微量肉汤稀释法比较分析不同培养时间念珠菌属对唑类药物的敏感性

目的探讨微量肉汤稀释法检测念珠菌属对唑类药物的体外敏感性时,培养24h和48h读取MIC值的差异。方法微量肉汤稀释法检测653株念珠菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑和伊曲康唑的体外药物敏感性,分别于24h和48h读取MIC值,比较不同孵育时间所得MIC总一致率(EA)、敏感性判定一致率(CA)及敏感性判定错误率(Error)。结果绝大多数念珠菌培养24h能够生长充分并进行MIC值读取;孵育24h和48h读取MIC值总EA较好,分别为:氟康唑(91.9%),伏立康唑(92.0%),伊曲康唑(95.6%);CA分别为氟康唑(96.9%),伏立康唑(90.4%),伊曲康唑(88.2%),不同菌种类型CA有差异;未发现极严重错误(VME)的结果,错误多为一般错误(MiE),653株菌敏感性判定错误率ME/MiE分别为氟康唑(1.7%/2.9%)、伏立康唑(2.0%/10.6%)和伊曲康唑(1.5%/13.0%)。结论微量肉汤稀释法检测念珠菌属对唑类药物体外敏感性时,孵育24h与48h MIC值一致率较好,24h读取MIC值可缩短药敏报告时间,减少拖尾现象导致的判读错误。     

肺结核并发粘质沙雷菌肺部感染的耐药性分析及产ESBLs、AmpC酶和碳青霉烯酶的检测

目的探讨肺结核患者并发粘质沙雷菌肺部感染的耐药现状及ESBLs、AmpC酶、碳青霉烯酶的检测率,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法收集2011年1月至2015年6月从缙云县人民医院肺结核并发粘质沙雷菌肺部感染患者的痰液标本中分离的74株粘质沙雷菌,K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,采用双纸片确证试验进行ESBLs检测、头孢西丁三维试验法检测AmpC酶、改良Hodge试验筛选碳青霉烯酶,利用WHONET 5.6软件分析药敏试验数据。结果药敏试验表明粘质沙雷菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、氨曲南的耐药率较高,耐药率均大于60.0%,对妥布霉素、亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、丁胺卡那霉素的耐药率较低,耐药率均小于10.0%;在74株粘质沙雷菌中,共有21株产ESBLs,检出率为28.4%;产AmpC酶15株,检出率为20.3%,同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶细菌6株,占8.1%;对美罗培南耐药的菌株5株,改良Hodge试验阳性株4株,阳性率为5.4%。结论从肺结核患者分离出的粘质沙雷菌多重耐药率高,耐药机制复杂,耐药性的产生与产ESBLs、AmpC酶、碳青霉烯酶有关,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理用药。     

重症监护病房与非重症监护病房粘质沙雷菌耐药性比较

目的 了解重症监护病房(ICU)与非重症监护病房粘质沙雷菌耐药情况,指导抗生素的合理应用.方法 收集2009年至2010年永康市第一人民医院ICU病房送检标本中分离到的33株粘质沙雷菌与同期非ICU病房送检标本中分离到的26株粘质沙雷菌,对其耐药性进行回顾性分析.结果 ICU与非ICU分离的粘质沙雷菌,除均对头孢他啶、庆大霉素、亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、复方新诺明耐药外,ICU粘质沙雷菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、氨曲南、头孢曲松、头孢唑啉耐药率明显高于非ICU病房(P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义.结论 ICU粘质沙雷菌耐药率明显高于非ICU.应及时对ICU患者进行抗生素耐药性检查,根据药敏试验结果选用抗生素,细菌耐药率少于30％的抗菌药物,首先选用,但要考虑感染程度及器官功能状态;耐药率大于75％的药物暂停使用.     

新生儿血培养阳性病原菌分布及耐药状况分析

目的了解本院新生儿血培养阳性标本病原菌分布情况及主要病原菌的耐药特点,为临床合理治疗提供依据。方法对我院新生儿科4 750例患儿入院时行血培养,并以VITEK32全自动微生物分析仪进行菌株鉴定,K-B法进行药敏试验。结果共分离出病原菌617株,其中革兰阳性菌382株(61.91%),前三位为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(41.49%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(7.94%)和肠球菌属(6.00%),革兰阴性菌216株(35.01%),前四位为大肠埃希菌(12.97%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(9.08%)、粘质沙雷菌(5.51%)和阴沟肠杆菌(4.86%),真菌19株(3.08%)。药敏结果显示主要革兰阳性菌对青霉素G耐药率90%,对利福平和呋喃妥因的耐药率较低,未检出耐利奈唑烷和万古霉素菌株。主要革兰阴性菌对阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,未检出耐亚胺培南、美罗培南和替加环素菌株。结论本院新生儿血培养病原菌以革兰阳性菌为主,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是主要病原菌,并且耐药率较高。     

鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌在低碱性氨基酸培养基中对抗菌药物的敏感性

为了探讨鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌在低碱性氨基酸培养基中对抗菌药物的敏感性,本研究利用常规培养基和低碱性氨基酸培养基,采用琼脂稀释法检测140株鲍曼不动杆菌和60株铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、帕尼培南和罗美培南的最低抑菌浓度,利用K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏实验并计算敏感率。结果显示,在低碱性培养基中,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对三种药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值显著降低,铜绿假单胞菌在低碱性氨基酸培养基中对帕尼培南的敏感率显著上升,而鲍曼不动杆菌对三种药物的敏感性均显著上升。研究表明,在低碱性氨基酸培养基中,鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对帕尼培南、亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感性有所增强,在临床检验中需考虑由培养基导致的敏感性差异。     

Sensititre YeastOne显色药敏板与微量肉汤稀释法检测阿萨希毛孢子菌体外药物敏感性比较研究CSCD

目的以CLSI微量肉汤稀释法为参考方法,探讨商品化显色药敏板(Sensititre YeastOne)检测阿萨希毛孢子菌体外药物敏感性的临床应用价值。方法分别用微量肉汤稀释法和Sensititre YeastOne同时检测62株阿萨希毛孢子菌对临床常用7种抗真菌药物的体外敏感性,MIC值读取时间分别为24h和48h。结果微量肉汤稀释法结果显示卡泊芬净和米卡芬净对阿萨希毛孢子菌无体外活性,二者MIC90均为16μg/mL;唑类药物对阿萨希毛孢子菌体外活性较好,培养24h MIC90分别为氟康唑8μg/mL、伏立康唑0.125μg/mL、伊曲康唑0.5μg/mL;4.8%(3/62)阿萨希毛孢子菌对两性霉素B有高MIC值(4μg/mL);经24h培养,Sensititre YeastOne与微量肉汤稀释法检测阿萨希毛孢子菌对7种抗真菌药物的体外MIC一致率(essential agreement,EA)分别为氟康唑93.5%,伏立康唑98.4%,伊曲康唑98.4%,两性霉素B 98.4%,5-氟胞嘧啶88.7%,卡泊芬净100%,米卡芬净100%;培养48h后,二者检测两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶MIC一致率有所下降,分别为83.9%和67.7%;对微量肉汤稀释法而言,培养时间对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶MIC值影响较大,24h和48hMIC一致率分别为69.4%和53.2%,对Sensititre YeastOne,MIC值明显受培养时间影响的药物仅见于5-氟胞嘧啶,24h和48h MIC一致率为11.3%,其余药物不同MIC读取时间一致率非常好。结论唑类药物对阿萨希毛孢子菌体外抗菌活性较好,Sensititre YeastOne和微量肉汤稀释法检测阿萨希毛孢子菌体外MIC值一致率较高,用于临床阿萨希毛孢子菌体外药物敏感性检测具有一定的实用价值。     

Sensititre YeastOne显色药敏板与微量肉汤稀释法检测阿萨希毛孢子菌体外药物敏感性比较研究

目的以CLSI微量肉汤稀释法为参考方法,探讨商品化显色药敏板(Sensititre YeastOne)检测阿萨希毛孢子菌体外药物敏感性的临床应用价值。方法分别用微量肉汤稀释法和Sensititre YeastOne同时检测62株阿萨希毛孢子菌对临床常用7种抗真菌药物的体外敏感性,MIC值读取时间分别为24h和48h。结果微量肉汤稀释法结果显示卡泊芬净和米卡芬净对阿萨希毛孢子菌无体外活性,二者MIC90均为16μg/mL;唑类药物对阿萨希毛孢子菌体外活性较好,培养24h MIC90分别为氟康唑8μg/mL、伏立康唑0.125μg/mL、伊曲康唑0.5μg/mL;4.8%(3/62)阿萨希毛孢子菌对两性霉素B有高MIC值(4μg/mL);经24h培养,Sensititre YeastOne与微量肉汤稀释法检测阿萨希毛孢子菌对7种抗真菌药物的体外MIC一致率(essential agreement,EA)分别为氟康唑93.5%,伏立康唑98.4%,伊曲康唑98.4%,两性霉素B 98.4%,5-氟胞嘧啶88.7%,卡泊芬净100%,米卡芬净100%;培养48h后,二者检测两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶MIC一致率有所下降,分别为83.9%和67.7%;对微量肉汤稀释法而言,培养时间对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶MIC值影响较大,24h和48hMIC一致率分别为69.4%和53.2%,对Sensititre YeastOne,MIC值明显受培养时间影响的药物仅见于5-氟胞嘧啶,24h和48h MIC一致率为11.3%,其余药物不同MIC读取时间一致率非常好。结论唑类药物对阿萨希毛孢子菌体外抗菌活性较好,Sensititre YeastOne和微量肉汤稀释法检测阿萨希毛孢子菌体外MIC值一致率较高,用于临床阿萨希毛孢子菌体外药物敏感性检测具有一定的实用价值。     

膜孔蛋白改变在鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药中的作用

目的对鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况进行分析,探索膜孔蛋白在亚胺培南耐药中的作用,为临床合理用药及控制医院感染提供依据。方法收集非重复亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌63株,亚胺培南敏感鲍曼不动杆菌21株,用K-B纸片法检测上述细菌对16种抗菌药物的敏感性,PCR技术检测carO和oprD膜孔蛋白基因携带情况,并采用DNASTAR软件进行序列对比,对CarO蛋白三维结构建模。结果亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌除对替加环素(3.2%)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(28.6%)和米诺环素(30.2%)耐药率低外,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均较高,而亚胺培南敏感菌对多数抗生素均较敏感。PCR扩增显示所检测菌株carO和oprD基因均阳性。进一步系列比对发现亚胺培南耐药株较敏感株carO基因存在有意义突变,蛋白质分子立体结构有明显差别。结论亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况严峻,carO膜孔蛋白基因突变发挥重要作用。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对左氧氟沙星的耐药性观察

目的对比研究左氧氟沙星和常用的12种抗生素对92株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性.方法药敏试验采用K-B纸片扩散法.结果左氧氟沙星对耐亚胺培南菌株的耐药率为43.48%;显著低于头胞噻肟、头胞西丁、头胞他定、头胞哌酮、氧氟沙星和洛美沙星(P＜0.02或P＜0.001);和诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、阿米卡星、舒普深、妥布霉素的耐药率无差异([ WTBX P＞0.05).结论左氧氟沙星对耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌有良好的抗菌活性.     

革兰阴性杆菌同产超广谱β-内酰胺酶和AmpC酶的耐药性分析

目的了解革兰阴性杆菌同时表达超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)和AmpC酶(AmpCs)情况及耐药性。方法采用ESBLs确认试验检测ESBLs,头孢西丁三维试验检测AmpCs,用KB法进行药敏试验。结果4098株革兰阴性杆菌中,检出同产ESBLs+AmpCs株739株,占18.0%;其中ESBLs+高产AmpCs508株,占12.4%,主要见于不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,检出率分别为50.8%、44.1%和42.2%;ESBLs+诱导AmpCs231株,占5.6%,粘质沙雷菌、不动杆菌检出率分别为35.1%、27.7%;产ESBLs+高产AmpCs菌株对亚胺培南(IMP)、头孢哌酮-他唑巴坦(CSL)和头孢吡肟(FEP)的耐药率分别为3.54%、6.30%和51.8%,均显著低于其余抗生素的耐药率(均P<0.001);产ESBLs+诱导AmpCs菌株对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-他唑巴坦和头孢吡肟的耐药率分别为1.30%、6.06%和38.5%,均显著低于其余抗生素的耐药率(均P<0.001)结论同时产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶和AmpCs菌株对多重药物耐药,IMP、CSL和FEP对其具有良好的抗菌活性。     

Correlation between broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of caspofungin, voriconazole, amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole against Candida glabrata

Candida glabrata is one of the most frequent organisms isolated from superficial and invasive fungal infections, after Candida albicans. This organism also exhibits intrinsically low susceptibility to azole antifungals and treatment often fails. The microdilution method is not very practical for use in routine susceptibility testing in the clinical laboratory, thus necessitating the use of other methods. In this study, we compared the in vitro activity of five antifungal agents in three different groups (echinocandin, polyene and azole) against 50 C. glabrata isolates by broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI M27-A3 and CLSI M44-A, respectively. All the isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B (100%) and 98% of the isolates were susceptible to caspofungin by the broth microdilution method. Within the azole group drugs, voriconazole was the most active followed by fluconazole and itraconazole in vitro. The highest rate of resistance was obtained against itraconazole with a high number of isolates defined as susceptible-dose dependent or resistant. Although the disk diffusion method is easy to use in clinical laboratories, it shows very poor agreement with the reference method for fluconazole and itraconazole against C. glabrata (8% and 14%, respectively).     

Influence of growth media on vancomycin resistance of Enterococcus isolates and correlation with resistance gene determinants

The effect of Mueller-Hinton (MH), MH+blood or brain heart infusion medium (agar or broth) on 13 Enterococcus isolates was determined, when testing their antibiotic susceptibility. Disk diffusion and Vitek methods were used to determine vancomycin resistance, while broth dilution and E-test methods were used to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration. The data were correlated with the presence of vancomycin resistance genes. A definite correlation pattern could not be established between the presence of van genes and vancomycin resistance in any plating medium, when tested by the disk diffusion assay. The broth dilution, irrespective of the plating medium, and Vitek methods were more reliable than the E-test method in testing isolates with vanA or vanB genes. However, for vanC2/C3 genotypes, the E-test method, irrespective of the plating medium, tested better than the broth dilution assay.     

Comparison of the accuracy of disk diffusion zone diameters obtained by manual zone measurements to that by automated zone measurements to determine antimicrobial susceptibility

Although a variety of techniques are available for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, disk diffusion methods remain the most widely used. We compared the accuracy of disk diffusion zone diameters as obtained by manual zone measurements in a low resource country (Indonesia) to that by automated zone measurements (Oxoid aura image system) in a high resource setting (the Netherlands) to determine susceptibility categories (sensitive, intermediate susceptible or resistant). A total of 683 isolates were studied, including 294 Staphylococcus aureus, 195 Escherichia coli and 194 other Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrobial agents included tetracycline, oxacillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol for S. aureus and ampicillin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol for E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. Of the 4098 drug-organism combinations, overall category agreement (CA), major discrepancy (MD) and minor discrepancy (mD) between the two methods were 82.4% (3379/4098), 6.0% (244/4098) and 11.6% (475/4098), respectively. One hundred and sixty three of 244 MDs were resolved using reference broth microdilution method. Overall very major error (VME), major error (ME) and minor error (mE) of manual zone measurement were 28.8%, 45.4% and 4.9%, respectively and for the aura image system 4.9%, 16.0% and 4.9%, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the disk diffusion method with manual zone measurement in Indonesia is reliable for susceptibility testing. The use of an automated zone reader, such as the aura image system, will reduce the number of errors, and thus improve the accuracy of susceptibility test results for medically relevant bacteria.     

Comparative study of in vitro methods to analyse the antifungal activity of propolis against yeasts isolated from patients with superficial mycoses

AIM: To test a total of 15 strains belonging to four species of yeasts by different in vitro methods against propolis and itraconazole (ITC). METHODS AND RESULTS: Three methods were compared for susceptibility testing of yeast isolates to propolis: disc diffusion method, agar dilution method and National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS, M27A) broth microdilution method. ITC was selected as the antifungal agent for comparison study. Using the broth microdilution method, the geometric mean for MIC (microg ml(-1)) with regard to all isolates was < or =0.06 for propolis and < or =0.35 for ITC. The broth microdilution and the agar dilution methods were in good agreement (75%) for propolis against yeasts isolated from patients with superficial mycoses. Using the diffusion method, all strains showed a broad zone of inhibition at the first available reading time (24 or 48 h). An increase of MIC values was accompanied by a decrease of growth inhibition zone diameter. A favourable correlation was found between MIC and inhibition zone around the disc for propolis sample and the correlation coefficient was: r = -0.626 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests the potential value of the agar dilution and disc diffusion method as a convenient alternative method for testing of yeasts to propolis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrated that propolis and ITC were very active against yeasts from patients with superficial mycoses. The other prominent finding in this study is that RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine was the available broth for the in vitro susceptibility testing of yeasts.     

布洛芬对曲霉的体外抗真菌活性评价

目的观察布洛芬对曲霉临床分离株的体外抗真菌活性。方法分别用微量液基稀释法和纸片扩散法,测定布洛芬对10株烟曲霉、黄曲霉和土曲霉的抗菌活性。结果微量液基稀释法显示布洛芬对曲霉的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）范围为1000～2000μg/mL,最低杀菌浓度（MFC）范围为2000～8000μg/mL;纸片扩散法也显示布洛芬有体外抗曲霉活性：48h时,1000μg布洛芬对曲霉产生的抑菌圈直径为（20.1±3.89）mm。结论布洛芬有体外抗曲霉活性。     

Evaluation of an automated system for the detection of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and assessment of metallo-β-lactamase production using two different phenotyping methods

We tested 200 clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates against imipenem and meropenem using the methods of broth microdilution, disk diffusion, agar dilution, MicroScan/WalkAway automated system. Very major errors were mostly obtained between MicroScan/WA system and disk diffusion test. MicroScan/WA system generated unacceptable errors. Combined disk and modified Hodge tests used for detection of metallo-β-lactamase production were practical and useful.     

Comparison of broth microdilution, Etest, and agar disk diffusion methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Lactobacillus acidophilus group members

In recent years, the absence of acquired antimicrobial resistance has become an important criterion to evaluate the biosafety of lactobacilli used as industrial starter or probiotic cultures. At present, however, standards for susceptibility testing of Lactobacillus strains or approved guidelines for interpreting the test results are not available. Hence, this study was carried out to contribute to the establishment of a standardized procedure for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of lactobacilli. The results obtained by testing 104 strains of the Lactobacillus acidophilus group were compared based on broth microdilution, disk diffusion, and Etest. Except for some specific agent-related effects, agreement between MICs resulting from the broth microdilution method and the Etest was good. In addition, inhibition zone diameters determined with disk diffusion correlated well with MICs from Etest and broth microdilution.     

Genes of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in clinical strains of Serratia marcescens and the enzyme encoded by them]

The patterns of aminoglycoside inactivating enzymes were determined by AGRP in 31 clinical isolated of Serratia marcescens. The results were compared with the data on identification of the aminoglycoside resistance genes by the specific DNA probes. It was shown that all the isolates of Serratia marcescens contained the AAC(6')-Ic gene which was not expressed in some isolates. The other detected aminoglycoside inactivating enzymes were the following: AAC(3)-V in 17 isolates, ANT(2') in 7 isolates, AAC(3)-I in 4 isolates and APH(3')-I in 13 isolates. Reliability of the methods of AGRP and DNA-DNA hybridization was estimated in the assay of the aminoglycoside resistant clinical strains of Serratia marcescens.     

Comparative evaluation of agar dilution and broth microdilution methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing of Helicobacter cinaedi

The aim of this study was to establish a broth microdilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Helicobacter cinaedi and to assess the prevalence and mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Japanese clinical isolates. A broth microdilution method using modified Levinthal broth was developed and compared with the agar dilution method for testing susceptibility to ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations obtained by these two methods were almost the same for all the antibiotics tested, demonstrating the broth microdilution method to be a suitable and reliable technique for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A broth microdilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility test for H. cinaedi was established. This method is expected to help improve treatment.     

First detection of OKP-A β-lactamase in two Serratia marcescens isolates in China

Two strains of Enterobacteriaceae producing prodigiosin were isolated from meat in the Sichuan province of China in 2010. The strains were identified by Vitek system, 16S rDNA, rpoB, pfs and luxS genes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using the broth microdilution method. The two strains were screened for the presence of β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOKP, and blaCTX-M genes). Based on PCR amplification and 16S rDNA sequencing the analysed strains were identified as Serratia marcescens. In addition, morphological and biochemical identification showed that the two stains were definitely S. marcesens. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that both strains were resistant to ampicillin and first-generation cephalosporins while being susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, imipenem and aztreonam. It was found that blaOKP had been identified first from the two S. marcescens strains, ch1 and ch2. The isolates were closely related as shown by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The narrow-spectrum OKP-A β-lactamase gene blaOKP-A-13 was found to be chromosomally located in S. marcescens. The isolates produced a β-lactamase with a pI of approximately 8.2, which corresponds to the OKPA family. Findings indicate that OKP enzymes are not Klebsiella pneumoniae-specific chromosomal ?-lactamases, and the first isolation of S. marcescens producing OKP-A ?-lactamase suggests that the blaOKP gene may be disseminated between different species.