幽门螺杆菌感染的诊断和治疗

本文阐述幽门螺杆菌（ＨＰ）在消化性溃疡病中的作用以及ＨＰ感染的诊断和治疗,着重介绍清除ＨＰ的一些药物及治疗方案。     

幽门螺杆菌感染诊断方法的比较

目的:考核各种H.pylori感染诊断方法,试图证明分离培养仍是细菌性感染诊断的最可靠方法.方法:315例胃十二指肠疾病患者同时进行胃活检组织分离培养,病理切片找菌,快速脲酶试验,14CO2呼气试验检查,比较它们之间的检出率差异.结果:四种方法各自的总检出率差异无显著性.以分离培养为金标准,其他方法的误诊误治率可达12.06%～22.22%.各种诊断方法对H.pylori感染的实际检出率差异存在着显著性.结论:本研究提示,分离培养应为H.pylori感染临床诊断的金标准.     

幽门螺杆菌致病性展望

<正>大约十年前在澳大利亚西部的佩斯市,Marrshall等偶然从一个延长培养物中发现了目前定名为幽门螺杆菌的弯曲杆菌样微生物。此杆菌及其与胃炎和胃溃疡相关联这一重大发现彻底改变了对胃十二指肠疾病的认识,迄今已积累了有关此种螺杆菌的大量研究资料。本文就目前对这些疾病发病机理的认识从生态学前景加以叙述并确定其进一步研究方向。     

幽门螺杆菌疫苗的研究现状

幽门螺杆菌（ＨＨ）是慢性胃炎和消化性溃疡的主要病因,并与胃癌的发生密切相关,其相关致病因子主要包括尿素酶、细胞粘附素、过氧化氢酶、脂酶、蛋白酶、细菌毒素和能导致炎症反应的物质。ＨＰ的致病机理与ＨＰ的致病性和宿主免疫应答有关,尤以细菌的毒性占主导地位。近年来国内外均关注ＨＰ的免疫预防和治疗。由于ＨＰ减毒活疫苗的研究条件尚不成熟,目前正重点进行全菌体死疫苗、组分疫苗及基因工程疫苗的研究,ＨＰ动物模型、疫苗的免疫途径、免疫佐剂的研究已取得了令人满意的进展,ＨＰ疫苗的治疗作用更引起了人们的关注。本文对ＨＰ的致病机理、疫苗的研究进展等做一综述。     

幽门螺杆菌球状体的研究进展

幽门螺杆菌在体内外各种不利因素的作用下可转变为球状体。该菌球状体是一种有活力但不能培养成活的幽门螺杆菌形态变异体,可能在幽门螺杆菌感染的传播途径及其相关性消化系统疾病的复发中发挥重要作用。本文拟对幽门螺杆菌球状体的诱变因素、超微结合、分子生物学特征、毒力以及与疾病的关系、与原生质球的区别等方面作一综述。     

幽门螺杆菌的分子生物学研究进展

本文综述了幽门螺杆菌在分子生物学方面的研究进展,包括基因结构分析,ＤＮＡ限制长度多态性分类和利用分子生物学方法进行诊断等方面的进展。     

幽门螺杆菌感染与全身各系统疾病的研究最新进展

随着近年来对幽门螺杆菌感染研究的不断深入,学者们发现幽门螺杆菌不仅是消化系统疾病的重要病因之一,还与血液、风湿免疫、神经以及其他甲状腺、妊娠高吐、眼部疾病等全身多系统疾病具有密切相关性。就近几年国内外对幽门螺杆菌与全身各系统疾病的相关性以及其机制的最新研究进展进行综述,为临床的诊断和治疗提供参考。     

幽门螺杆菌的保藏

常规法、冻干法保存幽门螺杆菌极为困难。兔全血或１９９加５０％胎牛血清,于－７０℃条件下保存幽门螺杆菌新鲜培养物,存活期可达６－２２个月。     

幽门螺杆菌动物模型研究进展

幽门螺杆菌动物模型用于H.pylori相关疾病和H.pylori疫苗作用的研究。常规实验动物包括翻生猪、悉生狗、非人类灵长动物、猫、雪貂、小鼠、大鼠、沙鼠等。猫螺杆菌和雪貂螺杆菌感染也被用于模型研究。最近,转基因小鼠和基因敲除小鼠也被用作幽门螺杆菌动物模型研究。     

幽门螺杆菌

幽门螺杆菌与胃十二指肠病关系的研究已取得显著进展,从而根本改变了我们地慢性胃炎和溃疡病的病因、诊断和防治方面的传统观念。本文对幽门螺杆菌的生物学性状、微生物学检查,致病性,感染治疗等方面进行了论述。     

Stool antigen test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review

Our aim was to review systematically the diagnostic accuracy of the Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test. Bibliographical searches were performed in several electronic databases and abstracts from congresses up to May 2003. Eighty-nine studies (10,858 patients) evaluated the stool antigen test in untreated patients. Mean sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 91%, 93%, 92% and 87%, respectively. Analysis of the eight studies (1399 patients) in which pretreatment evaluation of the monoclonal stool antigen test was performed showed better (p < .001) results (96%, 97%, 96% and 97%, respectively), with a clearer distinction between positive and negative results. Thirty-nine studies (3147 patients) evaluated the stool antigen test for the confirmation of H. pylori eradication 4-8 weeks after therapy, with accuracies of 86%, 92%, 76% and 93% for mean sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, respectively. Results were similar when a gold standard based on at least two methods was used. Relatively low accuracy was reported in some posttreatment studies with the polyclonal stool antigen test. However, excellent results (p < .001) were achieved in all the six studies evaluating the monoclonal stool antigen test 4-8 weeks posttreatment. Results evaluating the stool antigen test < 4 weeks posttreatment are contradictory. Proton-pump inhibitors seem to affect the accuracy of the stool antigen test. Sensitivity and/or specificity in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding may be suboptimal. The stool antigen test performs well in children. Finally, the stool antigen test seems to be a cost-effective method.     

Novel monoclonal antibody-based Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test

BACKGROUND: A number of noninvasive tests have been developed to establish the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Although polyclonal antibody-based stool antigen testing has a good sensitivity and specificity, it is less accurate than urea breath testing. Recently, a monoclonal antibody-based stool antigen test demonstrated an excellent performance in diagnosing H. pylori infection in adults and in pediatric populations. AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a novel stool test based on monoclonal antibodies to detect H. pylori antigens in frozen human stool in the pretreatment setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Stool specimens were prospectively collected from 78 patients undergoing gastroscopy and stored at -20 degrees C until tested. Helicobacter pylori infection was evaluated by histology, rapid urease testing and urea breath tests ((13)C-UBT). Positivity of the three tests was considered the gold standard for H. pylori active infection. Patients with no positive test were considered negative. The gold standard was compare to the results of the monoclonal antibody stool antigen test. Frozen stool specimens were tested using a novel monoclonal-antibody-based enzyme immunoassay (HePy-Stool, Biolife-Italiana, Milan, Italy). RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of the monoclonal stool antigen test were 97%[95% confidence interval, (CI) 86-100] and 94% (95% CI: 81-99), respectively. Negative and positive predictive values were 97% (95% CI: 85-99), and 95% (95% CI: 83-99), respectively. The diagnostic accuracy was 96% (95% CI: 88-99). The likelihood ratio for a positive test was 17 and for a negative test was 0. CONCLUSIONS: Although the (13)C-UBT is the most accurate among the available noninvasive tests, our results show that an H. pylori stool test using monoclonal antibody might be an excellent alternative.     

Accuracy of office-based immunoassays for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children

Background. Rapid non‐invasive diagnostic tests that can reliably document the presence or absence of Helicobacter pylori infection are urgently required. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of two immunoassays (Flex‐Sure and MedMira), developed for use outside the laboratory setting by practitioners, in the setting of a low prevalence of H. pylori infection. Methods. Serum samples collected in four previous studies (n = 349) were employed to detect the presence of H. pylori‐specific immunoglobulin G, compared to previous results obtained using endoscopic biopsies, serology, flow cytometry, and urease breath testing. Serum samples included 52 obtained from adults (parents and grandparents of symptomatic children), 123 sera collected from children and adolescents undergoing diagnostic upper endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms, and 174 samples drawn from children in the primary care setting with or without recurrent abdominal pain. Results. Overall, 16% of subjects were infected by the gastric pathogen. Both the specificity (%) and negative predictive value (%) of the two tests were high (FlexSure: 91 and 92; Medmira: 97 and 94, respectively). In adults, both tests also demonstrated high sensitivity (83% and 86%) and positive predictive values (79% and 83%, respectively). However, in children where the prevalence of infection was 12% (37 of 297 subjects), the sensitivity (59% and 71%) and positive predictive values (55% and 88%, respectively) of the immunoassays were lower. Conclusions. These findings indicate that, in the setting of a low prevalence of H. pylori infection, the MedMira office‐based test provides satisfactory results and utility. However, the low positive–predictive value of the FlexSure kit may limit applicability of this test in children.     

益生菌与幽门螺杆菌对黏膜屏障的影响及其机制的研究进展

消化系黏膜屏障对致病菌有防御功能,但是在根除幽门螺杆菌(H. pylori)过程中会导致黏膜屏障的破坏。大量研究表明,益生菌通过修复上皮细胞以及细胞间连接、减少黏液分泌和炎症反应以及缓解消化道菌群紊乱等方式修复黏膜屏障。本文主要综述幽门螺杆菌对消化系黏膜屏障的损害及其机制,以及益生菌对黏膜屏障损伤的保护及修复机制研究的进展。     

Molecular diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in the Taif region,Saudi Arabia

Success in eradication of Helicobacter pylori is declining globally because H. pylori has developed resistance against most of the antibiotics proposed for eradication regimens, mainly through point mutations. The present study included 200 patients with dyspepsia attending Taif Hospital. Gastric biopsies were obtained during gastroscopy and subjected to rapid urease testing. Molecular methods were used to confirm diagnoses of H. pylori infection and to identify resistance gene variants of four antibiotics; namely, clarithromycin, metronidazole, fluoroquinolones and tetracycline (23S rRNA, gyrA, rdxA and 16S rRNA respectively). Of all investigated patients, Molecular diagnoses were made in 143 of all investigated patients; thus, the prevalence was .5%. The overall rate of resistance to clarithromycin among the H. pylori‐positive patients was high (39.9%) and the rate of resistance significantly greater (48.2%) among the secondary resistance group, secondary resistance being defined as resistance as a result of previous exposure to the relevant antibiotic. The rate of resistance to fluoroquinolones was considered moderate; the difference in rate of resistance between the primary and secondary resistance groups (8.4% and 9.5%, respectively) was not significant Also, there was a low prevalence of both primary and the secondary tetracycline resistance in the study cohort. In contrast, the prevalence of metronidazole resistance was considered high with no significant difference between the two resistance groups. H. pylori showed an increased prevalence of resistance to all four of the commonly used therapeutic agents. Thus, eradication therapy should be based on the regional results of susceptibility testing. Moreover, treatment tailored according to individually determined H. pylori susceptibility may be a reasonable future goal.     

益生菌在幽门螺杆菌根除治疗中的应用

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)是导致活动性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌、胃黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤等消化系统疾病的重要病因之一,已被世界卫生组织确认为Ⅰ类致癌因子,根除H.pylori对防治上述疾病有重要意义。目前临床上主要采用含抗生素的三联或四联药物进行H.pylori的根除,虽然取得一定的疗效,但随着抗生素耐药率逐年增加,根除率持续下降,限制了其广泛应用。此外,初次或多次治疗失败后再治疗可选择的药物很少。近年来人们开始尝试将益生菌应用在H.pylori根除治疗中,并取得一定疗效。本文就益生菌在辅助根除幽门螺杆菌方面的研究进展作一简单综述。     

幽门螺杆菌空泡毒素研究进展

幽门螺杆菌空泡毒素是该菌产生的已知其它细菌毒素无明显源性的唯一蛋白毒素。该毒素是幽门螺杆菌重要的毒力致病因子,它的产生与感染胃肠上皮损伤和溃疡形成密切相关。本就幽门螺杆菌空泡毒素的结构与功能研究进展以及在未来免疫预防与免疫治疗中的作用进行了阐述。