高原鼢鼠寄生皮蝇的形态和分子鉴定

皮蝇蛆病是由双翅目(Diptera)狂蝇科(Oestridae)皮蝇亚科(Hypodermatinae)幼虫感染所导致的一种寄生虫病,会严重影响农牧业发展与公共卫生安全.本研究采用形态学和分子系统学方法对甘南藏族自治州碌曲境内高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)感染的皮蝇进行鉴定,旨在确定皮蝇的种类,为皮蝇蛆病...     

中华鼢鼠成纤维细胞长期培养及其生物学特性分析

中华鼢鼠(Eospalax fontanierii)为蒙古高原代表性动物遗传资源,本研究采集中华鼢鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肌肉、气管、剑状软骨和尾尖皮肤共9种组织用于实验,其中气管、肺和剑状软骨3种组织成功建立成纤维细胞系,传了8代,并分析了这些细胞的生物学特性。主要实验方法是通过细胞计数法计算细胞的贴壁率、冻存前及复苏后的存活率、绘制细胞生长曲线;制备常规染色体标本分析染色体核型。实验结果显示,中华鼢鼠气管、肺、软骨3种组织在体外条件下培养,第3～4天出现成纤维样细胞,原代细胞分别在培养第11天、第16天、第17天,达到90%以上汇合。3种组织来源体细胞均显示成纤维细胞特征,气管成纤维细胞贴壁能力最强,24 h贴壁率最高能达到98.10%,肺成纤维细胞与剑状软骨成纤维细胞贴壁能力较弱,24 h贴壁率最高,分别为95.28%和94.88%。3种来源成纤维细胞生长曲线测定结果显示,气管成纤维细胞的增殖能力最强、肺成纤维细胞次之、剑状软骨成纤维细胞最弱。气管成纤维细胞和肺成纤维细胞在接种后的第6～7天,进入对数生长期。剑状软骨成纤维细胞在接种后第2～3天进入对数生长期。3种成纤维细胞的生长曲线均呈"S"型,其中气管成纤维细胞增殖能力最强,在24孔板的每个孔中,其最大增殖数目为2.435×10~4个,肺成纤维细胞最大增殖数目为1.813×10~4个,剑状软骨成纤维细胞最大增殖数目为1.521×10~4个。核型分析结果显示,中华鼢鼠的成纤维细胞染色体数目为2n=62,30对为常染色体,1对为性染色体。综上所述,本研究成功建立了中华鼢鼠成纤维细胞体外培养体系,并揭示了该物种成纤维细胞的基本生物学特性,为深入研究中华鼢鼠适应低氧高二氧化碳洞道生境的分子生物学和生理学机制提供了条件,为进一步研究其遗传及物种进化提供了实验材料和参考。     

Close interactions between lncRNAs,lipid metabolism and ferroptosis in cancer

Abnormal lipid metabolism including synthesis, uptake, modification, degradation and transport has been considered a hallmark of malignant tumors and contributes to the supply of substances and energy for rapid cell growth. Meanwhile, abnormal lipid metabolism is also associated with lipid peroxidation, which plays an important role in a newly discovered type of regulated cell death termed ferroptosis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proven to be associated with the occurrence and progression of cancer. Growing evidence indicates that lncRNAs are key regulators of abnormal lipid metabolism and ferroptosis in cancer. In this review, we mainly summarized the mechanism by which lncRNAs regulate aberrant lipid metabolism in cancer, illustrated that lipid metabolism can also influence the expression of lncRNAs, and discussed the mechanism by which lncRNAs affect ferroptosis. A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between lncRNAs, lipid metabolism and ferroptosis could help us to develop novel strategies for precise cancer treatment in the future.     

长链非编码RNA在胃癌中的研究进展

长链非编码RNA(1ong non-coding RNA,lnc RNA)是一组长度超过200 bp、缺少特异开放阅读框、不具备完整蛋白编码功能的RNA,其在表观遗传学调控以及转录和转录后调控等方面发挥重要作用。目前,在乳腺癌和肝癌中对Lnc RNA的研究颇多,而对胃癌中Lnc RNA的报道却刚刚兴起。近几年越来越多的研究发现,在胃癌中有很多特异表达的Lnc RNA与胃癌的发生、发展、侵袭、转移密切相关。本文结合国内外最新研究就lnc RNA在胃癌中的研究进展作一简要综述,主要介绍了Lnc RNA在肿瘤研究中的最新发现,尤其是其与胃癌发生发展的密切联系,旨在为胃癌的诊断和治疗提供新思路。     

Crosstalk between lncRNAs in the apoptotic pathway and therapeutic targets in cancer

The assertion that a significant portion of the mammalian genome has not been translated and that non-coding RNA accounts for over half of polyadenylate RNA have received much attention. In recent years, increasing evidence proposes non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as new regulators of various cellular processes, including cancer progression and nerve damage. Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death critical for homeostasis and tissue development. Cancer cells often have inhibited apoptotic pathways. It has recently been demonstrated that up/down-regulation of various lncRNAs in certain types of tumors shapes cancer cells' response to apoptotic stimuli. This review discusses the most recent studies on lncRNAs and apoptosis in healthy and cancer cells. In addition, the role of lncRNAs as novel targets for cancer therapy is reviewed here. Finally, since it has been shown that lncRNA expression is associated with specific types of cancer, the potential for using lncRNAs as biomarkers is also discussed.     

山西隰县中华鼢鼠洞址选择

2009年6～9月,在山西省隰县开展了中华鼢鼠Eospalax fontanieri Milne-Edwards的生态学研究.根据实际生境状况建立了10个变量,按系统取样法以每隔25 m取一个样方,共设置384个样方,并对发现的192个正在被利用的鼢鼠洞址予以取样.研究表明,中华鼢鼠的洞址明显选择花生地和马铃薯地,回避玉米地和果林,随机选择大豆、番薯、萝卜、洋葱、西瓜、黍和荒草地;选择人为干扰大的阳坡,回避几乎无人为干扰的阴坡;且中华鼢鼠选择的洞址离公路较近,灌木密度和盖度小.因此,为了控制其危害,改造生境条件使之不适于中华鼢鼠的生存,应在离公路较近的农耕地种植根系营养差的作物(如玉米、高粱等),或者直接改造成果林、育材林等,并适当密植.     

高原鼢鼠越冬食物选择与营养成分的关系

为了解高原鼢鼠在越冬期的食物选择与营养成分之间的关系,采集了67 个高原鼢鼠的冬季粮仓及环境样方,分析高原鼢鼠对每一种植物的选择指数,将其分成3 种食物类型:喜食、可变和不喜食。通过测定每一种植物的粗蛋白、粗纤维、水溶性糖和粗灰分的含量,比较分析了营养成分含量在3 种食物类型间的差异,及其与各种植物选择指数的相关关系。结果显示,高原鼢鼠储存的食物种类多达67 种,本文选取含量较高且样本量大于5 的39 种植物(占粮仓和样方总生物量的99% 以上其中喜食12 种、可变16 种、不喜食11 种)进行分析。在3 种食物类型之间,粗蛋白、粗纤维和水溶性糖含量均有极显著差异(P < 0. 001),粗灰分含量则无明显差异(P = 0.800)。喜食和可变类型的粗蛋白和水溶性糖含量显著高于不喜食类型(P < 0.01);喜食和可变类型的粗纤维含量则显著低于不喜食类型(P < 0. 01);喜食和可变类型之间这3 个指标差异都不显著(P >0. 05)。Spearman 相关分析显示,粗蛋白(R = 0.547,P < 0.001)和水溶性糖(R = 0.617,P < 0. 001)含量与选择指数显著正相关,粗纤维与选择指数显著负相关(R = - 0. 707,P <0. 001),粗灰分与选择指数则无显著相关关系(R = 0.032,P =0. 846)。结果表明,高原鼢鼠总体上偏好粗蛋白和水溶性糖含量高、粗纤维含量低的植物,对无机盐的含量则不敏感。     

基于转录组分析鉴定苹果茉莉素响应基因

为阐明外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)诱导的苹果(Malus domestica)抗病分子机制, 以生长30天的Gala组培苗为试材, 用100 μmol?L ^-1MeJA处理叶片12小时, 通过转录组测序, 结合生物信息学分析鉴定出苹果叶片中受MeJA诱导表达的基因。结果表明, 外源MeJA主要影响苹果叶片倍半萜类、三萜和类黄酮的生物合成, 以及芸薹素(BR)信号转导途径间接诱导的抗病性; 倍半萜类、三萜及类黄酮生物合成途径中的关键基因为MDP0000702120和MDP0000692178; MDP0000123379是联系芸薹素信号转导途径和植物-病原菌互作途径的关键调控基因。     

基于转录组分析鉴定苹果茉莉素响应基因

为阐明外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)诱导的苹果(Malus domestica)抗病分子机制, 以生长30天的Gala组培苗为试材, 用100 μmol∙L ^-1MeJA处理叶片12小时, 通过转录组测序, 结合生物信息学分析鉴定出苹果叶片中受MeJA诱导表达的基因。结果表明, 外源MeJA主要影响苹果叶片倍半萜类、三萜和类黄酮的生物合成, 以及芸薹素(BR)信号转导途径间接诱导的抗病性; 倍半萜类、三萜及类黄酮生物合成途径中的关键基因为MDP0000702120和MDP0000692178; MDP0000123379是联系芸薹素信号转导途径和植物-病原菌互作途径的关键调控基因。     

Hypoxia and its effect on the cellular system

Eukaryotic cells utilize oxygen for different functions of cell organelles owing to cellular survival. A balanced oxygen homeostasis is an essential requirement to maintain the regulation of normal cellular systems. Any changes in the oxygen level are stressful and can alter the expression of different homeostasis regulatory genes and proteins. Lack of oxygen or hypoxia results in oxidative stress and formation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Substantial cellular damages due to hypoxia have been reported to play a major role in various pathological conditions. There are different studies which demonstrated that the functions of cellular system are disrupted by hypoxia. Currently, study on cellular effects following hypoxia is an important field of research as it not only helps to decipher different signaling pathway modulation, but also helps to explore novel therapeutic strategies. On the basis of the beneficial effect of hypoxia preconditioning of cellular organelles, many therapeutic investigations are ongoing as a promising disease management strategy in near future. Hence, the present review discusses about the effects of hypoxia on different cellular organelles, mechanisms and their involvement in the progression of different diseases.     

地山雀血红蛋白高原低氧适应的分子机制

血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)作为血液循环系统中氧气运输的主要载体,在动物高原低氧适应中发挥关键作用.本文结合基因组、转录物组、分子进化、同源建模和分子动力学计算等分析,探索了高原土著鸟类地山雀血氧亲和力升高的分子机制.结果表明,与大山雀相比(RPKM为0),胚胎特异表达ρ基因在地山雀成体肝中表达较高(RPKM...     

lncRNAs功能注释和预测

随着测序技术的发展,在各种哺乳动物中发现越来越多的长非编码RNAs（long non-coding RNAs,lncRNAs）,但是大部分lncRNAs的功能却未知.鉴于lncRNAs在众多生物过程如免疫反应、发育和基因印迹中表现出对蛋白编码基因和其它非编码RNAs的重要调节作用,对lncRNAs的功能研究也成为生物学家和生物信息学家研究的热点. 其中,功能注释和预测是目前研究lncRNAs功能的主要方法之一.本文主要对lncRNAs功能注释和预测方法的研究进展作一综述,包括以下几个方面：基于共表达网络的方法、基于miRNAs的方法、基于蛋白质结合的方法、基于表观遗传修饰的方法以及基于ceRNA网络的方法. 为进一步研究lncRNAs的功能提供参考,同时为开发更加有效的注释或预测方法提供线索.     

Middle ear structure and bone conduction in Spalax,Eospalax, and Tachyoryctes mole‐rats (Rodentia: Spalacidae)

There is evidence that spalacine, tachyoryctine, and myospalacine mole‐rats all communicate with conspecifics through a form of seismic signaling, but the route for the detection of these signals is disputed. It has been proposed that two unusual anatomical adaptations in Spalax allow jaw vibrations to pass to the inner ear via the incus and stapes: a pseudoglenoid (=postglenoid) fossa which accomodates the condylar process of the mandible, and a bony cup, supported by a periotic lamina, through which the incus articulates with the skull. In this study, a combination of dissection and computed tomography was used to examine the ear region in more detail in both Spalax and its subterranean relatives Tachyoryctes and Eospalax, about which much less is known. Tachyoryctes was found to lack a pseudoglenoid fossa, while Eospalax lacks a periotic lamina and bony cup. This shows that these structures need not simultaneously be present for the detection of ground vibrations in mole‐rats. Based on the observed anatomy, three hypothetical modes of bone conduction are argued to represent more likely mechanisms through which mole‐rats can detect ground vibrations: ossicular inertial bone conduction, a pathway involving sound radiation into the external auditory meatus, and a newly‐described fluid pathway between pseudoglenoid fossa and cranial cavity. The caudolateral extension of the tympanic cavity and the presence of a bony cup might represent synapomorphies uniting Spalax and Tachyoryctes, while the loss of the tensor tympani muscle in Spalax and Eospalax may be convergently derived. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Allopatric divergence and phylogeographic structure of the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a fossorial rodent endemic to the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Aim Most species of temperate regions are believed to have shifted to lower latitudes or elevations during the glacial periods of the Quaternary. In this study we test whether this phylogeographic assumption is also true for the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a fossorial rodent endemic to the climate-sensitive Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), which ranges in elevation from 2600 to 4600 m. Location The QTP of western China. Methods Phylogeographic analyses were conducted based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences of 193 individuals from 20 populations over the entire range of the species. Results A total of 54 haplotypes identified in the present study clustered into four geographically correlated clades located in the interior of the QTP (clade A) and at the plateau edge (B, C and D). Molecular calibrations suggest that the interior plateau (A) and plateau-edge (B–D) clades diverged at 1.2 Ma and that the three plateau-edge clades diverged between 0.85 and 0.80 Ma. These estimates are concordant with diastrophism and glaciation events in the QTP. Coalescent tests rejected both the hypothesis that all current populations originated from a single refugium at a low elevation during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the hypothesis that the two lineages diverged during the LGM. The tests instead supported the hypothesis that there were four refugia during the LGM, and that the four clades diverged prior to the late Pleistocene. Main conclusions Our results suggest that Quaternary diastrophisms and glaciations repeatedly promoted allopatric divergence of the plateau zokor into geographical clades, and that these regional clades subsequently persisted at high elevations, rather than migrating to the low-elevation plateau edge during subsequent glacial ages.     

Genome‐wide adaptive evolution to underground stresses in subterranean mammals: Hypoxia adaption,immunity promotion,and sensory specialization

Life underground has provided remarkable examples of adaptive evolution in subterranean mammals; however, genome‐wide adaptive evolution to underground stresses still needs further research. There are approximately 250 species of subterranean mammals across three suborders and six families. These species not only inhabit hypoxic and dark burrows but also exhibit evolved adaptation to hypoxia, cancer resistance, and specialized sensory systems, making them an excellent model of evolution. The adaptive evolution of subterranean mammals has attracted great attention and needs further study. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis of 5,853 single‐copy orthologous gene families of five subterranean mammals (Nannospalax galili, Heterocephalus glaber, Fukomys damarensis, Condylura cristata, and Chrysochloris asiatica) showed that they formed fou distinct clusters. This result is consistent with the traditional systematics of these species. Furthermore, comparison of the high‐quality genomes of these five subterranean mammalian species led to the identification of the genomic signatures of adaptive evolution. Our results show that the five subterranean mammalian did not share positively selected genes but had similar functional enrichment categories, including hypoxia tolerance, immunity promotion, and sensory specialization, which adapted to the environment of underground stresses. Moreover, variations in soil hardness, climate, and lifestyles have resulted in different molecular mechanisms of adaptation to the hypoxic environment and different degrees of visual degradation. These results provide insights into the genome‐wide adaptive evolution to underground stresses in subterranean mammals, with special focus on the characteristics of hypoxia adaption, immunity promotion, and sensory specialization response to the life underground.     

祁连山东段高原鼢鼠种群特征与环境因子的关系分析

为明晰环境因子对高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)种群特征的影响,本研究以高原鼢鼠的种群密度、体重、妊娠率作为其种群特征指标,选择2008~2014年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)、年均降水量和年均温为环境因子,分析种群特征与环境因子在时间尺度上的变化关系。2008~2014年,研究区域归一化植被指数(NDVI)年度间无显著性差异(P0.05),高原鼢鼠体重、妊娠率和种群密度年度间均无显著性差异(P0.05);高原鼢鼠雌雄个体体重以及种群密度和妊娠率均与环境因子归一化植被指数(NDVI)、年均降水量及年均温均无相关关系(P0.05)。以上结果说明,高原鼢鼠体重变化、妊娠率和种群密度与栖息地植被生长状况及气候因子无相关关系,环境因子对高原鼢鼠种群特征的影响较小。     

选择性剪接在低氧应答中的调控作用

细胞为适应低氧环境,其相关基因的表达方式发生了改变,其中选择性剪接在低氧应答调控过程中起到了重要的作用。低氧诱导因子介导的低氧应答信号通路在机体适应低氧环境过程中起到了十分重要的作用,低氧诱导因子剪接体通过此通路调控红细胞生成、血管生成、糖酵解等过程。而抑制性PAS蛋白质、脯氨酸羟化酶、促血管生长因子、芳香羟受体核转运蛋白剪接体则通过其它通路进行调控。选择性剪接不仅在低氧应答中起重要作用,而且与阿尔茨海默病、动脉粥样硬化、癌症等常见人类疾病相关。     

低氧与心肌细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡是心肌细胞低氧损伤的主要死亡形式之一。低氧引起心肌细胞凋亡可以通过外部的死亡受体通路以及内部的线粒体通路,两条通路之间又存在复杂的交互作用,其中,线粒体通路在低氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡中起重要作用。另外,心肌细胞本身也具有多种内源性的凋亡抑制因子。因此,低氧时心肌细胞凋亡的产生是多种因素综合作用的结果,Bcl-2家族蛋白、线粒体通透性改变、细胞色素c的释放以及caspases的活化等参与了低氧引起的心肌细胞凋亡的调控。对低氧时心肌细胞凋亡的认识和深入研究,为人类在缺血性心脏病的防治中提供了一个新的治疗措施。