肠道微生态与白血病的研究进展

微生物群与人体的健康密切相关,约20%的恶性肿瘤与微生态失调有关。研究显示肠道微生物可以调节造血,其与血液系统疾病的关系逐渐得到研究者的关注,肠道微生物参与白血病的发生发展,影响白血病的治疗效果。较早的暴露于微生物群是儿童白血病的保护性因素,化疗会引起肠道微生物紊乱,肠道微生物可以改变化疗药物的疗效和毒性,其多样性和组成能够预测化疗相关的并发症,通过微生态制剂和粪菌移植可以减少化疗相关的并发症。本文从肠道微生态与白血病及其并发症的关系,以及调节肠道微生态对白血病的影响两个方面的最新进展进行综述。     

益生菌作用机制的研究进展

益生菌又称微生态调节剂、生态制品、活菌制剂,是指一类通过添加到食品或要能够起到调节肠道微生态,从而对人或动物产生有利影响的微生物。主要来源于动物肠道正常生理性细菌和非肠道菌。1907年,俄国微生物学家METCHNIKOFF最先发现了乳酸菌抑制腐败菌生长和增强机体免疫力的功效,并引起了各国科学家的广泛关注。     

肠道微生态与非消化系统疾病的研究进展

人体肠道微生态系统是人体微生态系统中最大最复杂的一部分,参与机体代谢、免疫等各方面的生理作用。由于内外源性的病理因素导致肠道微生态的破坏可能会引起人体疾病。随着肠道微生态与消化道疾病研究的不断深入,越来越多的学者开始关注肠道微生态与非消化道疾病的相关性。近年来大量研究表明,肠道微生态与肥胖、神经精神病、皮肤病、心脑血管疾病、消化道外肿瘤、感染性疾病和自身免疫病等非消化系统疾病具有相关性。微生态制剂和粪菌移植可以通过调节肠道微生态平衡参与这类疾病的预防和治疗。肠道微生态系统与消化系统疾病的相关性已被广泛研究和阐述,本文侧重对肠道微生态与非消化系统疾病的研究进展进行综述。     

食源性肠道疾病的微生态防治进展

肠道是一个复杂的微生态系统,其中存在着数以万亿计的微生物以及丰富的营养物质,微生物群依赖肠道营养物质生长并经长期的进化适应而特异性地存在于宿主肠道,通过其代谢活动及其产物维持宿主的微生态稳态。肠道微生物可抵抗外来病原微生物的入侵和定植,预防肠道疾病的发生,其作用机制包括竞争营养物质和生态位、产生拮抗细菌素、干扰群体感应和免疫介导等。饮食和药物等外界因素与遗传因素均可改变宿主的肠道环境,从而影响机体对入侵病原微生物的抵抗。本文就肠道食源性疾病的微生态防治研究进行综述,为预防和治疗肠道感染性疾病提供参考。     

消化道微生态与胰腺疾病

消化道微生态参与人体多种生理及病理过程,是消化领域的研究热点。消化道微生态可能与急慢性胰腺炎和胰腺癌等胰腺疾病关系密切,但学术界很少关注。慢性胰腺炎患者存在肠道菌群结构失衡,并易伴发小肠细菌过度生长。肠道菌群可能与自身免疫性胰腺炎等IgG4相关性疾病关系密切。急性胰腺炎患者存在肠道菌群结构变化,肠道屏障功能受损和细菌移位在急性胰腺炎疾病进展中起重要作用,但不同类型和疾病程度的急性胰腺炎患者肠道菌群结构和功能特征仍不清楚。牙周疾病和口腔微生态失衡会增加罹患胰腺癌的风险,但胰腺癌时肠道菌群的具体变化及作用仍不明确。本文就各类胰腺疾病背景下的消化道微生态研究现状及未来可能的研究方向进行阐述。     

肠道微生态与生命早期健康

肠道微生态是指肠道正常菌群与其宿主之间相互作用、相互影响的统一整体[1]。生命早期一般指自母体妊娠阶段开始算起至出生后2岁内(近1 000天),这段时间的生命生长发育对于整个生命周期至关重要。随着对肠道微生态研究的不断深入,发现生命早期健康肠道微生态的建立对婴儿各系统生长发育至关重要,因各种因素导致的肠道微生态改变或结构异常与生命早期婴儿发生免疫系统、消化系统、内分泌系统等相关疾病息息相关。本研究将综述生命早期肠道微生物来源、健康肠道微生态建立的相关因素及其生理作用,以及因不健全或紊乱的肠道微生态而引起的相关疾病。     

动物肠道菌群的研究进展

肠道微生物是由存在于肠道部位的细菌、古菌、真菌、原生动物以及病毒所组成的群体。人们通过对细菌16SrRNA序列进行测序与分析,对动物及其在特定条件下的肠道菌群进行了相关方面的研究并取得了很大的进展。此外,由微生态原理发展而成的益生菌、益生元和合生元等微生态制剂,可维持机体肠道微生物的平衡、提高肠道屏障功能、增强机体免疫力。因此越来越多的微生态制剂应用于畜牧业、水产业中。论文综述了小鼠、犬、猪这三种动物的肠道菌群及其应用的研究进展,旨在为进一步深入了解动物肠道菌群的结构、功能以及促进微生态制剂的应用提供参考。     

乳酸菌在抗病原微生物感染中的作用

乳酸菌作为益生菌中主要的一大分类,在食品、医药和饲料行业中具有广泛应用。乳酸菌具有多种重要生理功能,如维持肠道微生态的平衡、促进肠道蠕动消化、抗高血压、降低血清胆固醇、黏附或降解有害物质等。近年来研究表明,乳酸菌能够通过不同机制抑制病原微生物感染。本文就乳酸菌增强宿主固有免疫和适应性免疫、直接抑制病毒和细菌、增强肠道上皮细胞屏障功能等作用机制的相关研究进展进行综述。     

肠道微生物与性激素相关疾病研究进展

数以万亿计的微生物生活在人类肠道中,形成了一个复杂的微生态群落。肠道微生物可为宿主提供营养和能量,并与人类疾病的发生发展密切相关。随着研究的不断深入,越来越多的证据表明肠道微生物的改变可引起性激素水平变化,进而导致一系列相关的疾病发生。本文就肠道微生物与多囊卵巢综合征、乳腺癌、卵巢癌等性激素相关疾病之间的关系进行阐述,旨在为人类疾病诊疗提供新思路。     

肠道菌群与胆汁酸代谢的互相作用

肠道菌群是胃肠道的多种共生细菌和其他微生物的统称,是一个复杂而动态的微生物生态系统,有数十万亿个微生物。胆汁酸是胆汁的主要成分,由肝脏中的胆固醇合成并释放到肠道中以帮助消化吸收膳食脂肪。肠道菌群在胆汁酸代谢中发挥着重要作用,它借助胆盐水解酶和类固醇脱氢酶等通过脱氢、脱羟基和脱硫等作用改变胆汁酸池的组成;随后通过影响胆汁酸受体(如法尼醇X受体)再反馈调节胆汁酸代谢。此外胆汁酸可通过破坏细菌细胞膜和损伤DNA等抑制细菌的生长而直接改变肠道菌群结构,也可通过其受体间接改变肠道菌群结构。越来越多的研究揭示了肝脏胆汁酸和肠道菌群在调节宿主健康和疾病中的相互作用。因此,了解肠道菌群和胆汁酸代谢之间的相互作用对维持宿主健康具有重要意义。本文就胆汁酸的基本代谢过程以及其与肠道菌群的相互作用作一综述。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.