纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调大鼠 免疫因子及SOD、MDA、NO、MPO表达的影响

摘要：目的 探讨纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调模型大鼠的免疫因子及SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）、MDA（丙二醛）、NO（一氧化氮）、MPO（髓过氧化物酶）表达的影响。方法 大鼠i.g盐酸林可霉素造成菌群失调伴有免疫缺陷肠炎模型,将大鼠随机分成靶向制剂组、阳性对照组和自然恢复组,紫外分光光度法检测结肠匀浆样本SOD、MDA、NO和MPO含量,微量溶血酶标仪分光光度法测定血清溶血素水平,ELISA法测定IL-1β（白细胞介素-1β）、IL-6（白细胞介素-6）、TNF-α（肿瘤坏死因子-α）、sIgA（分泌型免疫球蛋白A）及GM-CSF（粒细胞集落刺激生物因子）含量。结果 与自然恢复组相比,纳米山药多糖组显著提高大鼠溶血素水平及sIgA、GM-CSF和SOD含量（P<0.05）,明显降低大鼠结肠样本中MDA、NO、MPO的含量（P<0.05）,IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α在大鼠血清中的表达均有不同程度的下降（P<0.05）,且恢复到正常水平。结论 纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂能减轻肠道炎症,提高溶血素水平、sIgA和GM-CSF含量,降低IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量,提高机体免疫能力,是理想的中药微生态调节剂。     

纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调

摘要：目的 探讨纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调模型大鼠的免疫因子及SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）、MDA（丙二醛）、NO（一氧化氮）、MPO（髓过氧化物酶）表达的影响。方法 大鼠i.g盐酸林可霉素造成菌群失调伴有免疫缺陷肠炎模型,将大鼠随机分成靶向制剂组、阳性对照组和自然恢复组,紫外分光光度法检测结肠匀浆样本SOD、MDA、NO和MPO含量,微量溶血酶标仪分光光度法测定血清溶血素水平,ELISA法测定IL-1β（白细胞介素-1β）、IL-6（白细胞介素-6）、TNF-α（肿瘤坏死因子-α）、sIgA（分泌型免疫球蛋白A）及GM-CSF（粒细胞集落刺激生物因子）含量。结果 与自然恢复组相比,纳米山药多糖组显著提高大鼠溶血素水平及sIgA、GM-CSF和SOD含量（P<0.05）,明显降低大鼠结肠样本中MDA、NO、MPO的含量（P<0.05）,IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α在大鼠血清中的表达均有不同程度的下降（P<0.05）,且恢复到正常水平。结论 纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂能减轻肠道炎症,提高溶血素水平、sIgA和GM-CSF含量,降低IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量,提高机体免疫能力,是理想的中药微生态调节剂。     

纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调大鼠免疫因子及SOD、MDA、NO、MPO表达的影响

目的探讨纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调模型大鼠的免疫因子及SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、MDA(丙二醛)、NO(一氧化氮)、MPO(髓过氧化物酶)表达的影响。方法大鼠i.g盐酸林可霉素造成菌群失调伴有免疫缺陷肠炎模型,将大鼠随机分成靶向制剂组、阳性对照组和自然恢复组,紫外分光光度法检测结肠匀浆样本SOD、MDA、NO和MPO含量,微量溶血酶标仪分光光度法测定血清溶血素水平,ELISA法测定IL-1β(白细胞介素-1β)、IL-6(白细胞介素-6)、TNF-α(肿瘤坏死因子-α)、sIgA(分泌型免疫球蛋白A)及GM-CSF(粒细胞集落刺激生物因子)含量。结果与自然恢复组相比,纳米山药多糖组显著提高大鼠溶血素水平及sIgA、GM-CSF和SOD含量(P0.05),明显降低大鼠结肠样本中MDA、NO、MPO的含量(P0.05),IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α在大鼠血清中的表达均有不同程度的下降(P0.05),且恢复到正常水平。结论纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂能减轻肠道炎症,提高溶血素水平、sIgA和GM-CSF含量,降低IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量,提高机体免疫能力,是理想的中药微生态调节剂。     

纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对 菌群失调动物免疫学指标的影响

摘要：目的 研究纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对抗生素脱污染菌群失调白兔的免疫学效应和机制。方法 用盐酸林可霉素建立菌群失调白兔模型,不同时间点取样,检测各组实验动物胸腺、脾脏指数,采用ELISA法,对各组实验动物肠黏膜sIgA、血清IL-2、IL-6进行检测。结果 各组指标检测结果,制剂组优于阳性对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对抗生素脱污染菌群失调白兔免疫学指标有显著影响。     

纳米山药多糖对大鼠免疫器官及巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响

摘要：目的 研究纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向调节剂对大鼠免疫器官功能及巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响。方法 以i.g盐酸林可霉素造成肠炎模型,将大鼠随机分成正常对照组,阳性对照组,纳米山药多糖组和模型组。测定胸腺和脾指数,中性红法测定巨噬细胞吞噬功能,MTT法测定T淋巴细胞增殖,ELISA法测定脾淋巴细胞IL-2和IFN-γ含量。结果 与模型组相比,纳米山药多糖组显著提高免疫器官指数,腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力,脾淋巴细胞增殖能力和IL-2和IFN-γ含量（P<0.05),且恢复到正常水平。结论 动物实验表明,纳米山药多糖结肠靶向微生态调节剂具有提高免疫器官指数、巨噬细胞吞噬功能、T淋巴细胞能力、IL-2和IFN-γ含量,是理想的中药微生态调节剂。     

蒲公英多糖对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠IL-6/STAT3信号通路的影响

目的：观察蒲公英多糖对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型IL-6/STAT3信号通路的调控作用。方法：清洁级SD大鼠40只,雌雄各半,随机分为4组（n=10）：空白组、模型组、阳性对照组、蒲公英多糖组。采用2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）诱导结肠炎大鼠模型,阳性对照组采用美沙拉嗪10 mg/kg·d灌胃,蒲公英多糖组采用蒲公英多糖10 mg/kg·d灌胃,治疗4周后处死,观察大鼠结肠粘膜病理改变,检测大鼠血清白介素-6（IL-6）含量、结肠髓过氧化物酶（MPO）、白介素-6受体（sIL-6Rα）、糖蛋白130（gp130）、转录活化因子3（STAT3）、IL-6 mRNA表达。结果：与正常组比较,模型组大鼠血清IL-6含量明显升高（P<0.01）,MPO阳性密度明显增高（P<0.01）,sIL-6Rα、gp130含量明显增高（P<0.01）,肠组织STAT3、IL-6 mRNA相对表达量明显增高（P<0.01）;与模型组比较蒲公英多糖组、美沙拉嗪组大鼠血清IL-6含量明显降低（P<0.01）,MPO阳性密度明显降低（P<0.01）,sIL-6Rα、gp130含量明显降低（P<0.01）,肠组织STAT3、IL-6 mRNA相对表达量与模型组比较明显降低（P<0.05）。结论：蒲公英多糖能够降低溃疡性结肠炎大鼠IL-6水平,下调IL-6/STAT3通路中sIL-6Rα、gp130蛋白表达量,进而下调大鼠肠组织STAT3、IL-6 mRNA的转录水平,缓解结肠组织的炎症状态,保护和修复粘膜组织,起到治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用。     

纳米枸杞多糖合生元靶向微生态调节剂的制备及质量研究

目的制备合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂,并建立其质量标准。方法球磨法制备枸杞多糖纳米粒,并将其与双歧杆菌、结肠粘附材料按一定比例装填入结肠靶向胶囊中,制备成合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂;苯酚-硫酸法测定制剂中多糖含量,平板活菌计数法检测制剂中活菌数量。结果球磨法制备的枸杞多糖纳米粒成类球形,表面圆整,无粘连,80％粒径集中在464nm;合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂符合2010版药典对胶囊剂的质量要求。结论按本法制备的合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂安全可靠,其质量符合2010版药典对胶囊剂的质量要求。     

纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调动物生物学机制研究

目的 研究纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对抗生素脱污染菌群失调白兔的生物学效应和机制.方法 用盐酸林可霉素造成微生态失调白兔模型,不同时间点取盲肠内容物,采用标本菌落计数法,对治疗前后各组动物菌群数量进行检测,扫描电镜观察各组肠黏膜变化.结果 各组治疗后,双歧杆菌、乳酸菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌数量及肠黏膜恢复情况,制剂组优于阳性对照组及自然恢复组.结论 纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对抗生素脱污染菌群失调白兔有显著调节作用.     

芍药苷对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠道屏障功能和ERK信号通路的影响

摘要 目的：探究芍药苷对溃疡性结肠炎（UC）发生过程中肠道屏障功能和ERK信号通路的影响。方法：将24只7-8周龄SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组：正常组（Normal组,未造模及给药的大鼠）、模型组（Model组,100 mg/kg TNBS给药造模）、低剂量芍药苷组（LPF组,100 mg/kg TNBS +10 mg/kg芍药苷给药处理）和高剂量芍药苷组（HPF组,100 mg/kg TNBS +100 mg/kg芍药苷给药处理）,每组6只大鼠。对大鼠推注5%三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）进行UC大鼠造模,然后灌胃指定浓度的芍药苷,连续处理14 d。通过苏木精伊红（HE）染色进行组织病理学观察,通过阿尔辛蓝（AB）染色计算结肠粘液层厚度。通过ELISA法检测结肠组织中细胞因子（IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-10）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）和粘蛋白（MUC2和MUC5AC）的水平。通过免疫组化检测各组大鼠结肠组织中IL-6和IL-10的蛋白表达。通过Western blotting分析蛋白激酶Cα（PKCα）、p-PKCα、ERK1/2和p-ERK1/2的蛋白表达。结果：与Model组（8.38±0.42 cm）相比,LPF组（9.88±0.49 cm）和HPF组（10.92±0.55 cm）UC大鼠的结肠长度显著增加（P<0.05）。与Model组（22.54±1.13 μm）相比,LPF组（41.07±2.05 μm）和HPF组（50.33±2.52 μm）UC大鼠结肠粘液层厚度显著增加（P<0.05）。与Model组相比,LPF组和HPF组UC大鼠的结肠形态明显改善,结肠组织中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和MPO的水平显著降低,而IL-10显著升高（P<0.05）。与Model组相比,LPF组和HPF组UC大鼠结肠组织中MUC2和MUC5AC水平均显著升高,p-PKCα和p-ERK1/2的磷酸化水平也显著升高（P<0.05）。结论：芍药苷抑制了TNBS诱导的UC大鼠结肠炎症并增加了结肠粘液层厚度,从而保护了肠道屏障功能,其机制可能与ERK信号通路的激活有关。     

马齿苋多糖对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠组织IL-6/STAT3及NF-κB的影响

目的：采用TNBS （2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸）复制溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型,探索马齿苋多糖对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠组织IL6/STAT3及NF-κB的影响,明确IL-6/STAT3信号通路与慢性炎症性肠病发病的关系,为慢性溃疡性结肠炎的治疗寻找新靶点。方法：将40只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、美沙拉嗪组和马齿苋组（n=10）。采用TNBS诱导复制结肠炎模型,造模成功后第3天开始灌胃给药：美沙拉嗪组剂量为每次10 mg/kg,每日1次,连续3周;马齿苋组给予马齿苋多糖,每次10 ml/kg,每日1次,连续3周;模型组和对照组大鼠给予等体积生理盐水灌胃,每日1次,连续3周。收集大鼠结肠内容物称重,干燥后再次称重,取结肠组织作病理切片。采用ELISA试剂盒检测血清IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和核转录因子-kappa B （NF-κB）含量;免疫组化染色法测定结肠髓过氧化物酶（MPO）;RT-PCR法检测信号转导和转录激活因子（STAT3）、IL-6的mRNA。结果：与模型组、美沙拉嗪组比较,马齿苋组大鼠排便状态明显改善,肠粘膜水肿减轻;血清IL-6、sIL-6Rα、gp130,肠组织MPO、NF-κB含量均降低（P<0.01）。与模型组比较,马齿苋组STAT3、IL-6mRNA的表达水平明显降低（P<0.01）。与对照组比较,上述指标无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论：马齿苋多糖通过降低大鼠血清IL-6、sIL-6Rα、gp130含量及肠组织MPO、NF-κB水平,减轻sIL-6Rα与IL-6形成复合物所致的炎症反应;经IL-6/STAT3信号通路下调大鼠肠组织STAT3和IL-6的mRNA水平,从而抑制炎症的发生。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

Synthesis and properties of N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of amino acids, peptides, and proteins

The literature on chemical (i.e., nonenzymic) phosphorylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins is reviewed through 1982. The review covers synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and physical properties, with emphasis on the techniques used for separation and characterization of the products. Synthetic methods are classified by reagent rather than product, and are illustrated by experimental procedures for the most important methods. Chemical reactions are classified into four groups depending on whether the reaction site is the phospho group, the amino group, the carboxyl group, or in the case of serine the hydroxyl group. Physical data are given for all of the known N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, within certain limitations, and are discussed in detail in the section on physical properties. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for separation of the products, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, and for characterization of the products, particularly spectroscopy. Medical and other uses of the products are mentioned.     

Cultural, Biochemical, and Immunological Properties of Mima, Herellea, and Flavobacterium Species

From study of cultural and biochemical characteristics of 40 strains of Herellea, Mima, or Flavobacterium species, a proposed schema for identification was developed. The reactions observed by agglutination, gel diffusion, and immunofluorescence suggest antigenic heterogeneity of this group of organisms.     

Count data, detection probabilities, and the demography, dynamics, distribution, and decline of amphibians

The evidence for amphibian population declines is based on count data that were not adjusted for detection probabilities. Such data are not reliable even when collected using standard methods. The formula C = Np (where C is a count, N the true parameter value, and p is a detection probability) relates count data to demography, population size, or distributions. With unadjusted count data, one assumes a linear relationship between C and N and that p is constant. These assumptions are unlikely to be met in studies of amphibian populations. Amphibian population data should be based on methods that account for detection probabilities.