肠道微生态与非消化系统疾病的研究进展

人体肠道微生态系统是人体微生态系统中最大最复杂的一部分,参与机体代谢、免疫等各方面的生理作用。由于内外源性的病理因素导致肠道微生态的破坏可能会引起人体疾病。随着肠道微生态与消化道疾病研究的不断深入,越来越多的学者开始关注肠道微生态与非消化道疾病的相关性。近年来大量研究表明,肠道微生态与肥胖、神经精神病、皮肤病、心脑血管疾病、消化道外肿瘤、感染性疾病和自身免疫病等非消化系统疾病具有相关性。微生态制剂和粪菌移植可以通过调节肠道微生态平衡参与这类疾病的预防和治疗。肠道微生态系统与消化系统疾病的相关性已被广泛研究和阐述,本文侧重对肠道微生态与非消化系统疾病的研究进展进行综述。     

微生态制剂在老年人肠道菌群失衡中的应用

人类从青年到老年这个过程,随着年龄的增长,退行性和感染性疾病的易感性也增加,其可能与人体肠道菌群失衡有着密切的关系。人体肠道内生理菌群对机体健康具有重要的作用,其变化与宿主的免疫功能、食物、疾病和年龄等有关。了解老年人肠道菌群特点,且在老年人肠道菌群失调相关疾病中合理介入微生态制剂,将大大有利于老年人身体健康。本文就老年人肠道菌群失衡相关疾病以及微生态制剂在这些疾病中的应用进行综述。     

肠道微生态系统对食欲调节功能影响及机制的研究进展

肠道微生态系统与人类生理病理密切相关,目前其作为研究疾病新治疗途径的切入点,尤其在与食欲紊乱相关疾病方面受到广泛关注。随着研究的深入,学者们发现,肠道微生态通过代谢、内分泌、神经、免疫等多条途径参与对食欲的调节。本文综述了肠道微生态系统通过上述途径对宿主食欲调节功能的影响及相关机制,阐述了肠道微生物及其代谢产物对食欲和能量代谢的影响,以期对食欲相关疾病的微生物靶向疗法有所启发。     

微生态制剂在肠内营养治疗的研究进展与应用

临床营养支持是以治疗或缓解疾病、增强治疗效果为目的,根据营养学原理采取的营养措施,主要可以分为肠外营养( Parenteral Nutrition,PN)和肠内营养(Enteral Nutrition,EN).今年来,随着医学研究与认识的加深,肠道的重要性越来越被人们所认识到.美国WILMORE曾提出肠道是外科应激反应的"中心脏器"学说[1].因此与肠外营养相比,肠内营养显得越发重要.人体肠道是一个巨大而复杂的微生态系统,其各种菌群之间的平衡对于人体的健康和疾病恢复有着重要的意义.微生态制剂( Microecologics)又称为微生态调节剂(Microecological).是根据微生态学基本原理,利用人体正常菌群成员或对其有促进作用的其他微生物等物质制成的生物制品.它具有调整微生态失调、恢复微生态平衡、促进宿主健康的作用.因此将微生态制剂应用于肠内营养有着明显的优势,同时也是目前临床营养支持的发展趋势.     

人体肠道微生态与肝脏免疫关系研究进展

人体微生态学是研究微生物与其宿主相互关系的科学,其中肠道微生态对于人体有最直接的作用.肠道微生态是一个被遗忘的“人体新陈代谢器官”,具有维持能量稳态等重要的生理作用.肝脏是人类的重要器官,肝脏中四分之三的血液来自于肠道回流血,其中含有肠道中的细菌产物、环境毒素和食物抗原等.因此肝脏与肠道有最直接的关系.人体肠道微生态中...     

肠道微生态在肝癌诊疗应用中的研究进展

肠道微生态是由数量巨大且结构复杂的肠道菌群与肠黏膜屏障组成,参与机体多种重要生理功能,与多种疾病密切相关。由于肠道与肝脏有着密切而特殊的关系,肠道微生态可通过肠―肝循环及其与宿主的相互作用来调节肝脏疾病的进展。肠道微生态失调与肝癌进展密切相关,肠道中关键功能菌可作为肝癌早期预防、诊断和治疗的新的预测标记物与新的治疗靶点。本文将对肠道微生态在肝癌发病机制中的作用以及基于肠道微生态理论的多种肝癌防治策略进行综述。     

人体微生态与健康和疾病

人体微生态是人体内的微生物生态群落,是存在于人体组织和体液中的共生和病原微生物的总和,也是近年来发现的"新器官",它在维持人体健康过程中扮演着重要角色。微生态与宿主间有着全面广泛的相互作用机制,微生态失衡与疾病的发生发展密切相关。本文概述了人体微生态与健康和疾病研究的重要意义,并对国内外研究进展作总结评述。     

肠道真菌研究进展

真菌菌群是肠道菌群的重要组成部分,在肠道微生态稳态的维持和宿主的免疫调节中发挥重要作用。肠道真菌失调通常和肠道疾病甚至肠道外疾病有关。本文就肠道真菌的定殖与组成、真菌菌群对肠道微生态的调控、菌群失调促进疾病的发展机制、基于肠道真菌的治疗策略和肠道真菌的鉴定分析方法等方面的进展进行了综述和展望,旨在系统认识肠道真菌调节宿主健康和促进疾病发生的机制,为相关疾病的诊断和治疗提供重要参考。     

肠道微生态与肠息肉发生的相关性探讨

肠道微生态作为机体最重要的微生态系统,与糖尿病、肥胖症、肿瘤、肠易激综合征等疾病密切相关,但肠息肉的发生与肠道微生态的相关性研究较少。我们通过对年龄、饮食、肥胖等因素的分析,揭示肠道微生态与肠息肉发生的相关性,冀望有助于提高肠息肉的早期诊断率,降低肠癌的发生率。     

浅议中医体质与肠道微生态的关系及个体化医疗

中医体质是人体生命过程中先天禀赋和后天获得基础上所形成的形态结构,具有生理功能和心理状态方面综合的、相对稳定的固有特质。中医体质分型更好地阐述了独立个体疾病的易患因素和疾病演变的倾向性,从而更好地诠释中医体系的个体化医疗。人体肠道微生物总量达100万亿,占人体总微生物量的78.67%,肠道微生态系统是人体最重要的微生态系统。肠道微生态系统可以更好地掌握和利用精准遗传学信息来防病治病、促进健康,从而更好地诠释西医体系的个体化医疗。基于中医体质理论与肠道微生态学相结合的个体化医疗兼顾中西医学理论基础及治疗方案,其关联性的研究使现代科学理论方法和技术在中医学研究中有了用武之地。     

Embryo and Endosperm Function and Failure inSolanumSpecies and Hybrids

Although the importance of the endosperm as a food store inmany angiosperm seeds is well known, its significance duringearly embryogenesis has been neglected. In many interspecifichybrids, and in some other situations, embryos do not developfully and abort. It has often been stated that this is causedby the endosperm failing to conduct sufficient nutrients tothe embryo, but seldom has it been suggested that the endospermactively controls most of the early stages of morphogenesisof the embryo. Information gleaned from a broad survey of theliterature, combined with additional evidence presented here,obtained fromSolanum incanumand interspecific hybrids, indicatethat the endosperm is dynamic and very active in regulatingearly embryo development. This requires highly integrated geneticcontrol of rapidly changing metabolism in the endosperm. Ininterspecific hybrids, lack of coordination may cause unbalancedproduction of growth regulating substances by the endospermand hence abortion of the embryo, or even unregulated productionof nucleases and proteases resulting firstly in autolysis ofthe endosperm and then digestion of the embryo. The endospermmay thus serve to detect inappropriate hybridization of speciesor ploidy levels and so prevent waste of resources by producingseeds that would result in sterile hybrids or unthrifty subsequentgenerations. This discriminatory function of the endosperm hasdiminished during evolution and domestication of the crop plantSolanummelongenaL.Copyright 1998 Annals of Botany Company Solanum, embryo morphogenesis, endosperm, hybrid, seed development.     

Pragmatic Women and Body Politics and Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Postcolonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific

Pragmatic Women and Body Politics. Margaret Lock and Patricia A. Kaufert. eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xii +364 pp.
Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Postcolonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific. Kalpana Ram and Margaret Jolly. eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xiv. 305 pp.     

HIFs and tumors--causes and consequences

For most organisms oxygen is essential fo life. When oxygen levels drop below those required to maintain the minimum physiological oxygen requirement of an organism or tissue it is termed hypoxia. To counter act possible deleterious effects of such a state, an immediate molecular response is initiated causing adaptation responses aimed at cell survival. This response is mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha- and a beta-subunit. HIF-1 alpha protein is stabilized under hypoxic conditions and therefore confers selectivity to this response. Hypoxia is characteristic of tumors, mainly because of impaired blood supply resulting from abnormal growth. Over the past few years enormous progress has been made in the attempt to understand how the activation of the physiological response to hypoxia influences neoplastic growth. In this review some aspects of HIF-1 pathway activation in tumors and the consequences for pathophysiology and treatment of neoplasia are discussed.     

Morphological and constitutional features and self-esteem in children and adolescents

Studies of human constitution and mental features are traditionally among the main concepts of anthropological research. In this research, we attempted to discover connections between morphological and constitutional features and self-esteem in children and adolescents. Such a connection was discovered in some studied age groups. The obtained results could serve as a basis for further studies in this field.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。