(r=0.375,P=0.049;r=0.398,P=0.033;r=0.375,P=0.041)。结论肠道中Veillonella spp和C.coccoides subgroup水平的变化可能与新疆哈萨克族、维吾尔族2型糖尿病的发病有关,需进一步深入探讨。     

从新疆哈萨克族2型糖尿病患者粪便中分离的气单胞菌对小鼠的作用研究

目的 从新疆哈萨克族2型糖尿病患者粪便中分离培养气单胞菌,并回接到小鼠体内,检测其对小鼠血糖、血脂等2型糖尿病相关中间表型的作用。方法 （1）收集新鲜哈萨克族２型糖尿病患者的粪便样本,用气单胞菌专属培养基进行分离培养,微量生化反应管进行初步鉴定;提取所得菌株的DNA,使用气单胞菌属引物对此DNA进行特异性扩增,结合全自动细菌鉴定仪对菌株进行鉴定;（2）将气单胞菌菌液回接小鼠,采用羰花青素染料（CM-Dil）标记法对菌定植力情况进行检测。（3）检测气单胞菌菌液对小鼠体重、随机血糖（GLU）、空腹血糖（FBG）、总胆固醇（TC）和甘油三酯（TG）的作用,进行葡萄糖耐量（OGTT）、胰岛素耐量（ITT）试验。结果 （1）所得到的菌株经全自动细菌鉴定仪确定为气单胞菌;（2）从小鼠粪便中分离培养后的细菌能检测到荧光标记;（3）与正常饮食组小鼠相比,气单胞菌稀释液、原液、浓缩液组小鼠体重均升高;气单胞菌原液组小鼠GLU升高。小鼠FBG、TC和TG在各组间差异均无统计学意义;气单胞菌菌液组小鼠口服葡萄糖耐量试验血糖曲线下面积增加;气单胞菌原液、浓缩液组小鼠胰岛素耐量试验血糖曲线下面积增加。结论 （1）从新疆哈萨克族2型糖尿病患者粪便中分离培养得到气单胞菌;（2）从糖尿病患者粪便中分离的气单胞菌可定植于小鼠体内,并使小鼠的体重增加,GLU升高,给予气单胞菌稀释液、菌原液、菌浓缩液后第8周,小鼠出现糖耐量受损,胰岛素敏感性下降。     

新疆维、哈两民族人群血浆中谷氨酰胺的含量及其与2型糖尿病关系的研究

目的 探讨谷氨酰胺与2型糖尿病的关系.方法 采用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)来测定新疆维、哈两民族血浆中谷氨酰胺的含量;使用放免法测定空腹血清胰岛素(FINS)含量;采用全自动生化分析仪来测定空腹血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDLC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDLC)的含量.结果 维吾尔族正常人与糖尿病患者之间血浆中谷氨酰胺含量差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);哈萨克族正常人与糖尿病患者之间血浆中谷氨酰胺含量差异无统计学意义;维哈两民族的正常人血浆中谷氨酰胺含量差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);维哈两民族的糖尿病患者血浆中谷氨酰胺的含量差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).维哈两民族人群血浆中的谷氨酰胺含量与空腹血糖(FBG)水平呈负相关(r=-0.4858,P＜0.001),与FINS水平呈正相关(r =0.236,P＜0.05),与胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-IS)呈正相关(r=0.52,P=0.001),与TG呈负相关(r=-0.4330,P＜0.01),与LDLC呈负相关(r=-0.4077,P＜0.01),与HDLC呈正相关(r=0.2553,P＜0.01).结论 谷氨酰胺可能是2型糖尿病的一个保护性的影响因素.     

一株人消化道中韦荣氏球菌的分离、鉴定及其代谢特性研究

【目的】分离与鉴定人肠道乳酸利用菌,研究其乳酸利用的代谢特性。【方法】利用Hungate滚管技术从人粪便中分离厌氧细菌,通过形态、生化和16S r RNA基因鉴定;通过体外发酵技术研究乳酸代谢,并且与乳酸产生菌共培养,研究二者之间交互饲喂。【结果】验证了乳酸可作为代谢中间产物被人肠道混合菌群利用;分离到一株乳酸利用菌,在24 h内消耗乳酸超过50 mmol/L,经鉴定为韦荣氏球菌,并将其形成乙酸和丙酸。当和肠球菌共培养时,可以有效地减缓乳酸的积累。【结论】本株乳酸利用菌可以作为潜在的益生菌,和乳酸菌一起调节人肠道的乳酸动态平衡。     

β2-AR基因5’-调控区-654位与-1429位单核苷酸多态性与新疆哈萨克族原发性高血压关系的研究

目的：检测β2-肾上腺素能受体（β2-AR）基因5’-调控区部分序列单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）,并探讨这些SNPs与新疆哈萨克族原发性高血压的关系。方法：应用MALDI-TOFMS方法测定β2-AR基因5’-调控区-654位与-1429位单核苷酸多态性确定SNP类型,并进行基因分型。结果：β2-AR基因5’-调控区-654位与-1429位单核苷酸多态性分别为-654位G→A、-1429位T→A碱基变异。2种SNPs基因型频率在正常人群分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。其中-654位SNPs基因型GG、GA、AA频率在正常血压和高血压人群间的分布没有显著性差异（x2=1.26,df=2,P〉0.05）,位于-1429bp处SNPs基因型在2组人群中分布差异无显著性（x^2=1.85,df=2,P〉0.05）。结论：β2-AR基因-654位与-1429位SNPs可能仅为基因多态性标志。     

新疆伊犁哈萨克族成人身体围度特征的分析

目的:研究新疆伊犁哈萨克族成人身体围度的特征。方法:本次研究中针对新疆伊犁哈萨克族374例(男性192例,女性182例)成人的身体围度进行了测量以及做了相关的分析。对年龄组间围度值的变化进行方差分析,对年龄与围度之间的关系进行相关分析。并与我国其他26个族群的围度值进行聚类分析。结果:该区男性腰围、腹围年龄组间的差异具有统计学意义;该区女性除头围外的12项围度值在不同年龄组间差异均有统计学意义。女性围度值各年龄组间的差异比男性更加明显。直线相关分析,男性呼气围、腰围、腹围和臀围均与年龄呈正相关,女性颈围、躯干各部分围度和上肢围度均与年龄呈正相关。新疆伊犁哈萨克族在26个族群中头围、胸围、腹围、臀围、大腿围和小腿围6项围度值均处于较高水平。聚类分析显示,哈萨克族围度值与乌孜别克族最接近,我国20个人群围度比较,表明哈萨克族族围度值较大。结论:伊犁哈萨克族身体围度值较大,具有东亚类型族群的围度特征。     

氧化应激与2型糖尿病的研究进展

氧化应激与2型糖尿病(T2DM)的发生、发展密切相关.胰岛素抵搞(Insulin Resistance,IR)、胰岛β细胞功能受损是2型糖尿病的主要病因.而氧化应激可以直接及间接激活细胞内的一系列应激信号通路,如核因子κ-B(Nuclear factor-KappaB,NF-κB)、c-Jun氨基端激酶(NH-terminal Jun kinase,JNK)、蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)等.这些应激通路的激活可以产生以下结果:(1)阻断胰岛素作用通路,导致胰岛素抵抗;(2)降低胰岛素基因表达水平,致胰岛素合成和分泌减少;(3)促进胰岛β细胞凋亡等.本文针对氧化应激诱导胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能受损等机制加以综述,以便进一步阐明2型糖尿病的发病机制.     

哈萨克族原发性高血压患者血浆EPCsCD34+水平及其相关性研究

目的:探讨血浆内皮祖细胞(EPCs)CD34+水平与新疆哈萨克族(哈族)原发性高血压病患者血压、血脂、血糖、肥胖等的相关性.方法:选取新疆哈族原发性高血压患者87为观察组,哈族健康对照组79例,测量血压(BP)、身高、体重、腰围(WC)、臀围(HC),抽取空腹静脉血测定血糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),计算体重指数(BMI)腰臀比(WHR).结果:①原发性高血压组血浆EPCs CD34+水平明显低于对照组(p<0.01)②原发性高血压组血浆EPCs CD34+水平与收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血糖、体重指数呈显著负相关.对照组血浆EPCs CD34+水平与收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、体重指数呈负相关.③多元回归分析显示在原发性高血压组中收缩压、甘油三酯是影响血浆EPCs CD34+水平的独立因素,在对照组中总胆固醇、体重指数是影响血浆EPCs CD34+水平水平的独立因素.结论:哈族原发性高血压患者血浆EPCs CD34+水平与血压水平存在一定的相关性.     

维吾尔族2 型糖尿病患者糖尿病肾病相关因素分析

目的:探讨维吾尔族2型糖尿病肾病(DN)发病的相关临来因素。方法:分析292例维吾尔族2型糖尿病患者的临床资科。结果:维吾尔族2型糖尿病患者糖尿病肾病(DN)发病率为43.49%(127/292)。DN患者的病程、SBP、TC、TG、FBG、HbAIC、LDL-C、BUN和Cr均显著高于NDN患者(P<0.05);但DBP、HDL-C、BMI之间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。Logistic归分析结果显示,DM病程、患病年龄、SBP、FBP、TC、TG、LDL-C、HbA1c、BUN、Cr是DN的危险因素(OR值>1)。结论:维吾尔族2型糖尿病患者的DM病程、患病年龄、SBP、FBP、TC、TG、LDL-C、HbA1c、BUN、Cr等参数与糖尿病肾病并发率之间有相关性。     

维吾尔族2型糖尿病患者糖尿病肾病相关因素分析

目的：探讨维吾尔族2型糖尿病肾病（DN）发病的相关临来因素。方法：分析292例维吾尔族2型糖尿病患者的临床资科。结果：维吾尔族2型糖尿病患者糖尿病肾病（DN）发病率为43,49％（127／292）。DN患者的病程、SBP、TC、TG、FBG、HbAIC、LDL—C、BUN和Cr均显著高于NDN患者（P〈0．05）;但DBP、HDL．C、BMI之间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。Logistic归分析结果显示,DM病程、患病年龄、SBP、FBP、TC、TG、LDL—C、HbAlc、BUN、Cr是DN的危险因素（OR值〉1）。结论：维吾尔族2型糖尿病患者的Did病程、患病年龄、SBP、FBP、TC、TG、LDL—C、HbAlc、BUN、Cr等参数与糖尿病肾病并发率之间有相关性。     

肠道梭菌属与2型糖尿病的相关性研究进展

摘要：随着经济社会的发展和人类生活水平的提高,2型糖尿病及其慢性并发症不仅严重影响了患者自身的生活质量,而且也给其家庭和社会带来了沉重的负担,已逐渐成为全球突出的社会问题。如果人体内肠道菌群的结构和功能发生紊乱,则可能引起2型糖尿病的发生,因此肠道菌群成为备受关注的研究对象。相关文献指出肠道菌群中的梭菌属与肠黏膜完整性、内脏脂肪、免疫稳态、能量代谢、肠蠕动有关。本文总结了梭菌属的生物学特性、在机体内的生理功能及与2型糖尿病之间的相关性,旨在为进一步研究肠道梭菌属与2型糖尿病间的关系提供参考。     

Anti-GAD-positive patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have higher prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis than anti-GAD-negative patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

The aim of our study was to evaluate antibodies against thyroglobulin (anti-TG) and thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) - markers of autoimmune thyroiditis - in several groups of adult patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We were particularly interested whether the presence of thyroid antibodies is related to the positivity of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (anti-GAD). We found elevated anti-GAD in 46 % (97/210) patients with type 1 DM. All patients with type 2 diabetes were anti-GAD-negative. At least one thyroid antibody (anti-TG and/or anti-TPO) was found in 30 % (62/210) patients with type 1 DM and 27 % (22/83) type 2 diabetes patients. The patients with type 1 DM were further grouped according to their anti-GAD status. The anti-GAD-positive patients had a higher prevalence of anti-TG antibodies than the anti-GAD-negative patients (25 % vs. 12 %, p=0.03) as well as anti-TPO antibodies (32 % vs. 12 %, p<0.001). At least one thyroid antibody was detected in 39 % (38/97) of anti-GAD-positive but only in 21 % (24/113) of anti-GAD-negative patients with type 1 DM (p=0.006). No significant difference in the frequency of thyroid antibodies was found between anti-GAD-negative patients with type 1 and type 2 DM (21 % vs. 27 %, p=0.4). The groups with or without thyroid antibodies in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients did not differ in actual age, the age at diabetes onset, duration of diabetes, body mass index or HbA1c level. Patients with elevated thyroid antibodies had significantly higher levels of TSH than those without thyroid antibodies (1.86 vs. 3.22 mIU/l, p=0.04 in type 1 DM; 2.06 vs. 4.89 mIU/l, p=0.003 in type 2 DM). We conclude that there is a higher frequency of thyroid-specific antibodies in anti-GAD-positive adult patients with type 1 DM than in anti-GAD-negative patients or in patients with type 2 DM. Patients with or without thyroid antibodies do not differ in age, DM onset and duration, BMI or HbA1c. Thyroid antibodies-positive patients have higher levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).     

Isolation and identification of fecal bacteria from adult swine.

An examination of the fecal microflora of adult swine was made with regard to the efficiency of several roll tube media in enumeration and recovery of anaerobes, the effects of medium constituents on recovery, and the isolation and identification of the predominant kinds of bacteria. Total number of organisms by microscopic bacterial counts varied among fecal samples from 4.48 X 10(10) to 7.40 X 10(10) bacteria/g (wet weight). Comparison of different nonselective roll tube media indicated that about 30% of the fecal bacteria could be recovered with a rumen fluid (40%, vol/vol) medium (M98-5). Recoveries of 21 and 15%, respectively, were obtained with M10 and rumen fluid-glucose-cellobiose agar (RGCA) media. Rumen fluid, Trypticase, sugars, and CO2 gas phase were important components required for maximum recovery with this medium. Similar high recoveries of anaerobes were also obtained with M98-5 containing swine cecal extract of place in rumen fluid or M10 plus swine cecal extract. Significantly lower recoveries were observed with RCGA, media supplemented with swine fecal extracts, reinforced clostridial medium, brain heart infusion agar, and prereduced blood agar. Ninety percent of the bacteria isolated from roll tube media were gram positive and consisted of facultatively anaerobic streptococci, Eubacterium sp., Clostridium sp., and Propionibacterium acnes. The remainder of the flora (8%) included several other species of anaerobes and Escherichia coli. Rumen fluid (or volatile fatty acids), Trypticase, and yeast extract additions to basal media stimulated the growth of anaerobic strains. Variation in the relative proportions of the predominant fecal microflora was observed. This work indicates that satisfactory enumeration, isolation and cultivation of the predominant microflora in swine feces can be obtained when strict anaerobic culture methods and a rumen fluid medium are used.     

线粒体基因组D-Loop区基因多态性与2型糖尿病的相关性

随机选取199例浙江地区2型糖尿病患者与102例正常对照, 采用聚合酶链反应(Polymerase chain re-action, PCR)、基因片段直接测序来检测线粒体基因组D-Loop区域基因变异情况, 同时分析其与主要临床指标的关系。结果显示: 线粒体基因组D-Loop区域为一高变异区, np73A-G、np263A-G、np16223C-T、np16519T-C为4个高变异位点; 发现29个未见报道的新变异位点; np193A-G、np234A-G、np16108C-T等变异与糖尿病家族史有关。这表明浙江籍汉族人线粒体基因组D-Loop区存在大量基因多态性现象, 此区域的某些变异可能与糖尿病的发生发展等具有一定相关性。     

Association of insulinase gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients from the Moscow population

Association of 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of insulinase (IDE) gene with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in the Moscow population has been examined. Three polymorphic markers (rs7078413, rs7899603, and rs551266) associated with the risk of T2D development have been revealed. Allele and genotype frequency distribution for these three markers differed significantly only in the sample of females between T2D patients and control individuals, while only in case of rs7078413 SNP genotype frequencies varied significantly in the total population.     

Gluconeogenesis in moderately and severely hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

We tested the generally accepted concept that increased gluconeogenesis (GNG) and endogenous glucose production (EGP) are the main reasons for postabsorptive hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GNG was measured with the (2)H(2)O method by use of both the C5-to-C2 ratio (C5/C2, with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and the C5-to-(2)H(2)O ratio (C5/(2)H(2)O, with isotope ratio mass spectrometry), and EGP was measured with 3-[(3)H]glucose in 27 patients with T2DM [13 with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) >10 mM and 14 with FPG <10 mM] and in 7 weight- and age-matched nondiabetic controls. The results showed 1) that GNG could be determined accurately with (2)H(2)O by using either C5/C2 or C5/(2)H(2)O; 2) that whereas after an overnight fast of 16 h, GNG was higher in the entire group of patients with T2DM than in controls (6.4 vs. 5.0 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1) or 60.4 vs. 51.4% of EGP, P < 0.02), GNG was within normal limits (less than the mean +/- 2 SD of controls or <65.3%) in 11/14 (79%) patients with mild to moderate hyperglycemia (FPG <10 mM) and in 5/13 (38%) of patients with severe hyperglycemia (FPG 10-20 mM); 3) that elevated GNG in T2DM was associated with a 43% decrease in prehepatic insulin secretion, i.e., with hepatic insulin deficiency; and 4) that FPG correlated significantly with glucose clearance (insulin resistance) (r = 0.70) and with GNG (r = 0.50) or EGP (r = 0.45). We conclude 1) that peripheral insulin resistance is at least as important as GNG (and EGP) as a cause of postabsorptive hyperglycemia in T2DM and 2) that GNG and EGP in T2DM are increased under conditions of significant hepatic insulin deficiency and thus probably represent a late event in the course of T2DM.