枯草芽孢杆菌B1-41对小麦纹枯病菌的抑制作用

从小麦根际土壤分离得到枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)B1-41拮抗菌株,室内测定其带菌培养液对小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)抑制效果为72%,盆栽试验中,其防治效果为60.3%,高于井冈霉素处理的51%的效果。试验表明,该菌株可以造成病菌菌丝发生畸变和菌丝细胞壁瓦解。     

Mutual Relationship between Antibiotics and Resting Spores of Bacillus subtilis: Binding of Cyclic Polypeptide and Aminoglycoside Antibiotics to Spores and Their Inhibitory Effect on Outgrowth and Vegetative Growth

Not only cyclic polypeptide antibiotics such as polymyxin B, colistin and gramicidin S but also aminoglycoside antibiotics such as streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin and kanamycin derivatives combined with the resting spores of Bacillus subtilis and inhibited outgrowth or vegetative growth after germination. All the antibiotics other than gramicidin S were released from the resting spores and their inhibitory action was reversed by the addition of Ca²⁺ and Fe³⁺. As the above antibiotics have free amino (or guanidine) groups in common, it was assumed that such groups play an important role in binding of the antibiotics to the resting spores. Moreover, it was shown that protamine and poly-l-lysine were also bound to the resting spores and were released from them by Ca²⁺. On the other hand, free carboxyl groups had been demonstrated in the outermost surface of the resting spores in a previous study. Thus, we assume that the mode of binding of the antibiotics to the resting spores may be due to the formation of reinforced ionic bonds between amino (or guanidine) groups in the antibiotics and carboxyl groups on the spore surface.     

Role of Calcium in Biphasic Germination of Bacillus cereus T Spores Sensitized to Lysozyme

Biphasic germination induced by inosine in the presence of Ca²⁺ was examined using Bacillus cereus T spores treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dithiothreitol (DTT) at pH 10. The first phase of the germination was stimulated by Ca²⁺ in the concentration-dependent manner, showing the optimal concentration at 0.5-1.0 mM. The second phase appeared to be insensitive to the cation. The optimal temperatures for the first and the second phase were 25 C and 40 C, respectively; the optimal pHs for the two phases were 7-9 and around 7.5, respectively. Heat resistance and dipicolinic acid of the SDS-DTT-treated spores were lost mostly during the first phase. A Ca²⁺-specific chelator, glycoletherdiamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (GEDTA), inhibited the first phase evoked by Ca²⁺, while it had no inhibitory effect on the second phase. In contrast, the divalent cations examined, except Mg²⁺ and Sr²⁺, affected not only the first phase but also the second phase. The order of inhibitory effect on the first phase was Hg²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Ba²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺ > Mn²⁺; on the second phase, it was Hg²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Co²⁺ > Mn²⁺ > Ba²⁺.     

Purification and Characterization of Novel Transglutaminase from Bacillus subtilis Spores

Transglutaminase activity was detected in suspensions of purified spores prepared from lysozyme-treated sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis AJ 1307. The enzyme was easily solubilized from the spores upon incubation at pH 10.5 at 37°C. The transglutaminase activity was separated into two fractions upon purification by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (TG1 and TG2). Each enzyme was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity (about 1,000-fold). Both enzymes had the same molecular weight of 29,000 as estimated by SDS-PAGE, had the same N-terminal 30 amino acid sequence, and also showed the same optimal temperature (60°C) and pH (8.2). The purified enzyme catalyzed formation of cross-linked ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine isopeptides, resulting in the gel-formation of protein solutions such as α_s-casein and BSA.     

Expression of the colH Gene Encoding Clostridium histolyticum Collagenase in Bacillus subtilis and Its Application to Enzyme Purification

The colH gene encoding 116-kDa collagenase of Clostridium histolyticum (cColH) was cloned into an Escherichia coli-Bacillus subtilis shuttle vector to develop a method for purification of recombinant collagenase (rColH). When plasmid pJCM310 containing the colH gene was introduced into B. subtilis DB104 and the transformant was grown in LB broth at 37 C, stability of the plasmid was not maintained. However, stability was partly improved by growing the transformant in a modified LB broth containing 0.5 M sodium succinate with gentle shaking at 35 C. When the transformant was grown to an optical density of 0.4 at 600 nm in this medium, pJCM310 was stable and rColH was produced in sufficient amounts. rColH was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The yield of rColH from an 800-ml culture was 0.53 mg and its specific activity was estimated to be 1,210 U per mg of protein. The purified rColH was capable of degrading native type-I collagen fibril from bovine achilles tendon, as was demonstrated by zymography. A comparison of the N-terminal amino acid sequence between cColH and rColH revealed that rColH has 10 extra N-terminal amino acid residues. However, the peptide mapping of rColH with V8 protease was virtually identical to that of cColH. Furthermore, the molecular mass of rColH was estimated to be 112,999 Da by mass spectrometry, coinciding with the value of 112,977 Da, which was predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the colH gene. Therefore, the recombinant B. subtilis culture is capable of serving as a useful source for enzyme purification.     

Formaldehyde gas inactivation of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores on indoor surface materials

AIMS: To evaluate the decontamination of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores on indoor surface materials using formaldehyde gas. METHODS AND RESULTS: B. anthracis, B. subtilis, and G. stearothermophilus spores were dried on seven types of indoor surfaces and exposed to approx. 1100 ppm formaldehyde gas for 10 h. Formaldehyde exposure significantly decreased viable B. anthracis, B. subtilis, and G. stearothermophilus spores on all test materials. Significant differences were observed when comparing the reduction in viable spores of B. anthracis with B. subtilis (galvanized metal and painted wallboard paper) and G. stearothermophilus (industrial carpet and painted wallboard paper). Formaldehyde gas inactivated>or=50% of the biological indicators and spore strips (approx. 1x10(6) CFU) when analyzed after 1 and 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: Formaldehyde gas significantly reduced the number of viable spores on both porous and nonporous materials in which the two surrogates exhibited similar log reductions to that of B. anthracis on most test materials. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These results provide new comparative information for the decontamination of B. anthracis spores with surrogates on indoor surfaces using formaldehyde gas.     

同步辐射软X射线对枯草杆菌的诱变效应

采用同步辐射软X射线对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)1831菌株进行辐照处理,研究了不同剂量下3．1nm的软X射线对其芽孢的失活和诱变作用。结果表明：同步辐射软X射线对枯草杆菌芽孢的剂量存活曲线表现为典型的“肩型”,对芽孢的失活作用属于“单靶多击”方式,失活击中数等于3。根据脱脂牛奶平板上蛋白酶活力大小的测量统计,以变异系数作为诱变效应指标,软X射线对芽孢具有一定的诱变作用。     

Sterilization effect of atmospheric plasma on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis endospores

Aims:  Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis spores were treated with an atmospheric plasma mixture created by the ionization of helium and oxygen to investigate the inactivation efficiency of a low-temperature plasma below 70°C.
Methods and results:  An electrical discharge plasma was produced at a radio frequency (RF) of 13·56 MHz, connected to a perforated circular electrode with a discharge spacing of 1–15 mm. The discharge gas was helium with 0–2% oxygen. For the plasma treatment, a dried E. coli cell or B. subtilis endospore suspension on a cover-glass was exposed to oxygen downstream of the plasma from holes in an RF-powered electrode. The sterilization effect of the RF plasma was highest with 0·2% oxygen, corresponding to the maximum production of oxygen radicals.
Conclusions:  Oxygen radicals generated by RF plasma are effective for the destruction of bacterial cells and endospores.
Significance and Impact of the study:  Low-temperature atmospheric plasma can be used for the disinfection of diverse objects, especially for the inactivation of bacterial endospores.     

枯草芽孢杆菌对杨树水泡溃疡病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用

测定了枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2菌株对杨树水泡溃疡病菌菌丝生长的影响,发现BS-2菌株能够抑制病菌菌丝的生长,并导致菌丝形态畸变,表现为菌丝伸长生长受抑制、扭曲、原生质浓缩、局部膨大成球形或椭圆形以及菌丝断裂和菌丝细胞变成空泡等。BS-2发酵液对病菌菌丝生长也有明显的抑制作用,培养时间越长,其培养液的抑菌作用越强;在不同培养基中获得的发酵液对病菌的抑制效果不同。     

原噬菌体PBSX阻遏基因及其温度敏感型等位基因的克隆分析

本研究利用聚合酶链式反应技术,成功地克隆了枯草芽孢杆菌缺陷型原噬菌体ＰＢＳＸ阻遏基因及其温度敏感型等位基因。核苷酸序列分析发现,野生型及其温度敏感型阻遏基因之间的碱基变异较大,但却存在几乎完全相同的开放读框,尤其是开放读框ｏｒｆⅠ,可能编码着１１３个氨基酸的阻遏蛋白,并且还推定了开放读框的启动区和核糖体结合位点。通过互补实验,证实了野生型阻遏基因的产物能够抑制温度诱导ＰＢＳＸ原噬菌体,表明克隆的基因有着正常的生物活性。     

Decontamination assessment of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores on indoor surfaces using a hydrogen peroxide gas generator

AIMS: To evaluate the decontamination of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores on indoor surface materials using hydrogen peroxide gas. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacillus anthracis, B. subtilis, and G. stearothermophilus spores were dried on seven types of indoor surfaces and exposed to > or =1000 ppm hydrogen peroxide gas for 20 min. Hydrogen peroxide exposure significantly decreased viable B. anthracis, B. subtilis, and G. stearothermophilus spores on all test materials except G. stearothermophilus on industrial carpet. Significant differences were observed when comparing the reduction in viable spores of B. anthracis with both surrogates. The effectiveness of gaseous hydrogen peroxide on the growth of biological indicators and spore strips was evaluated in parallel as a qualitative assessment of decontamination. At 1 and 7 days postexposure, decontaminated biological indicators and spore strips exhibited no growth, while the nondecontaminated samples displayed growth. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in decontamination efficacy of hydrogen peroxide gas on porous and nonporous surfaces were observed when comparing the mean log reduction in B. anthracis spores with B. subtilis and G. stearothermophilus spores. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These results provide comparative information for the decontamination of B. anthracis spores with surrogates on indoor surfaces using hydrogen peroxide gas.     

枯草芽孢杆菌渗透压调节基因proB的克隆和表达

用PCR扩增的方法从耐盐的枯草杆菌中克隆出一个13kb长的DNA片段,经功能检测,证明正向插入片段与大肠杆菌的脯氨酸营养缺陷特性(proB-)能够营养互补。含有该重组质粒的大肠杆菌DH5α在基本培养基上的耐盐能力从2%提高至4%。通过引物步行法测定了该插入片段的核苷酸序列。利用DNAsis软件进行序列分析发现,该片段第122～1235bp核苷酸编码一个由370个氨基酸组成的蛋白质分子,其上游存在非典型的-10区,典型的-35区和核糖体结合位点,起始密码子处有最佳翻译起始效率的侧翼核苷酸序列。将其与Genebank中的已知基因的序列和编码的氨基酸序列进行同源性比较,结果表明该片段与枯草杆菌168的核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列的同源性分别为81%和90%。证明该基因确实是一个proB基因。通过与三十个不同种属微芽生物proB基因的氨基酸序列比较,发现该蛋白存在有可能与形成酶的活性中心和三维结构有密切关系的几个绝对保守的区域。     

营养条件对枯草杆菌生产血纤维蛋白溶解酶的影响

选用经过分离纯化的枯草杆菌FM—SZ,研究了发酵营养条件,如葡萄糖、胰蛋白联。大豆粉、玉米粉、表面活性剂和底物等对枯草杆菌产血纤维蛋白溶解酶和产酶特性的影响。研究结果表明,添加胰蛋白胜能明显提高产酶,达到 594UK.UJml;tween 40的添加可以进一步提高产酶,酶活可达 645UK.U/ml。研究还发现液体培养条件下枯草杆菌血纤维蛋白溶解酸酶合成类型为延续合成型。     

Molecular Cloning of the Transglutaminase Gene from Bacillus subtilis and Its Expression in Escherichia coli

We cloned and characterized a gene, tgl, encoding transglutaminase in Bacillus subtilis. The tgl gene contained a open reading frame 735-nucleotides long that encoded a 245-residue protein with the molecular weight of 28,300. The deduced amino acid sequence had little sequence similarity with sequences of other transglutaminases from a Streptoverticillium sp. or from mammals. The -10 and -35 regions of a putative promoter resembled the consensus sequence for the σ^K-dependent promoter. In addition, a sequence similar to the consensus sequence for the GerE binding site was found upstream from this region. These findings suggested that tgl was transcribed in the mother cells during a late stage of sporulation. Evidence for this suggestion was that transglutaminase activity was detected in sporulating cells during the same stage. Transglutaminase activity was detected in Escherichia coli cells transformed with a plasmid for expression of the tgl gene.     

抗氧化型枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶高产工程菌的构建——Ⅰ.抗氧化型碱性蛋白酶的提纯及其主要性质的研究

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus Subtilis)B135工程菌能产生抗氧化型碱性蛋白酶,粗酶经硫酸铵分级沉淀,CM-52层析,Sephadex G-100层析,得到凝胶电泳均一样品,比活达到1700U/mg,是粗酶比活的7.69倍.该酶在60℃时酶活力最高,最适pH为10.2,在50℃时,温浴10min后,酶活降低到原来的50%.该酶受1M H_2O_2作用20min后,仍保持96%的酶活     

益生枯草芽胞杆菌B15的性能检测及培养条件研究

对筛选得到的枯草芽胞杆菌B15进行了产酶及拮抗性能的检测,结果表明该菌株能够分泌淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶,同时对常见病原体有一定的拮抗作用,具有作为益生菌进行发酵和研制微生态制剂的潜力。采用单因子试验,对B15菌株的培养液组成（碳源、氮源）及培养条件进行了研究,结果表明：以1.5%葡萄糖及0.5%酵母浸出物制成的培养液,在35℃、初始pH6.5左右,装液量为20 ml/250 ml,接种量2%的条件下培养B15,可将活菌数目从原始的1.15×109CFU/ml提高至1.61×109CFU/ml。     

枯草杆菌启动子－信号肽序列的克隆及序列分析

利用含红霉素抗性基因和缺启动子－信号肽序列的氨苄青霉素抗性基因的双功能质粒ｐＧＰＢ１４为探针载体,克隆了枯草杆菌的启动子－信号肽序列并对克隆的片段进行序列分析。枯草杆菌染色体ＤＮＡ经Ｓａｕ３Ａ酶解后与ＢｏｍＨＩ酶切的质粒ｐＧＰＢ１４连接,转化大肠杆菌Ｃ６００,筛选抗氨苄青霉素及抗红霉素的转化子,从双抗性转化子中提取重组质粒并经酶切分析,显示克隆的ＤＮＡ片段在０．２７－１．５ｋｂ之间。用Ｓａｎｇｅｒ的双脱氧链终止法测定了１０个克隆片段的ＤＮＡ顺序,结果表明,克隆的片段都含有启动子、核糖体结合优点及信号肽序列。克隆片段可以在大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌中恢复氨苄青霉素抗性的表型。β－内酰胺酶活力测定结果证明：大肠杆菌的酶活力主要积累在周质空间内而枯草杆菌的酶活力主要分泌到胞外。     

Bacillus subtilis WHNB02植酸酶phyC基因的克隆及序列分析

采用PCR法获得产植酸酶芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)WHNB02株植酸酶的全长phyc基因,并将其克隆到pUC18-T载体。序列分析表明该基因全长1152bp,编码一个383个氨基酸的多肽,信号肽切割位点位于第26个氨基酸残基之后。系统进化树表明,来源于7株芽孢杆菌的植酸酶在遗传上分为两大类。将Bacillus subtilis WHNB02植酸酶phyC基因序列及其氨基酸序列在GenBank中登录,登录号分别为AF220075和AA043434．1。     

Inhibitory Effect of 8-(N,N-Diethylamino)octyl-3, 4, 5-Trimethoxybenzoate Hydrochloride (TMB-8) on Germination of Bacillus cereus T Spores

Effect of 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3, 4, 5 - trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride (TMB-8), a calcium antagonist, on germination of Bacillus cereus T spores induced by L -alanine and inosine was investigated. TMB-8 had no effect on the germination of heat-activated spores, whereas it inhibited that of nonactivated spores. The TMB-8 inhibitory effect was antagonized competitively by inosine, but not by L -alanine. Addition of Ca²⁺ reversed the inhibitory effect of TMB-8 in a dose-related fashion. Based on the results, a role of inosine and a site(s) for inhibitory action of TMB-8 in the process leading to the germination of nonactivated spores were discussed.     

Effect of NaOH (caustic wash) on the viability, surface characteristics and adhesion of spores of a Geobacillus sp. isolated from a milk powder production line

Aim: To investigate the viability, surface characteristics and ability of spores of a Geobacillus sp. isolated from a milk powder production line to adhere to stainless steel surfaces before and after a caustic (NaOH) wash used in clean‐in‐place regimes. Methods and Results: Exposing sessile spores to 1% NaOH at 65°C for 30 min decreased spore viability by two orders of magnitude. The zeta potential of the caustic treated spores decreased from ?20 to ?32 mV and they became more hydrophobic. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that caustic treated spores contained breaks in their spore coat. Under flow conditions, caustic treated spores suspended in 0·1 mol l^?1 KCl were shown to attach to stainless steel in significantly greater numbers (4·6 log₁₀ CFU cm^?2) than untreated spores (3·6 log₁₀ CFU cm^?2). Conclusions: This research suggests that spores surviving a caustic wash will have a greater propensity to attach to stainless steel surfaces. Significance of Study: The practice of recycling caustic wash solutions may increase the risk of contaminating dairy processing surfaces with spores.