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1.
Colonization of Vibrio pelagius and Aeromonas caviae in early developing turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) larvae 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Polyclonal antisera made in rabbits against whole washed cells of Vibrio pelagius and Aeromonas caviae were used for detection of these bacterial species in the rearing water and gastrointestinal tract of healthy turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ) larvae exposed to V. pelagius and/or Aer. caviae . The results demonstrated that this method is suitable for detection of V. pelagius and Aer. caviae in water samples and larvae at population levels higher than 103 ml−1 and 103 larva−1 . Populations of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract of turbot larvae, estimated using the dilution plate technique, increased from approximately 4 × 102 bacteria larva−1 on day 3 post-hatching to approximately 105 bacteria fish−1 16 days post-hatching. Sixteen days after hatching, Vibrio spp. accounted for approximately 3 × 104 cfu larva−1 exposed to V. pelagius on days 2, 5 and 8 post-hatching. However, only 103 of the Vibrio spp. belonged to V. pelagius . When larvae were exposed to Aer. caviae on day 2 post-hatching, the gut microbiota of 5-day old larvae was mainly colonized by Aeromonas spp. (104 larva−1 ), of which 9 × 103 belonged to Aer. caviae . Later in the experiment, at the time when high mortality occurred, 9 × 105 Aer. caviae were detected. Introduction of V. pelagius to the rearing water seemed to improve larval survival compared with fish exposed to Aer. caviae and with the control group. It was therefore concluded that it is beneficial with regard to larval survival to introduce bacteria ( V. pelagius ) to the rearing water. 相似文献
2.
Abstract An examination of samples obtained from a commercial fish smoker, using seawater agar with incubation at 4°, 15° and 37°C for up to 28 days, revealed the presence of large bacterial populations in smoked fish. However, initially only low bacterial numbers, i.e., 2 × 103 /g, were present in the muscle of fresh, whole haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus ). With filleting, there was a sudden increase in numbers to 9.2 × 105 /g. Yet immediately after smoking, the bacterial populations decreased (5 × 105 /g), followed by a gradual increase with storage (e.g., 2 × 106 /g after 24 h). Representative colonies were presumptively identified as Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes , coryneforms, Pseudomonas and Vibrio spp. 相似文献
3.
Quantification of pathogenic micro-organisms in the sludge from treated hospital wastewater 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The sludge from hospital waste treatment facilities is a potential source of infectious organisms. The average numbers of micro-organisms in the sludge of hospital wastewater in Taiwan were as follows: total count 8·1 × 107 cfu g−1 (dry weight of sludge), and 1·4 × 106 , 3·6 × 105 , 1·6 × 105 , 2·2 × 105 and 5·5 × 104 cfu g−1 (dry weight of sludge) for total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella spp., respectively . Salmonella spp. were detected in 37% (10 of 27) of the sludges from hospital wastewaters. Therefore, the treatment of such sludge to reduce pathogenic micro-organisms should be considered. 相似文献
4.
The planktonic and benthic bacterial populations of Lough Neagh 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
The planktonic and benthic bacterial populations of Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland, were studied over a one-year period. Direct counts of bacteria in the water column averaged 6 times 107 /ml with limited spatial or temporal variation; viable counts, however, showed a pronounced late spring maximum of 1.7 times 106 /ml and were consistently higher at a littoral sampling station. Direct counts of bacteria in the profundal sediments averaged 8 times 109 /ml whilst viable benthic counts rose steeply during spring to reach a June maximum of 1 times 108 /ml. Direct: viable count ratios were much greater in the more sandy littoral zone. The predominant benthic isolate was an Aeromonas sp. which was also common in samples from the water column. These results confirm the eutrophic status of Lough Neagh indicated by other biological and chemical surveys. 相似文献
5.
Shrimp hatcheries often face problems of mortality caused by diseases. To understand the bacteriological status of shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, hatcheries in India, a study of hatchery water at different points was conducted in several hatcheries located along the east and west coast of India. The species composition of the bacterial flora was also determined. The total plate counts of raw sea water on tryptic soya agar ranged from 102 to 104 ml–1 , whereas it ranged from 104 to 106 ml–1 in larval tanks. In the larval tanks, the proportion of Vibrio species ranged from 50% to 73%, as compared to 31% in raw sea water. A mixed bacterial flora was observed in hatchery water; however, in the larval tanks, the flora in the larvae was predominantly made up of Vibrio species. A few of the tested Vibrio isolates were non-virulent to shrimp larvae under experimental conditions. Over 90% of the strains were resistant to amoxycillin, ampicillin, cephalexin, cephazolin, cloxacillin and sulphafurazole. Most strains showed sensitivity to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and quinolones such as norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. 相似文献
6.
Russell P. Herwig Nancy B. Pellerin Roar L. Irgens James S. Maki James T. Staley 《FEMS microbiology letters》1988,53(2):101-111
Abstract Chitinolytic bacteria were enumerated and isolated from marine waters and sediments along the highly productive Antarctic Peninsula. Chitinolytic bacteria were found in low concentrations (approximately 1 cell per ml) in the water column and at much higher levels in marine surface sediments (104 –105 per g). The predominant chitinolytic bacteria isolated from the water column were identified as psychrophilic Vibrio spp. Rates of chitin mineralization were measured by collection of 14 CO2 respired from 14 C-labeled chitin synthesized from chitosan and [1-14 C]acetic anhydride. Chitin mineralization rates were extremely low in the marine waters analyzed (0.00085–0.0019% of the added label respired in 48 h) and appreciably higher in the marine sediments (0.0039–0.01% per 48 h), suggesting that the sediments are much more important in chitin degradation. Such low mineralization rates suggest that chitin may be accumulating in Antarctic marine sediments, though animals may also play an important role in chitin degradation. 相似文献
7.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other halophilic vibrios associated with seafood in Hong Kong 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
The summer prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other halophilic vibrios in seafood from Hong Kong markets was investigated. Halophilic vibrios were isolated from all seven types of seafood examined, and comprised 9.1%, 8% and 6.1% of contaminating aerobic heterotrophic bacteria from mussels, clams and oysters respectively. Sucrose-positive vibrios were more common than sucrose-negative varieties. Vibrio alginolyticus was the most frequently isolated species, followed by V. parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, V.fluvialis, V. vulnificus, V. pelagius, V. campbellii, V. spendidus and V. marinus. Mussels contained the highest concentration of V. parahaemolyticus (4.6×103 /g); oysters and clams contained 3.4×104 /g and 6.5×103 /g respectively. The ubiquity and relatively high concentrations of V. parahaemolyticus and other pathogenic vibrios in shellfish is a potential public health hazard in Hong Kong and other subtropical Asian countries. 相似文献
8.
Winter Ciliates in a British Columbian Fjord: Six New Species and an Analysis of Ciliate Putative Prey 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ABSTRACT. This work provides the first study of North Pacific planktonic ciliates by quantitative protargol staining. Triplicate water bottle samples were collected at a depth of 2 m (above the shallow pycnocline) at six stations in Indian Arm, British Columbia, on February 15, 1990, and February 26, 1991. Thirty-six ciliate species were observed. Six new species are described from protargolstained specimens: Strombidium lynni n. sp., Strombidium taylori n. sp., Strombidium basimorphum n. sp., Slrombidiurn ventropinnum n. sp., Strobilidium undinum n. sp., and Urotricha cyrtonucleata n. sp.
Ciliate abundance varied significantly (ANOVA, α= 0.05) between sampling sites, ranging from 550 to 6,800 cells/liter in 1990 and from 1,800 to 7,900 cells/liter in 1991. Biomass also varied significantly (ANOVA, α= 0.05) ranging from 3.7 × 105 to 3.3 × 106 pg carbon/liter in 1990 and 3.04 × 106 − 6.97 × 106 pg carbon/liter in 1991. Putative prey were enumerated in three size fractions (1.5–5 μm, 5–10 μm and 10–25 μm). The source of variation in ciliate abundance and biomass was not identified. Parameters of salinity, temperature, putative prey, chlorophyll a and pycnocline depth did not significantly correlate with ciliate biomass or abundance (α= 0.05). 相似文献
Ciliate abundance varied significantly (ANOVA, α= 0.05) between sampling sites, ranging from 550 to 6,800 cells/liter in 1990 and from 1,800 to 7,900 cells/liter in 1991. Biomass also varied significantly (ANOVA, α= 0.05) ranging from 3.7 × 10
9.
Abstract A method for extraction of microbial populations from wood samples was worked out which gave good recovery of both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms in agar shake dilution and plating enumerations. This method was applied to the quantification of microbial populations in three European white firs ( Abies alba Mill.) which were afflicted with the European fir disease. Low numbers of aerobic microorganisms (102 −104 colony- forming units (cfu) per g fresh tissue) were detected in sapwood irrespective of the degree of affliction. Anaerobic bacteria were usually 1–2 orders of magnitude less frequent. Wetwood of highly diseased firs contained significantly higher numbers of aerobic microorganisms (105 −107 ), whereas the number of anaerobes was not enhanced significantly. Among the prevalent aerobic microorganisms in wetwood were Protaminobacter, Pseudomonas strains, and a yeast. In anaerobic counts from wetwood, Klebsiella and Vibrio strains predominated. The sapwood contained Bacillus, Beijerinckia, Staphylococcus , and Clostridium spp. High numbers of aerobic microorganisms were also detected in the roots and lower stem of a diseased vine plant ( Vitis vinifera L.). The importance of microbial populations in wetwood formation and disease expression is discussed. 相似文献
10.
Gari was examined for its post-processing microbial content. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria and fungi were isolated from all samples. The total viable bacterial counts ranged from 2.0 × 102 to 8.0 × 104 cfu/g. Fungal counts ranged from 1.0 × 102 to 1.5 × 104 cfu/g. The total viable counts of fresh samples were much lower than those of market and packaged samples. Bacillus, Micrococcus and Proteus spp. were the bacteria isolated, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium spp. the fungi. Food borne parasites and pathogens such as Staph. aureus and Clostridium perfringens were not found. The gari samples were quite stable, having a shelf life of 3–6 months. The water activities of the samples ranged from 0.52 to 0.68. Based on the microbial counts of the samples, the critical upper limit for the safety of gari was set at 104 cfu/g dry sample. 相似文献
11.
Feed samples collected from different poultry farms and feed mills situated in Andaman and Nicobar islands in India were assessed for microflora and aflatoxin B1 contamination. The bacterial counts ranged from 1.0 times 107 to 8.8 times 107 cfu/g of the feeds, while counts of fungi ranged from 1.0 times 103 to 8.7 times 103 cfu/g. The mycoflora comprised mainly of Aspergillus spp., A. flavus being most dominant. Aflatoxin B1 was detected by monoclonal antibody-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique and the content in different feed samples ranged from 5.5 to 90 ng/g. 相似文献
12.
Quantitative and qualitative studies of the bacterial microflora of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L., gills 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Populations of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, occurring on the gills of healthy turbot, were estimated using a dilution plate technique. From a comparison of 18 media, the highest counts, i.e. 7.0 × l05 g−1 , were obtained after incubation at 15–25°C on a specifically formulated medium which contained low quantities of beef extract, casein, tryptone and yeast extract. These bacteria were equated with Asticacaulis sp., Hyphomicrobium sp., Janthinobacterium lividum, Prosthecomicrobium sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Vibrio sp. Evidence from scanning electron microscopy pointed to a general lack of intimate colonization of exposed areas of the gill. Instead, micro-organisms colonized protected niches, such as the clefts between lamellae and in secluded areas on the arches. 相似文献
13.
The microbial flora of smoked pork loin and frankfurter sausage stored in different gas atmospheres at 4°C 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
The development of the microflora of smoked pork loin and frankfurter sausage was followed during storage in vacuum, N2 and CO2 atmospheres at 4°C. The total aerobic count on the smoked pork loin reached 107 organisms/g after 37 d in vacuum, 43 d in N2 and 49 d in CO2 . The corresponding value for the sausage was 77 d in vacuum, while the growth stopped at 6 times 104 organisms/g after 98 d in N2 , and at 4 times 102 organisms/g after 48 d in CO2 .
The predominant organisms on the fresh products were Bacillus spp., coryneform bacteria, Flavobacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp.
At the end of the storage time the microflora on both products in the three gas atmospheres, consisted mainly of Lactobacillus spp. and two large groups of organisms that could not be identified as any described genus. Some of the unidentified strains could be classified as a Lactobacillus sp. after subsequent subculturing on laboratory media.
The numbers of Lactobacillus spp. at the end of storage decreased in the order, CO2 > N2 > vacuum. Lactobacillus viridescens generally constituted a substantial part of the Lactobacillus flora (5–72%). On the sausages two large uniform groups of unidentifiable homofermentative Lactobacillus spp. were also found. 相似文献
The predominant organisms on the fresh products were Bacillus spp., coryneform bacteria, Flavobacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp.
At the end of the storage time the microflora on both products in the three gas atmospheres, consisted mainly of Lactobacillus spp. and two large groups of organisms that could not be identified as any described genus. Some of the unidentified strains could be classified as a Lactobacillus sp. after subsequent subculturing on laboratory media.
The numbers of Lactobacillus spp. at the end of storage decreased in the order, CO
14.
The diatom Climacodium frauenfeldianum Grunow was collected in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Observations with epifluorescence microscopy revealed that this diatom contained coccoid symbionts (2.5–3.5 μm) with a typical cyanobacterial fluorescence in addition to that of their own chloroplasts. Mean concentration of C. frauenfeldianum for 28 stations in the SW tropical Pacific Ocean was 530 x 103 (SE = 1372) cells·m − 2 , with highest concentration (mean 17.5 cells·L − 1 ) at 40-m depth. The symbiosis was only observed at water temperatures between 26.3 and 28.9° C, with highest concentrations at 27.7° C. Three almost complete 16S rDNA sequences from one sample were determined, and they were identical. The phylogenetic analysis of this 16S rDNA sequence and those from other cyanobacteria and plastids revealed that it was closely related to the 16S rDNA sequence from Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142. Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 is a unicellular nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium isolated from a coastal marine environment and has ultrastructural features similar to the symbionts of C. frauenfeldianum . The close relationship between Cyanothece sp. and the cyanobacterial symbiont in C. frauenfeldianum suggests the potential for nitrogen fixation in the symbiosis. 相似文献
15.
Abstract Samples were collected from the forestomach and colon of North Atlantic fin whales ( Balaenoptera physalus ) landed at the commercial whaling station at Hvalfjördur, Iceland during three whaling seasons. Techniques were used to enrich for and enumerate anaerobic bacteria, methanogens, and sulfate reducers. Anaerobic bacteria ranged from 108 to 1010 per ml of digesta in the colon, and from 105 to 109 per ml of digesta in the forestomach. Methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria were found in the majority of forestomach and colon samples, with sulfate-reducing bacteria usually occuring at higher concentrations. Enteric bacteria, Vibrio , and Listonella spp. were found in the colon. Volatile fatty acids were detected in significant concentrations in the forestomach of many of the whales. These results support previous findings which suggest that a microbial fermentation occurs in the forestomach of baleen whales. 相似文献
16.
Bacteria grew to viable populations of 108 –109 cfu/g during the fermentation of soybeans into tempe with the fungus, Rhizopus oligosporus. Bacillus pumilus and B. brevis were the predominant bacterial species, reaching populations of approximately 108 cfu/g during the 48 h fermentation. Species of Streptococcus faecium, Lactobacillus casei, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae also contributed to the fermentation and achieved populations of 106 –107 cfu/g. and accepted 25 May 1989 相似文献
17.
Growth of a facultative anaerobe under oxygen-limiting conditions in pure culture and in co-culture with a sulfate-reducing bacterium 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract The occurrence and properties were studied of glucose-metabolizing bacteria present in the anaerobic sediment 5–10 cm below the surface of an estuarine tidal mud-flat. Of all these bacteria (104 – 105 per g wet sediment) 80–90% were facultatively anaerobic species. Chemostat enrichments on glucose under aerobic, oxygen-limited and alternately aerobic-anaerobic conditions also yielded cultures dominated by facultative anaerobes. One of the dominant species, tentatively identified as a Vibrio sp., was studied in more detail under oxygen-limiting conditions. Fermentative and respiratory metabolisms were found to operate simultaneously, and the ratio between the two was regulated by the extent of oxygen limitation. A small fraction of the acetate formed under such growth conditions was shown to be subsequently respired. A co-culture was established of the Vibrio sp. and a sulfate-reducing bacterium ( Desulfovibrio HL21 ) in an aerated chemostat. The importance of these observations is discussed in relation to the role of facultative anaerobes in anaerobic habitats. 相似文献
18.
ABSTRACT. Various doses of a microsporan parasite, Nosema sp., were fed to third and fourth instar larvae of Lesioderma sericorne that infested different types of stored grains. A spore dose of 3 × 103 spores/individual resulted in a 39% infection rate, reduction in larval and adult weights, and mean spore concentrations of 1.28 ± 0.2 × 108 spores/larva and 1.1 ± 0.2 × 108 spores/adult. At the above dose, mortality was not well marked (about 35% in larvae and 25% in adults). At 3 × 104 spores/individual, the rate of mortality increases to 80% in larvae and 60% in adults. However, more of the pest population (88% of larvae and 73% of adults) died at a dose of 3 × 105 spores/individual. This dose produced mean spore concentrations of 3.91 ± 0.2 × 108 spores/larva and 2.89 ± 0.2 × 108 spores/adult. Insect death was caused by heavy damage to gut epithelia and fat bodies. 相似文献
19.
Coliform group bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus , salmonella and proteus were not detected in four samples of kusaya gravy, a kind of brine used for the production of special salt-dried fish in Japan. Vibrio parahaemolyticus at a level of 101 /ml was presumptively detected only in one sample. When inoculated into the gravy at a level of 107 -108 /ml, none of these bacteria grew. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli and Proteus morganii rapidly decreased in number and were not detectable after 5 d. Staphylococcus aureus numbers reduced only 1 log cycle after incubation for 7 d in the gravy. These results indicate the safety of the gravy with respect to the organisms. 相似文献
20.
Two rapid methods, direct epifluorescent microscopy (DEM) and the direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT) on swab resuspension fluids, were compared with the traditional total viable count (TVC) on swab resuspension fluids for their ability to enumerate surface populations of attached bacteria. The degree of error in estimating surface populations was shown to be significantly less with DEM than DEFT followed by TVC. DEM estimated populations in the range 3 times 103 to 5 times 107 colonies/cm2 whilst DEFT enumerated populations above 3 times 104 colonies/cm2 and TVC above 3 times 105 colonies/cm2 (as measured by DEM). Swabbing was shown to remove a constant proportion of organisms from the surface populations tested, although below 3 times 105 colonies/cm2 most of the organisms remained in the cotton matrix and were difficult to resuspend. DEFT was more able to enumerate swab resuspension fluids obtained from surface populations below 3 times 105 colonies/cm2 than was TVC. 相似文献