铜绿假单胞菌毒力因子及调控机制的研究进展

铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PA)是临床常见的革兰阴性菌之一,分布广泛且可引起多种感染。PA可分泌大量的毒力因子,包括脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)、鼠李糖脂(rhamnolipid)、外毒素A(exotoxin A)、蛋白酶(proteinase)、生物膜(biofilm)和Ⅲ型分泌系统(type III secretion system, T3SS)等,且PA毒力机制较复杂。在PA感染过程中,群体感应系统(quorum-sensing, QS)和双组分系统(two-component systems, TCS)扮演着重要的角色,调控PA生物膜的形成和毒力因子的产生。现就PA毒力因子的研究进展及调控机制作一概述。     

群体感应系统介导细菌生物膜形成的研究进展

群体感应(QS)是微生物之间的通讯机制,通过信号分子调控基因表达,这种交流可使细菌表达不同的生理行为,包括病原微生物的毒性、对抗生素的形成、生物膜的形成与生长等。生物膜的形成对微生物的代谢、毒力因子的表达等密切相关。群体感应现象与生物膜的形成相互依赖,生物膜提供菌体聚集场所,避免群体感应信号分子的扩散,聚集菌体的群体感应现象为生物膜的形成提供基础。群体感应系统不仅可直接介导细菌生物膜的形成,还可调节胞内第二信使分子水平,间接调控生物膜的生成。本文中,笔者从直接和协同其他信号分子两方面对细菌生物膜形成机制研究进展进行综述,为在工业应用中降低细菌耐药性、指导食品生产安全、提高功能性生物膜产量等方面提供理论依据。     

霍乱弧菌群体感应系统影响生物膜形成的研究进展

群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)是指细胞感知周围同类细胞的多寡或密度并调控基因表达的系统,它对大多数细菌的生物膜形成至关重要。目前对霍乱弧菌的QS系统已有较深入的研究,该菌的群体感应系统通过HapR、LuxO等多种信号分子调控生物膜的形成及消散。干扰QS系统将成为治疗生物膜相关感染的新方向。     

乳酸菌群体感应与其肠道生物膜形成的研究进展

肠道内栖息着数量庞大且复杂的微生物菌群,是一个具有生物多样性的微环境,菌群在调节宿主肠道健康中发挥着重要作用。群体感应(quorumsensing,QS)是细菌间通过化学信号分子进行信息传递的重要方式。本文综述了QS系统组成、信号转导机制及AI-2/LuxS系统对肠道生物膜形成的调控,介绍了乳酸菌AI-2/LuxSQS系统及其在调控生物膜形成上的作用。通过肠道乳酸菌QS与生物膜形成综述分析,旨在为肠道屏障功能和健康调控提供新思路。     

肠杆菌科细菌群体感应系统的研究进展

细菌能够感受种群密度的变化,并通过调节自身某些基因的表达来作出应答,这种细菌种间和种内的沟通方式被称为群体感应(QS)。肠杆菌科细菌大多是食源性致病菌或食品腐败菌,且研究证明毒力因子的调控表达和食品的腐败变质均与QS密切相关。本文中,笔者综述了肠杆菌科成员中5种信号分子介导的群体感应系统,包括N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(AHLs)介导的Ⅰ型QS系统、由自诱导物2(AI-2)介导的Ⅱ型QS系统、AI-3/肾上腺素/去甲肾上腺素介导的Ⅲ型QS系统、一种线型五肽(NNWNN) QS因子EDF(extracellular death factor)短肽介导的QS系统和吲哚介导的QS系统,并对其在毒力基因和食品腐败变质的调控机制中的研究进行了介绍。     

基于群体感应抑制肠道致病菌的研究进展

群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)是依赖于自诱导剂的产生、释放和识别的微生物细胞间的通讯过程,在微生物生长过程中起重要作用。在肠道环境中,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、霍乱弧菌、艰难梭菌、大肠杆菌等肠道致病菌感染宿主机体,影响宿主机体的正常免疫代谢过程,引发急性肠胃炎、痢疾等疾病。传统治疗方案中,抗生素可以应对肠道致病菌引起的并发性感染,但抗生素的滥用会导致细菌出现多重耐药性,且耐药性会在遗传水平上发生迁移和突变。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,可以通过操纵QS系统来调控菌体生物膜形成、毒力因子产生和耐药性抑制等行为。该文首先对几种典型菌体QS系统的工作路径进行了总结;并综述了几种常见的肠道致病菌的QS治疗策略,以期为肠道疾病的新型治疗方案和相关的肠道致病菌抑制剂的开发提供一定的参考。     

多酚干扰细菌群体感应研究进展*

多酚化合物是人类日常饮食中一类典型的天然产物,具有干扰分子信号通路、影响肠道菌群组成和保护人体肠道健康的功能。针对不同微生物群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)系统,多酚能够干扰细菌生物膜的形成和微生物致病性。介绍多酚的类型、来源和含量,总结多酚对多种QS相关表型,如菌体运动性、黏附性、生物膜形成和毒力因子的释放等具有的干扰作用,以及一些常见多酚对典型病原体的干扰作用,提出基于多酚的QS干扰在未来疾病治疗中面临的主要挑战。     

细菌群体感应淬灭酶的研究进展*

细菌的群体感应系统(Quorum sensing,QS)参与许多生物学功能的调控,其中包括动植物病原细菌致病因子的生成以及人类某些病原细菌生物膜的形成。酰基高丝氨酸内酯(N-acylhomoserine lactone,AHL)是调控群体感应系统的关键信号分子。近年的研究表明,不同生物体包括细菌和真核生物中都存在类别不同的能够降解AHL的群体感应淬灭酶(Quorum-quenching enzyme)。在AHL依赖型致病菌和转基因植物中表达AHL降解酶能有效地抑制QS信号分子的积累,从而阻断了病原细菌的发     

铜绿假单胞菌群体感应抑制剂研究进展

铜绿假单胞菌是一种常见的机会致病菌,可在人群中引起严重的急性和慢性感染,是病人在医院期间发生感染的第三大致病菌。铜绿假单胞菌多种毒力因子的分泌以及生物被膜的形成都是受一种被称为群体感应(Quorum Sensing,QS)的胞间信号传导系统调控的。QS使细菌能够根据细胞密度变化进行基因表达的调控。通过抑制QS来治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染是一个很有前景的发展方向。本文将就近年来铜绿假单胞菌群体感应抑制剂的研究进展进行综述。     

白藜芦醇抑制嗜水气单胞菌毒力作用研究

为探索白藜芦醇(Resveratrol, Res)在水产动物细菌病防控中的应用价值, 实验以淡水养殖中重要的细菌病原嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)为研究对象, 通过设置药物浓度梯度, 检测其对嗜水气单胞菌生长、生物膜形成和溶血活性的抑制作用, 和对毒力及群感调控系统相关基因表达的影响; 同时通过人工感染异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)试验检测其对鱼体保护作用和对鱼体炎症相关因子基因表达的影响。结果显示: 白藜芦醇对嗜水气单胞菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)>1024 μg/mL; 浓度低于64 μg/mL时, 对菌株生长影响不显著; 浓度≥32 μg/mL时, 对病原菌株生物膜形成和溶血活性具有显著抑制作用(P<0.05), 且随剂量增加而增强。荧光定量RT-PCR结果分析发现白藜芦醇能引起嗜水气单胞菌群感调控系统中luxR和luxS基因分别显著上调和下调表达; 外膜蛋白基因omp表达显著下降。人工感染试验发现攻毒前两小时腹腔注射25、50和100 mg/kg白藜芦醇处理组的异育银鲫死亡率显著下降, 鱼体炎症相关的肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和Ⅱ型干扰素(IFN-γ)的mRNA表达量也显著下降。研究表明药用植物大黄、虎杖等所含白藜芦醇成分能有效抑制嗜水气单胞菌毒力, 降低鱼体炎症反应的功效; 腹腔注射25—100 mg/kg白藜芦醇对感染病原菌的异育银鲫有一定保护作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.