肠道菌群对肠道病毒感染的影响

肠道病毒(enterovirus)作为危害婴幼儿健康的主要病原体之一,给世界各国带来沉重的医疗和经济负担。近年来,随着对肠道菌群研究的不断深入,越来越多的证据表明,肠道菌群在肠道病毒感染过程中发挥着重要作用。本文就肠道菌群对肠道病毒感染的影响及其相关机制作一综述,为深入开展肠道病毒感染的防控研究提供参考。     

大肠手术前肠道准备对肠道菌群的影响

通过对２６例大肠手术术前肠道准备病人的观察,术前肠道准备能明显减少肠道细菌的数量,同时肠道菌群也随之发生不同程度的变化,它提示大肠术前肠道准备可减少大肠手术合并症,同时对肠道菌群造成一定的影响。     

运动对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的 利用PCR-DGGE方法比较运动小鼠和正常小鼠肠道菌群的结构和数量变化,研究运动对肠道菌群的影响。方法 从5只正常Balb/c小鼠和5只运动C57BL/6J小鼠的粪便中提取细菌基因组总DNA,用聚合酶链式反应—变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）的方法获得小鼠肠道菌群分布图谱,对图谱进行相似性、多样性以及优势条带的序列分析。结果 PCR-DGGE结果图显示运动小鼠肠道菌群的多样性明显增加,优势菌群发生转变,序列分析表明变形菌门明显减少,厚壁菌门成为优势菌型。结论 运动会对小鼠肠道菌群产生影响。     

加替沙星对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的 了解加替沙星正常剂量用药和非正常剂量用药方式对小鼠肠道菌群的影响.方法 24只昆明小鼠随机分为3组,每组8只,对照组只灌胃生理盐水,另外2组分别按正常剂量和正常剂量的一半给小鼠灌胃加替沙星溶液,7 d后无菌采取小鼠粪便,观察各组小鼠粪便中双歧杆菌、类杆菌、乳酸杆菌、大肠埃希菌及肠球菌数量.结果 加替沙星灌胃7 d后,与给药前相比,肠杆菌和肠球菌药敏结果无明显变化.灌胃前后肠杆菌对CIP、LEV、GAT、AM、CRO、AMK、NOR均敏感,肠球菌对AM、LEV、VA、GAT均敏感,对NOR、CIP、CRO敏感性不同.2种用药方式可导致大肠埃希菌数量显著减少(P＜0.05),肠球菌数量稍有增加(P＞0.05).而双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌和类杆菌数量无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论 加替沙星2种用药方式短时期对肠道菌群影响不大(肠杆菌除外),不易产生耐药性.其杀灭肠杆菌的作用远大于对厌氧菌的作用.     

降钙素治疗膝骨关节炎的疗效观察

目的:观察和评价应用密盖息治疗膝骨关节炎的疗效.方法:40例女性病人,年龄50-75岁,平均年龄65岁,均经过临床X线检查确诊,应用密盖息四周后,对疼痛缓解时间、功能恢复情况进行疗效评估,并经一年门诊随访,总结其疗效.结果:随访1年后,统计达到优20例,良17例,无效3例,总有效率80%以上.结论:密盖息对膝骨关节炎治疗达到止痛、控制和预防膝骨关节内翻、外翻畸形,在临床治疗提高疗效起到巨大的作用.     

饮食因素对肠道菌群影响的研究进展

人体肠道内定植了约1014个微生物,种类有1 000多种,它们作为"人体的第十三个生理系统",直接参与了机体的各种代谢活动,与人体健康密切相关。研究显示,肠道菌群的构成和稳定受到诸多宿主和环境因素的影响,其中饮食因素起着至关重要的作用。因此,本文用膳食金字塔将食物进行分类,介绍了膳食中谷类、果蔬类、豆类、奶类、鱼肉类、油脂类和糖类对肠道菌群的调节作用,以期为相关研究的开展、相应疾病的防治提供参考。     

益生菌对肝硬化患者肠道菌群和肠道屏障功能的影响

目的 探讨益生菌对肝硬化患者肠道菌群、肠道屏障功能及肝脏功能的影响,为肝硬化患者的治疗提供参考。 方法 选取2017年1月至2019年6月我院收治的60例乙肝肝硬化患者为研究对象。入选患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各30例。对照组患者采用常规治疗,观察组患者在此基础上加用地衣芽孢杆菌胶囊进行治疗。两组患者疗程均为1个月。比较两组患者治疗后肠道菌群、肠道屏障功能、免疫功能、细胞因子水平及肝脏功能变化情况。 结果 治疗后,对照组患者肠道菌群数量与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);观察组患者肠道双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、肠球菌、肠杆菌数量显著高于治疗前及对照组,酵母样真菌数量显著低于治疗前及对照组(均P+细胞、CD4+细胞及CD4+/CD8+水平均显著上升,同时高于对照组(均P结论 益生菌可有效调节肠道菌群,提高肠道屏障功能,增强细胞免疫力,减轻炎症反应,改善肝功能,具有较好的辅助治疗作用。     

肠道菌群对新生儿神经发育的影响

新生儿肠道菌群的定植和建立是一个复杂的动态演变过程,且易受分娩方式、喂养方式、胎龄、抗生素暴露等多种因素的影响。肠道菌群不仅在新生儿生理发育、免疫系统成熟、抵抗病原体入侵、维护肠道屏障等方面发挥重要作用,还影响神经回路的建立、髓鞘的形成和血脑屏障的形成。早期肠道菌群失调可导致新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎、生长发育迟缓和智力发育落后等。近年来肠道菌群通过肠-脑轴影响新生儿神经发育受到广泛关注,其主要与代谢、免疫、迷走神经和神经内分泌等途径相关。本文主要就新生儿肠道菌群特征及其影响因素和肠道菌群对神经发育的影响作一综述。     

抗生素对新生儿肠道菌群影响的初步研究

本文采用肠道菌群定量定性分析法,利用用药前后的自身对照,研究了静脉应用氨苄青霉素加青霉素的先锋铋对30例足月、患非肠道感染性疾病的新生儿肠道菌群的干扰,结果表明:两组抗生素均造成新生儿肠道菌群紊乱。氨苄青霉素加青霉素使肠杆菌科细菌明显增加,其他细菌无显著变化,优势菌由乳杆菌变为肠杆菌,腹泻率26.7％,菌群失调程度Ⅰ°—Ⅱ°;先锋铋使正常肠菌群成员显著减少,仅酵母菌过盛繁殖,成为优势菌,腹泻率53.3％,菌群失调程度多为Ⅰ°—Ⅱ°。部分Ⅲ°。     

肠道菌群紊乱对Treg细胞影响的研究进展

人和动物肠道内存在大量的细菌,并且肠道细菌在宿主多功能代谢和免疫系统平衡中至关重要,它们与宿主免疫和代谢系统共同进化。在正常情况下,肠道菌群与宿主处于长期平衡状态,然而,当肠道菌群紊乱时,这种平衡将会被打破,并导致免疫应答的改变和各种疾病的发生。Treg细胞是一种表达转录因子Foxp3的调节型T细胞,是促炎和抑炎反应及免疫平衡中重要的组成成分。近年来,大量的研究揭示了Treg细胞、宿主和肠道菌群之间错综复杂的关系,但并没有对动物体内各个部位Treg细胞的表达变化规律做出系统总结。本综述通过总结近年来人们对肠道菌群的研究,综合阐述肠道菌群紊乱时,Treg细胞在肠、外周血、脾脏和肾中的表达变化规律。     

Effect of severity of knee osteoarthritis on the variability of gait parameters

Gait analysis has provided important information concerning gait patterns and variability of gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) of varying severity. The objective of this study was to clarify how the variability of gait parameters is influenced by the severity of knee OA. Gait analysis was performed at three different controlled walking speeds in three groups of subjects with varying degrees of knee OA (20 healthy subjects with no OA and 90 patients with moderate or severe OA). The variability of gait parameters was characterized by the coefficient of variance (CV) of spatial-temporal parameters, as well as by the mean coefficient variance (MeanCV) of angular parameters. Based on our results, we conclude that the complexity of gait decreases if the walking speed differs from the self-selected speed. In patients with knee OA, the decreased variability of angular parameters on the affected side represents decreased joint flexibility. This leads to decreased consistency in movements of the lower limbs from stride-to-stride, as shown by increased variability of spatial-temporal parameters. Decreased joint flexibility and consistency of movement can be associated with decreased complexity of movement. Other joints of the kinetic chain, such as joints of the non-affected side and the pelvis, play an important role in compensation and adaptation of step-by step motion and in the ability of secure gait. Results suggest that the variability of gait associated with knee osteoarthritis is gender-dependent. During rehabilitation, particular attention must be paid to improving gait stability and proprioception and gender differences should be taken into account.     

植物多糖对肠道微生态的作用研究进展

近年来,随着微生态学的发展,越来越多的学者认识到肠道微生态平衡对人体健康的重要意义。许多研究表明植物多糖作为肠道微生态调节剂,具有调节肠道菌群比例、促进肠黏膜修复、增强肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白表达及调节细胞因子水平等作用。除此以外,植物多糖具有来源广泛、成本低廉、作用效果好等优势。本文归纳了近年来报道的具有肠道微生态调节功能的植物多糖及其研究方法和作用机制等,希望为今后的研究重点和发展方向提供参考。     

肠道菌群在肥胖发病中的作用

近十年来,肠道菌群在人类许多疾病发病机制中的潜在作用引起了人们的广泛关注。已被证实肠道菌群与肥胖和肥胖相关的代谢性疾病的发生发展密切相关。与肥胖相关的肠道微生物可调控宿主的能量代谢、胰岛素抵抗和脂肪组织堆积,这些在肥胖发生中都起着至关重要的作用。本综述重点介绍了代谢紊乱中肠道菌群组成的变化以及肠道菌群在肥胖发病机制中的作用,包括能量代谢、中枢食欲、免疫系统和宿主昼夜节律。在不久的将来,该领域的研究将为治疗肥胖及其并发症开辟新的途径。     

罗伊乳杆菌DSM 17938对生命早期抗生素暴露大鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的探讨预防性应用罗伊乳杆菌DSM 17938对生命早期抗生素暴露大鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法将24只新生SD大鼠随机分为抗生素暴露组(A组)和益生菌干预组(B组),每组12只。A组在出生后第2天(postnatal day 2,PND2)～PND6给予罗氏芬灌胃,2 h后给予生理盐水灌胃;B组同期给予罗氏芬灌胃,2 h后给予罗伊乳杆菌DSM 17938灌胃。PND7及PND42,2组大鼠中各处死6只,取空肠、结肠黏膜及其肠内容物进行16S rDNA V4区二代测序;PND42空肠、结肠组织进行病理检测,用Image Pro Plus 6.0测量绒毛长度和隐窝深度。结果PND42时,A组大鼠体质量明显低于B组。2组大鼠空肠、结肠未见明显炎症等改变,2组间空肠、结肠黏膜绒毛及隐窝深度差异无统计学意义。PND7时,2组大鼠空肠、结肠菌群多样性及门水平菌群组成差异无统计学意义;属水平上,A组、B组大鼠空肠菌属差异无统计学意义,而B组大鼠结肠菌群中乳杆菌属明显增加。PND42时,与A组大鼠比较,B组空肠菌群Alpha多样性指数明显降低,Beta多样性差异明显,门水平上拟杆菌门、变形菌门、柔膜菌门及广古菌门比例明显降低,厚壁菌门比例明显增加,属水平上假单胞菌属、乳球菌属、厌氧芽胞杆菌属、芽胞杆菌属、瘤胃球菌属、Dechloromonas及普氏菌属比例明显降低,乳杆菌属比例明显增加;结肠菌群Shannon指数明显增加,Beta多样性差异明显,门水平上拟杆菌门、疣微菌门比例明显增加,厚壁菌门比例明显降低,属水平上不动杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、金黄杆菌属及Facklamia比例明显降低,Akkermansia、瘤胃球菌属、普氏菌属及拟杆菌属比例明显增高。结论预防性应用罗伊乳杆菌DSM 17938可纠正生命早期抗生素暴露对大鼠发育期肠道菌群的影响。     

Biomechanical mechanism of lateral trunk lean gait for knee osteoarthritis patients

The biomechanical mechanism of lateral trunk lean gait employed to reduce external knee adduction moment (KAM) for knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients is not well known. This mechanism may relate to the center of mass (COM) motion. Moreover, lateral trunk lean gait may affect motor control of the COM displacement. Uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis is an evaluation index used to understand motor control and variability of the motor task. Here we aimed to clarify the biomechanical mechanism to reduce KAM during lateral trunk lean gait and how motor variability controls the COM displacement. Twenty knee OA patients walked under two conditions: normal and lateral trunk lean gait conditions. UCM analysis was performed with respect to the COM displacement in the frontal plane. We also determined how the variability is structured with regards to the COM displacement as a performance variable. The peak KAM under lateral trunk lean gait was lower than that under normal gait. The reduced peak KAM observed was accompanied by medially shifted knee joint center, shortened distance of the center of pressure to knee joint center, and shortened distance of the knee–ground reaction force lever arm during the stance phase. Knee OA patients with lateral trunk lean gait could maintain kinematic synergy by utilizing greater segmental configuration variance to the performance variable. However, the COM displacement variability of lateral trunk lean gait was larger than that of normal gait. Our findings may provide clinical insights to effectively evaluate and prescribe gait modification training for knee OA patients.     

Proximal gait adaptations in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Clarifying proximal gait adaptations as a strategy to reduce knee joint loading and pain for individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA) contributes to understanding the pathogenesis of multi-articular OA changes and musculoskeletal pain in other joints. We aimed to determine whether biomechanical alterations in knee OA patients during level walking is increased upper trunk lean in the frontal and sagittal planes, and subsequent alteration in external hip adduction moment (EHAM) and external hip flexion moment (EHFM). A literature search was conducted in PubMed, PEDro, CINAHL, and Cochrane CENTRAL through May 2018. Where possible, data were combined into a meta-analysis; pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) of between knee OA patients and healthy adults were calculated using a random-effect model. In total, 32 articles (2037 participants, mean age, 63.0 years) met inclusion criteria. Individuals with knee OA had significantly increased lateral trunk lean toward the ipsilateral limb (pooled SMD: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.59, 1.77) along with significantly decreased EHAM. These subjects also displayed a non-significantly increased trunk/pelvic flexion angle and EHFM. The GRADE approach judged all measures as “very low.” These results may indicate that biomechanical alterations accompanying knee OA are associated with increased lateral trunk lean and ensuing alterations in EHAM. Biomechanical alterations in the sagittal plane were not evident. Biomechanical adaptations might have negative sequelae, such as secondary hip abductor muscle weakness and low back pain. Thus, investigations of negative sequelae due to proximal gait adaptations are warranted.     

Increased hip internal abduction moment and reduced speed are the gait strategies used by women with knee osteoarthritis

The purpose of this study was to identify the gait strategies in women with mild and moderate knee osteoarthritis (OA). Forty women diagnosed with OA of the knee and 40 healthy women participated in the study. Toe-out progression angle, trunk lateral lean, hip internal abduction moment and gait speed were measured using Qualisys ProReflex System and two force plates. Principal component analysis was applied to extract features from the gait waveforms data that characterized the waveforms main modes of temporal variation. Discriminant analysis with a stepwise model was conducted to determine which strategies could best discriminate groups. According to the discriminant model, the PC2 of the internal abduction moment of the hip and the gait speed were the most discriminatory variables between the groups. The OA group showed decreased gait speed, decreased hip internal abduction moment during the loading response phase, and increased hip internal abduction moment during the mid and terminal stance phases. Interventions that may increase hip internal abduction moment, such as the strengthening of the hip abductors muscles, may benefit women with knee OA. Training slower than normal gait speeds must be considered in light of potential adverse implications on overall physical function, daily tasks, and safety.     

贝那普利和氨氯地平对自发性高血压大鼠血压和肠道微生物的影响

目的观察贝那普利和氨氯地平对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血压及肠道微生物的影响。方法 18只14周龄雄性SHR随机分为模型组(Mod组,n=6)、贝那普利组[Bph组,盐酸贝那普利灌服0.90 mg/(kg·d),n=6]、氨氯地平组[Aml组,苯磺酸氨氯地平灌服0.45 mg/(kg·d),n=6],另以Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)大鼠作为正常对照组(NC组,n=6), NC组和Mod组每日给予蒸馏水灌胃,干预8周后测定各组大鼠血压,观察结束处死大鼠取空肠粪便,进行16S rDNA V4区扩增子信息采集与分析。结果贝那普利和氨氯地平对SHR具有明显的降压作用,用药后对SHR肠道微生物的门属组成、α多样性、β多样性有一定影响;根据关系热图分析菌群和环境因子血压的关系,拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌属(Firmicutes)和粪球菌属(Coprococcus)与收缩压(SBP)相关,拟杆菌属与平均动脉压(MBP)相关。结论贝那普利和氨氯地平具有明确的降压作用,并对SHR肠道微生物有一定的影响。     

寄生虫与肠道微生物群落的相互作用

近年来有关肠道菌群的研究不胜枚举,肠道菌群从人类出生开始一直到生命结束都一直伴随着宿主,并在宿主的身体中发挥着重要作用。肠道菌群不仅直接参与宿主肠道内大分子物质的消化、小分子物质的吸收、肠道机体正常代谢和肠道内的免疫系统的调节,还能抵抗某些病原体的侵袭,甚至被称为"另一人类机体系统"。寄生虫学作为一个古老而又重要的科目,人类对于它的探索亦从未停止。近年来国内外学者关于肠道菌群与寄生虫之间关系的研究逐渐增多,寄生虫对肠道菌群的正向反馈作用正成为研究热点。本文就近年来国内外学者有关寄生虫与肠道菌群相互关系和作用的研究进展作一综述。     

Effects of bilateral medial knee osteoarthritis on intra- and inter-limb contributions to body support during gait

Patients with knee OA show altered gait patterns, affecting their quality of living. The current study aimed to quantify the effects of bilateral knee OA on the intra-limb and inter-limb sharing of the support of the body during gait. Fifteen patients with mild, 15 with severe bilateral knee OA, and 15 healthy controls walked along a walkway while the kinematic and kinetic data were measured. Compared with the controls, the patients significantly reduced their knee extensor moments and the corresponding contributions to the total support moment in the sagittal plane (p<0.05). For compensation, the mild OA group significantly increased the hip extensor moments (p<0.05) to maintain close-to-normal support and a more symmetrical inter-limb load-sharing during double-limb support. The severe OA group involved compensatory actions of both the ankle and hip, but did not succeed in maintaining a normal sagittal total support moment during late stance, nor a symmetrical inter-limb load-sharing during double-limb support. In the frontal plane, the knee abductor moments and the corresponding contributions to the total support moment were not affected by the changes in the other joints, regardless of the severity of the disease. The observed compensatory changes suggest that strengthening of weak hip muscles is essential for body support during gait in patients with knee OA, but that training of weak ankle muscles may also be needed for patients with severe knee OA.