乳酸菌胞外多糖对人类肠道菌群的影响

胞外多糖(EPS)是微生物在生长代谢过程中分泌到细胞壁外及周围生长介质中的一类生物大分子物质。乳酸菌胞外多糖除了具有重要的加工优势外,如提高酸奶等乳制品的粘度、质地和口感,还具有重要的生理活性。本文重点介绍了乳酸菌胞外多糖的分类和主要生物活性,并从胞外多糖的益生元特性、作为肠道能源物质、对肠道细胞的粘附、调节肠道菌群多样性、调节肠道免疫五个方面综述了乳酸菌胞外多糖对人类肠道菌群的影响,同时对胞外多糖的后续研究提出了自己的建议。     

双歧杆菌胞外多糖研究进展

双歧杆菌是一种众所周知、使用范围很广的商用益生菌,其生长繁殖贯穿人的整个生命过程。有研究表明双歧杆菌具有益生功能的主要分子机制依赖于双歧杆菌自身分泌的胞外多糖。尽管一些细菌胞外多糖已经商业化用于食品和医药保健品等领域,如黄原胶、透明质酸和右旋糖苷等,但双歧杆菌等常用益生菌的胞外多糖还鲜见有商业化应用的报道。本文综述了双歧杆菌胞外多糖的合成分子机制、单糖组成及其理化性质,分析了双歧杆菌胞外多糖对肠道菌群的调节作用,阐述了双歧杆菌胞外多糖在抗氧化、改善和提高宿主免疫、抗过敏、抗肿瘤以及降低胆固醇等方面所体现出的益生功能。同时也对双歧杆菌胞外多糖分子机制研究和产业化开发方面存在的一些问题进行了讨论。     

两种乳酸菌胞外多糖对人体粪便菌群的影响

目的 在体外利用7名志愿者的新鲜粪便作为来源,选择菊粉作为对照,研究干酪乳杆菌LC2W与鼠李糖乳杆菌Y37胞外多糖对人体肠道菌群的影响.方法 利用PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)方法分析样品中菌群组成,高效液相色谱分析培养前后胞外多糖组分变化.结果 与菊粉相比,粪便菌群在添加乳杆菌胞外多糖培养后,Parabacteroides类群细菌明显增加,4名志愿者粪便样品中出现明显的双歧杆菌条带,两种乳杆菌胞外多糖对粪便菌群的影响差异无统计学意义;而添加菊粉培养后,Bacteroides类群细菌的条带明显增加.两种乳杆菌胞外多糖中主要是大分子量的部分被利用.结论 干酪乳杆菌LC2W与鼠李糖乳杆菌Y37的胞外多糖在体外有调节粪便菌群的作用.     

大豆多糖对双歧杆菌及人肠道菌群生长的影响

目的研究大豆多糖对双歧杆菌及肠道菌群生长的影响。方法替换Bs培养基中的碳源,分为不加糖、加葡萄糖2％、加大豆多糖2％、加大豆多糖5％、加低聚果糖2％五组,加3种双歧杆菌（长双歧、青春双歧、两歧双歧）菌液1％,测其24h后的活菌数,比较大豆多糖对双歧杆菌生长的影响;替换Bs培养基中的碳源,分为不加糖、加葡萄糖2％、加大豆多糖2％,加低聚果糖2％四组,加人体粪便菌液1％,模拟人体肠道环境厌氧培养24h后,用选择性培养基测其肠杆菌、肠球菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌的活菌数,观察大豆多糖对人体肠道菌群的影响。结果大豆多糖添加量为5％时对长双歧的促进作用明显优于不加糖组（P〈0．05）;大豆多糖对人体肠道各菌群的生长促进作用与低聚果糖差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论大豆多糖对长双歧杆菌的体外促进作用较明显;以粪菌群发酵糖试验表明,大豆多糖对乳杆菌和双歧杆菌均有促进作用,和低聚果糖作用效果相比差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,具有益生元的特性。     

乳酸菌胞外多糖产生菌的 筛选与初步研究

目的从牧区传统乳制品中分离获得胞外多糖产量较高的菌株,并对胞外多糖的结构和功效进行初步研究,以期能为将来生产乳酸菌胞外多糖的可行性提供数据和依据。方法通过涂布平板法从内蒙古传统发酵乳制品中分离乳酸菌,并测定胞外多糖产出量,从中筛选胞外多糖高产菌株,通过生理生化试验和16S rRNA测序鉴定菌株。采用紫外光谱法和高效液相色谱法对胞外多糖的结构进行初步分析。通过测定胞外多糖的吸湿能力和保湿能力初步评价其吸湿保湿性能。结果共分离出90株菌株,筛选出1株胞外多糖高产菌株,并鉴定出该菌株为嗜热链球菌。通过分析得出该菌株产生的胞外多糖主要由4种单糖组成,分别为甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖,其摩尔比为0.25∶3.10∶3.70∶0.10,分子量范围为1.897×10~6～7.257×10~6 Da。通过保湿性能的测定,初步确定该嗜热链球菌产生的胞外多糖有良好的保湿性。结论本实验筛选出的胞外多糖高产菌株嗜热链球菌属于益生菌,有广泛的应用价值。     

一株乳酸菌胞外多糖产生的影响因素及其提取

应用苯酚一硫酸法对乳酸菌胞外多糖产生的影响因素进行了研究,表明该菌株在培养温度为30℃,培养时间为4048h,pH值降到4时,胞外多糖的产量最大。葡萄糖是乳酸菌产生多糖的良好碳源。在对乳酸菌的培养物进行离心、透析、脱蛋白、脱色,最后用乙醇沉淀,得到粗品多糖,粗品多糖至少含有两种分子量和含量相差很大的多糖。经过SephadexG-200凝胶柱得到多糖精品EPS—Ⅱ,薄层层析结果显示其为一纯化的样品。     

一株乳酸菌所产胞外多糖对荷瘤小鼠机体免疫功能影响的研究

对一株产胞外多糖（Exopolysaccharide,简称EPS）的乳酸菌Z222菌株的培养条件进行了优化, 其发酵液通过浓缩、除蛋白、脱色、乙醇沉淀、透析、CM纤维素柱、DEAESephadex 离子交换柱和Sephadex G100凝胶柱层析,冷冻干燥后得到一种纤维状白色固体产品EPSⅠ。将该产品对荷肉瘤S180小鼠进行机体免疫功能影响的初步试验,统计学处理结果表明,它对迟发型超敏反应、免疫器官重量和脾细胞抗体形成均有较为明显的影响。EPSⅠ有希望作为一种新的免疫调节剂。     

活性乳酸菌饮料对人体肠道菌群影响的研究

目的 探讨一种活性乳酸菌饮料对人体肠道菌群的影响作用.方法 采用卫生部《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》调节肠道菌群功能检验方法进行检验.结果 试食组试验前后自身比较：肠道内双歧杆菌、乳杆菌数量明显增加（P＜0.01）,肠球菌数量增加（P＜0.05）,产气荚膜梭菌数量明显减少（P＜0.01）,肠杆菌和拟杆菌无明显变化;试验后对照组与试食组组间比较：双歧杆菌数量明显增加（P＜0.01）,乳杆菌的数量增加（P＜0.05）,肠杆菌、肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌和拟杆菌无明显变化.结论 活性乳酸菌饮料具有调节人体肠道菌群、改善肠道内环境的作用.     

乳酸菌胞外多糖的研究进展

乳酸菌胞外多糖是乳酸菌生长代谢过程中产生并分泌到细胞外的一种天然高分子聚合物。作为一种新型的天然食品添加剂,乳酸菌胞外多糖因其独特的生理功能和产业潜力而备受研究者青睐。但由于乳酸菌胞外多糖结构组分、功能效用的不同,很难建立一个通用的生产方法和检测标准。另外,如何提高胞外多糖产量也是未来要面临的一大挑战。从乳酸菌胞外多糖的遗传研究、结构修饰、构效关系、生物学活性几个方面进行综述,并对未来研究方向进行展望。     

抑制黑色素合成的乳酸菌胞外多糖的筛选和性质研究

【目的】筛选可抑制黑色素合成的乳酸菌胞外多糖。【方法】通过观察凝乳拉丝外观筛选产胞外多糖的乳酸菌菌株,测量胞外多糖对B16黑色素瘤细胞黑色素合成和细胞活力的影响。对胞外多糖进行纯化,并通过PMP衍生-HPLC、红外光谱、抑制酪氨酸酶活性、抗氧化能力对其单糖组成和结构、作用机制进行研究。【结果】筛选到一株乳酸菌Lactobacillus rhamnosus HLAB122,发酵产生的胞外多糖在5 g/L浓度下可使B16细胞黑色素产量下降至空白对照的32.7%,且在96 h内对细胞活力无影响。纯化后的多糖由鼠李糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖构成,各单糖摩尔比为1?5.44?5.37。该胞外多糖不抑制酪氨酸酶活力且抗氧化性微弱。【结论】L.rhamnosus HLAB122产生的胞外多糖在个人护理产品中有潜在应用价值。     

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) bind to human B- or H-antigens expressed on intestinal mucosa

Twenty lactobacilli isolated from human feces were studied for binding to the human blood type B-antigen [Galalpha1-3 (Fucalpha1-2) Gal-] and H-antigen (Fucalpha1-2Gal-] expressed sugar chains in human intestinal mucosa. We found two strains, L. gasseri OLL2755 and L. gasseri OLL2877 that firmly adhere to human B-antigen, and we found L. gasseri OLL2827 bound to the H-antigen.     

优势菌群失衡对肠黏膜上皮结构的损害

目的通过观察小鼠肠道优势菌群失衡肠黏膜上皮结构的变化以探讨肠道优势菌群失衡对黏膜机械屏障的影响。方法利用光镜及电镜技术观察轻度、重度菌群失衡小鼠肠道黏膜绒毛形态变化及上皮细胞超微结构的变化。结果菌群失衡小鼠肠黏膜绒毛出现肿胀、断裂,绒毛顶端肠上皮细胞坏死、脱落,重度菌群失衡与轻度菌群失衡小鼠比较绒毛结构受损加重。超微结构观察发现上皮细胞间隙增宽,胞浆内出现空泡结构,黏膜及黏膜下层有淋巴细胞浸润。结论抗生素干扰肠道优势菌群,可导致肠道机械屏障黏膜绒毛及超微结构受损且重度优势菌群失衡的损害大于轻度优势菌群失衡的损害。     

Lactic acid bacteria as probiotics

A number of Lactobacillus species, Bifidobacterium sp, Saccharomyces boulardii, and some other microbes have been proposed as and are used as probiotic strains, i.e. live microorganisms as food supplement in order to benefit health. The health claims range from rather vague as regulation of bowel activity and increasing of well-being to more specific, such as exerting antagonistic effect on the gastroenteric pathogens Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori and rotavirus, neutralising food mutagens produced in colon, shifting the immune response towards a Th2 response, and thereby alleviating allergic reactions, and lowering serum cholesterol (Tannock, 2002). Unfortunately, most publications are case reports, uncontrolled studies in humans, or reports of animal or in vitro studies. Whether or not the probiotic strains employed shall be of human origin is a matter of debate but this is not a matter of concern, as long as the strains can be shown to survive the transport in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract and to colonise the human large intestine. This includes survival in the stressful environment of the stomach - acidic pH and bile - with induction of new genes encoding a number of stress proteins. Since the availability of antioxidants decreases rostrally in the GI tract production of antioxidants by colonic bacteria provides a beneficial effect in scavenging free radicals. LAB strains commonly produce antimicrobial substance(s) with activity against the homologous strain, but LAB strains also often produce microbicidal substances with effect against gastric and intestinal pathogens and other microbes, or compete for cell surface and mucin binding sites. This could be the mechanism behind reports that some probiotic strains inhibit or decrease translocation of bacteria from the gut to the liver. A protective effect against cancer development can be ascribed to binding of mutagens by intestinal bacteria, reduction of the enzymes beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase, and deconjugation of bile acids, or merely by enhancing the immune system of the host. The latter has attracted considerable interest, and LAB have been tested in several clinical trials in allergic diseases. Characteristics ascribed to a probiotic strain are in general strain specific, and individual strains have to be tested for each property. Survival of strains during production, packing and storage of a viable cell mass has to be tested and declared.     

乳酸菌抗菌机理研究进展

乳酸菌的抗菌机理涉及其产生的各种代谢产物 ,包括酸性物质、乳酸菌素、二氧化碳和过氧化氢等。其中酸性物质可以消耗大量细胞能量并影响细胞膜的稳定性 ;乳酸菌素可作用于细胞膜 ,造成膜内物质和能量的泄漏。对于它们抗菌机理的认识有助于我们更好的将乳酸菌应用到食品的安全生产中。     

乳酸菌的安全性研究

乳酸菌通常被认为是安全的,但在机体免疫抑制、肠道发育未成熟、肠上皮受损等情况下,可以导致心内膜炎、菌血症、局部性感染等临床症状.本文综述了国外有关乳酸菌的致病性、抗药性基因转移方面研究的一些新进展,以期引起国内对乳酸菌安全性问题的重视.     

In situ production of exopolysaccharides during Sourdough fermentation by cereal and intestinal isolates of lactic acid bacteria

EPS formed by lactobacilli in situ during sourdough fermentation may replace hydrocolloids currently used as texturizing, antistaling, or prebiotic additives in bread production. In this study, a screening of >100 strains of cereal-associated and intestinal lactic acid bacteria was performed for the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from sucrose. Fifteen strains produced fructan, and four strains produced glucan. It was remarkable that formation of glucan and fructan was most frequently found in intestinal isolates and strains of the species Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus pontis, and Lactobacillus frumenti from type II sourdoughs. By the use of PCR primers derived from conserved amino acid sequences of bacterial levansucrase genes, it was shown that 6 of the 15 fructan-producing lactobacilli and none of 20 glucan producers or EPS-negative strains carried a levansucrase gene. In sourdough fermentations, it was determined whether those strains producing EPS in MRS medium modified as described by Stolz et al. (37) and containing 100 g of sucrose liter(-1) as the sole source of carbon also produce the same EPS from sucrose during sourdough fermentation in the presence of 12% sucrose. For all six EPS-producing strains evaluated in sourdough fermentations, in situ production of EPS at levels ranging from 0.5 to 2 g/kg of flour was demonstrated. Production of EPS from sucrose is a metabolic activity that is widespread among sourdough lactic acid bacteria. Thus, the use of these organisms in bread production may allow the replacement of additives.