二甲双胍对T2D患者肠道菌群的影响

2型糖尿病是一种由环境和遗传因素共同导致的以高血糖为主的慢性代谢性疾病,其主要的特点是胰岛素分泌不足和胰岛素抵抗。目前2型糖尿病发病率正在快速上升,给我们的未来带来了严峻的挑战。宿主肠道内正常的肠道菌群参与宿主的营养代谢、生长发育等重要生理功能,而研究表明肠道菌群失调与2型糖尿病密切相关。二甲双胍由于廉价、安全、有效成为了目前应用最广泛的降糖药之一,它不仅可以通过依赖及非依赖AMPK途径降糖,越来越多的研究表明它还可以通过改善T2D患者失调的肠道菌群发挥降糖作用。明确二甲双胍对肠道菌群的影响,有助于全面了解二甲双胍的作用机制。     

肠道菌群影响宿主肥胖的研究进展

越来越多的研究结果表明,肠道菌群与宿主消化、呼吸、内分泌、心血管、神经等系统发生的疾病密切相关。目前,全世界患肥胖和Ⅱ型糖尿病的人逐渐增多。肠道菌群的平衡有利于维持宿主正常的能量代谢过程,而肠道菌群失调使机体产生慢性炎症反应及胰岛素抵抗,从而导致肥胖和Ⅱ型糖尿病等代谢性疾病的发生。本文综述了肠道菌群影响肥胖的机制,以及通过调控肠道菌群改善肥胖的方法。     

降糖药对肠道菌群组成和多样性的影响

肠道菌群与人体健康息息相关,是人体中的“第二基因组”,在短链脂肪酸的生物合成、氨基酸代谢和胆汁酸代谢等生物途径中起着重要作用。肠道菌群与代谢综合征、2型糖尿病、炎症和肠道疾病等密切相关。肥胖及相关的2型糖尿病患者都有肠道菌群失调的现象。糖尿病患者长期服用降糖药,会影响肠道菌群的组成和多样性。因此,本综述主要介绍了常见抗糖尿病药物对人体肠道菌群组成和多样性的影响,为进一步治疗和预防糖尿病提供重要的理论指导。     

基于肠道微生态探讨黄连素在代谢性疾病中的抗炎作用

肠道菌群与能量代谢密切相关,其组成和代谢紊乱可通过多种途径导致胰岛素抵抗,肥胖和2型糖尿病。黄连素因具有减重、降糖、调脂等作用被广泛用于肥胖、2型糖尿病及非酒精性脂肪性肝病等代谢性疾病的辅助治疗;研究表明,黄连素可调节肠道菌群的组成和代谢,改善肠道微生态环境,从而改善胰岛素抵抗和代谢。本文综述了黄连素通过肠道菌群-炎症轴在干预代谢性疾病的研究进展,以期为代谢性疾病的治疗寻找新的策略,并为今后该领域的深入研究提供指导意义。     

2型糖尿病肠道菌群研究进展

2型糖尿病是一种常见的慢性消耗性疾病,其发病机制十分复杂,流行病学研究表明,肥胖、高热量饮食、体力活动不足及年龄增大是2型糖尿病最主要的环境因素。它是一种以胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌不足为特征的代谢性疾病。肠道菌群作为进入人体的一个重要环境因素,肠道微生物的菌群变化影响宿主能量物质的吸收,调节肠道的分泌功能和非特异性免疫功能,从营养、代谢、疾病等各方面与我们生命活动相关。肠道菌群已成为我们身体的一部分,影响宿主的免疫,在肥胖、糖尿病、代谢综合征等疾病中都具有非常重要的作用。     

肠道菌群失调诱发2型糖尿病的研究进展

糖尿病是以空腹血糖升高为主要表现的代谢性疾病,其全球发病率正逐年攀升,由此引发的各种心、眼、肾、神经体统并发症严重危害着人类健康,但目前为止其发病机制仍无统一定论。肠道菌群作为人体最大的微生态系统,参与并影响着人体的物质与能量代谢。目前多项研究提示肠道菌群与糖尿病的发生发展密切相关,但具体机制尚未完全明确。本研究就肠道菌群失调诱发2型糖尿病的相关机制进行简要综述,并对通过调节肠道菌群来治疗糖尿病的前景进行展望,以期为肠道菌群及2型糖尿病的进一步研究提供参考。     

代谢性疾病肠道菌群研究现状及其与中医诊疗关系的探讨

代谢性疾病的发生与肠道菌群有着密切的关系。当机体由于饮食、药物等因素引起肠道菌群紊乱时,会造成有益菌的减少和有害菌的增多,肠道菌群释放的炎性物质进入血液中,容易引发肥胖症和2型糖尿病等代谢性疾病。本文通过分析以往文献中肠道菌群在肥胖症、2型糖尿病以及非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者中的变化,以及中药或方剂对其干预后的菌群变化,为以肠道菌群为靶点治疗代谢性疾病提供依据。同时阐述了肠道菌群在中医辨证分型、辨证施治中的潜在应用,有利于促进微生态与中医的结合,更有利于促进中医证型的客观化与规范化的发展。     

肠道菌群在2型糖尿病并发抑郁症中的作用探析

抑郁症作为2型糖尿病常见并发症,不仅严重危害人体的健康,而且增加了疾病的治疗难度。临床中对于本病的治疗通常将二者分开,采用降糖与抗抑郁联合的方法,却忽视了抑郁症作为2型糖尿病的并发症,两者必定存在内在联系。研究表明,2型糖尿病患者肠道菌群存在明显失衡,而肠道菌群与抑郁症的发生密切相关,因此肠道菌群可能在2型糖尿病并发抑郁症中起着重要作用,本文通过论述三者的关系,认为肠道菌群失调可能是糖尿病并发抑郁症的关键因素,提出肠道菌群可能是干预2型糖尿病并发抑郁的新靶点,以期为2型糖尿病并发抑郁症的治疗提供新的途径。     

肠道菌群对2型糖尿病的调节机制

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)是一种遗传和环境因素共同作用的复杂的代谢性疾病,约占糖尿病患者总数的90％以上。以往,人们一直认为导致T2DM发生的肥胖是外部因素所致,但目前已有证据表明,身体内部因素同样是导致肥胖的诱因之一。人体微生物群的最新研究表明,个体肠道中的特定菌群可能促进肥胖、炎症或胰岛素抵抗的发生,最终诱发T2DM。这使得肠道菌群及其在T2DM中的作用以及肠道益生菌的潜在治疗价值成为T2DM领域中的一个重要研究方向。本综述旨在通过研究健康人群和T2DM患者肠道菌群的分布,探讨肠道菌群与T2DM的相互作用及调节机制。     

浅析肠道菌群与2型糖尿病及冠心病的关系

糖尿病和冠心病是当前危害公共健康的最普遍的问题,它们的发病率逐年升高。由糖尿病引发的心脑血管、肾、周围神经、眼、足等并发症增加了患者致残或致死的风险。冠心病的常见并发症如心肌梗塞、心源性休克和心力衰竭等,严重时也会危及患者生命。研究表明,肠道菌群紊乱可通过诱发炎症反应、胰岛素抵抗、脂质代谢异常、提高血尿酸水平等途径,增加2型糖尿病和冠心病的发病率,从而影响这些疾病的发展及预后,其诱发2型糖尿病的机制含内毒素机制、短链脂肪酸机制和胆汁酸机制等。本文从肠道菌群失调的角度综述肠道菌群与2型糖尿病及冠心病的关系。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.