中国蝙蝠腺病毒遗传多样性研究

近期的研究表明蝙蝠可以携带腺病毒。为了进一步了解我国蝙蝠腺病毒的分布状况和遗传多样性特征,本研究采集了北京市、湖南省、江西省、云南省、贵州省和海南省六个省份的共11种蝙蝠的咽拭和肛拭样本,使用套式PCR方法进行蝙蝠腺病毒检测。对阳性结果通过克隆测序进行遗传多态性分析,并采用基于氨基酸相似性的核酸序列数据进行分子进化研究。结果表明,我国约20%的蝠种携带腺病毒,特别是大足鼠耳蝠可能普遍携带蝙蝠腺病毒。并且在贵州省南蝠样本中同时检测出两种不同的蝙蝠腺病毒。总体而言,蝙蝠腺病毒DNA聚合酶保守区核酸和蛋白序列的平均相似性分别只有66.6%和74.7%。蝠种和地域上的巨大差异可能导致了蝙蝠腺病毒的适应性进化,而形成了显著的遗传多样性。     

桂越边境地区蝙蝠病毒组研究

桂越地区包括越南和我国广西,地理位置的战略意义突出,该地区蝙蝠资源丰富,且越南境内的蝙蝠携带多种人兽共患病毒.为了监测桂越边境地区蝙蝠病毒的跨境传播,防范蝙蝠病毒引发新发传染病,掌握该地区蝙蝠携带病毒的病原本底和重要病毒遗传进化特征具有重要意义.本研究在桂越边境采集蝙蝠样本并对其进行病毒宏基因组学分析,结果发现了49个科的病毒,包括脊椎动物病毒、植物病毒、昆虫病毒和噬菌体.根据病毒宏基因组学结果,对注释到的嗜肝DNA病毒、博卡细小病毒、A型轮状病毒、星状病毒、弹状病毒和冠状病毒进行检测和进化分析,结果发现星状病毒广泛分布,且具有丰富的遗传多样性;其他病毒则呈局部分布,其中嗜肝DNA病毒、冠状病毒、轮状病毒与各自参考毒株进化关系较近,为这些病毒的变异毒株;而博卡细小病毒和弹状病毒与已知病毒具有很明显的遗传差异性,可能为病毒新种;值得注意的是,发现的蝙蝠轮状病毒与广西当地人轮状病毒具有很高的同源性,提示该病毒的跨种传播和基因重排.本研究获得了桂越边境地区蝙蝠携带病毒的本底数据以及部分重要病毒在该地区蝙蝠中的流行情况和遗传进化特征,为监测蝙蝠病毒的跨境传播、防范新发病毒病提供了重要的基础数据.     

猪博卡病毒环状附加体的发现与鉴定

为了证实博卡病毒可以环状附加体形式存在于宿主体内,本研究利用半巢式PCR方法在健康猪粪便标本中筛查出2株猪博卡病毒环状附加体PBoV_G2-episome和PBoV_G3-episome。通过反复测序和序列拼接得到其末端非编码区序列（405nt和511nt）。经过对其进行序列分析及二级结构的预测,发现PBoV_G2-episome与人博卡病毒3附加体（HBoV3-episome）结构相似,而PBoV_G3-episome与博卡病毒属其他成员的末端二级结构存在较大差别。猪博卡病毒环状附加体的发现证实了有些博卡病毒与其他细小病毒的复制方式存在一定差异,也为今后博卡病毒感染性克隆的构建提供了一条研究思路。     

博卡病毒属基因组特征与致病的分子机制

博卡病毒是细小病毒科细小病毒亚科的成员之一.目前已知博卡病毒成员有牛博卡病毒、犬博卡病毒、人博卡病毒、以及新鉴定的猪博卡病毒,猩猩、猫、犬以及加利福尼亚海狮体内发现的新博卡病毒成员.作为新发病原,博卡病毒成为各国科研人员的研究热点.本文结合前人的文献和我们近期的研究成果,对博卡病毒的家族成员分类、基因组结构与复制、临床致病特点、致病分子机制等方面进行了阐述,为广大科研人员对博卡病毒的研究提供一定的帮助.     

贵州省四种蝙蝠携带病毒组

翼手目(Chiroptera)动物已被确认是人畜共患病毒的重要自然宿主。贵州省翼手目物种多样性资源丰富,包括了2亚目7科19属65种,但在其携带病毒方面的研究仍然不全面。本文基于病毒宏基因组学和s RNA病毒检测,对贵州省广泛分布的大蹄蝠(Hipposideriderosarmiger)、三叶蹄蝠(Aselliscus wheeleri)、贵州菊头蝠(Rhinolophus rex)和皮氏菊头蝠(R. pearsoni)携带的病毒进行注释及鉴定。通过分析得到所携带病毒的种类;并比较了贵州省与云南省和广西省3个地区翼手目携带病毒在种类上的差异。结果显示,在4种蝙蝠中检测出脊椎动物病毒、昆虫病毒、植物病毒、细菌病毒4大类,共计53科111属170余种病毒,其中具有公共卫生学意义病毒9科10属46种,如:人疱疹病毒1型病毒(Human herpesvirus 1)、戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus)、人乳头瘤病毒16型(Human papillomavirustype16)等相关的病毒。贵州省与云南省和广西省3个地区的蝙蝠所携带病毒种类比较发现,只有腺病毒科(Adenoviridae)和逆转录病毒科(Retroviridae)均存在于3个省份的蝙蝠体内,说明病毒种类在不同地域分布的蝙蝠种类中存在较大的差异。贵州省分布的大蹄蝠、三叶蹄蝠、贵州菊头蝠和皮氏菊头蝠携带病毒的种类较多,其病毒种类在公共卫生学上具有一定的代表性,对开展贵州省分子流行病学调查具有重要价值。     

中国广西龙虎山野生猕猴粪便的病毒宏基因组学分析

非人灵长类携带的病毒种类繁多,其中部分对人具有致病性。为深入了解我国野生猕猴携带病毒的状况,本研究应用MiSeq高通量测序及生物信息学分析技术,对从广西采集的280份猕猴粪便标本进行了病毒宏基因组学的分析。高通量测序共获得了233 726 79条读长(Reads),其中4641条序列与病毒相关,进一步注释到27个病毒科(包含细小病毒科中的细小病毒亚科和浓核病毒亚科),包括其中5种脊椎动物病毒(占78.2%)、6种昆虫病毒(占5.5%)、11种植物病毒(占10.4%)、其他的病毒(占9.8%);遗传进化分析结果显示,被注释为萨佩罗病毒、肠道病毒、细小病毒、腺相关病毒等序列与已知病毒相似,部分序列呈现明显的差异;应用PCR扩增进一步证实了病毒序列的真实存在。本研究初步确定了广西地区猕猴粪便中病毒的病毒谱,为深入分析和研究其中有潜在公共卫生意义的病毒奠定了基础。     

博卡病毒的检测方法概述

自2005年博卡病毒发现以来,先后在呼吸道和肠道标本中检出博卡病毒1~4型。博卡病毒1主要与呼吸道感染相关,博卡病毒2~4型主要与肠道感染相关。博卡病毒感染具有典型的咳嗽、喘息、肺炎和腹泻等临床症状,然而由于博卡病毒缺乏合适的宿主细胞而难以培养限制其致病机理等相关研究。立体上皮细胞培养平台、反向遗传学和病毒宏基因组学作为新一代技术有望成为研究博卡病毒致病机理和发现新病毒的有力工具。本文针对博卡病毒已有的电镜、细胞培养、PCR和免疫学检测方法进行综述,以期为博卡病毒的深入研究提供方法参考。     

云南蝙蝠轮状病毒的分离与鉴定

蝙蝠是携带人兽共患病毒最多的一种哺乳动物,调查蝙蝠携带病毒的病原生态学本底对防范蝙蝠病毒威胁人类健康具有重要意义。本研究采集云南省部分地区蝙蝠进行病毒宏基因组学分析,在一组食虫蝙蝠样品中发现了A群轮状病毒(Group A rotaviruses,RVA)序列,经过进一步RT-PCR筛查验证及病毒的分离鉴定,最终从勐远县的1只三叶蹄蝠中分离出一株轮状病毒。扩增该毒株的VP7与VP4基因进行分型与系统进化分析,结果表明其VP7基因为G3型,与来自阿根廷的1株马轮状病毒的同源性最高,为93%;其VP4基因为P[10]型,与来自泰国的1株人轮状病毒同源性最高,为94.8%。通过与本实验室之前分离的首株蝙蝠G3P[3]型轮状病毒MSLH14的比较,确定该毒株为一株新的蝙蝠轮状病毒,命名为RVA/Bat-tc/MYAS33/2013/G3P[10],简称MYAS33。本研究结果进一步证明了蝙蝠轮状病毒的多样性,突显了蝙蝠作为轮状病毒潜在宿主的重要性。     

随机引物PCR扩增鸡胚致死孤儿病毒DNA的研究

在电镜下观察鸭病毒性肝炎病毒鸡胚尿囊液种毒时,另看到一大小为70~80nm,无囊膜,20面体对称的病毒颗粒.为了解该污染病毒,作者挑选了4条随机引物对此未知病毒分别进行反转录PCR和直接PCR扩增,结果共扩增出3条基因片段,经测序(一个反应)后分析与禽腺病毒1型--鸡胚致死孤儿病毒基因组部分序列同源性分别高达99.5%、99.6%和99.5%.从而得知鸭病毒性肝炎病毒鸡胚尿囊液种毒受到了鸡胚致死孤儿病毒的严重污染.     

Virome Profiling of Bats from Myanmar by Metagenomic Analysis of Tissue Samples Reveals More Novel Mammalian Viruses

Bats are reservoir animals harboring many important pathogenic viruses and with the capability of transmitting these to humans and other animals. To establish an effective surveillance to monitor transboundary spread of bat viruses between Myanmar and China, complete organs from the thorax and abdomen from 853 bats of six species from two Myanmar counties close to Yunnan province, China, were collected and tested for their virome through metagenomics by Solexa sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. In total, 3,742,314 reads of 114 bases were generated, and over 86% were assembled into 1,649,512 contigs with an average length of 114 bp, of which 26,698 (2%) contigs were recognizable viral sequences belonging to 24 viral families. Of the viral contigs 45% (12,086/26,698) were related to vertebrate viruses, 28% (7,443/26,698) to insect viruses, 27% (7,074/26,698) to phages and 95 contigs to plant viruses. The metagenomic results were confirmed by PCR of selected viruses in all bat samples followed by phylogenetic analysis, which has led to the discovery of some novel bat viruses of the genera Mamastrovirus, Bocavirus, Circovirus, Iflavirus and Orthohepadnavirus and to their prevalence rates in two bat species. In conclusion, the present study aims to present the bat virome in Myanmar, and the results obtained further expand the spectrum of viruses harbored by bats.     

Metagenomic analysis of viruses from bat fecal samples reveals many novel viruses in insectivorous bats in China

Increasing data indicate that bats harbor diverse viruses, some of which cause severe human diseases. In this study, sequence-independent amplification and high-throughput sequencing (Solexa) were applied to the metagenomic analysis of viruses in bat fecal samples collected from 6 locations in China. A total of 8,746,417 reads with a length of 306,124,595 bp were obtained. Among these reads, 13,541 (0.15%) had similarity to phage sequences and 9,170 (0.1%) had similarity to eukaryotic virus sequences. A total of 129 assembled contigs (>100 nucleotides) were constructed and compared with GenBank: 32 contigs were related to phages, and 97 were related to eukaryotic viruses. The most frequent reads and contigs related to eukaryotic viruses were homologous to densoviruses, dicistroviruses, coronaviruses, parvoviruses, and tobamoviruses, a range that includes viruses from invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants. Most of the contigs had low identities to known viral genomic or protein sequences, suggesting that a large number of novel and genetically diverse insect viruses as well as putative mammalian viruses are transmitted by bats in China. This study provides the first preliminary understanding of the virome of some bat populations in China, which may guide the discovery and isolation of novel viruses in the future.     

A Preliminary Study of Viral Metagenomics of French Bat Species in Contact with Humans: Identification of New Mammalian Viruses

The prediction of viral zoonosis epidemics has become a major public health issue. A profound understanding of the viral population in key animal species acting as reservoirs represents an important step towards this goal. Bats harbor diverse viruses, some of which are of particular interest because they cause severe human diseases. However, little is known about the diversity of the global population of viruses found in bats (virome). We determined the viral diversity of five different French insectivorous bat species (nine specimens in total) in close contact with humans. Sequence-independent amplification, high-throughput sequencing with Illumina technology and a dedicated bioinformatics analysis pipeline were used on pooled tissues (brain, liver and lungs). Comparisons of the sequences of contigs and unassembled reads provided a global taxonomic distribution of virus-related sequences for each sample, highlighting differences both within and between bat species. Many viral families were present in these viromes, including viruses known to infect bacteria, plants/fungi, insects or vertebrates, the most relevant being those infecting mammals (Retroviridae, Herpesviridae, Bunyaviridae, Poxviridae, Flaviviridae, Reoviridae, Bornaviridae, Picobirnaviridae). In particular, we detected several new mammalian viruses, including rotaviruses, gammaretroviruses, bornaviruses and bunyaviruses with the identification of the first bat nairovirus. These observations demonstrate that bats naturally harbor viruses from many different families, most of which infect mammals. They may therefore constitute a major reservoir of viral diversity that should be analyzed carefully, to determine the role played by bats in the spread of zoonotic viral infections.     

Virome analysis for identification of novel Mammalian viruses in bat species from chinese provinces

Bats are natural hosts for a large variety of zoonotic viruses. This study aimed to describe the range of bat viromes, including viruses from mammals, insects, fungi, plants, and phages, in 11 insectivorous bat species (216 bats in total) common in six provinces of China. To analyze viromes, we used sequence-independent PCR amplification and next-generation sequencing technology (Solexa Genome Analyzer II; Illumina). The viromes were identified by sequence similarity comparisons to known viruses. The mammalian viruses included those of the Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, Retroviridae, Circoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Astroviridae, Flaviridae, Coronaviridae, Picornaviridae, and Parvovirinae; insect viruses included those of the Baculoviridae, Iflaviridae, Dicistroviridae, Tetraviridae, and Densovirinae; fungal viruses included those of the Chrysoviridae, Hypoviridae, Partitiviridae, and Totiviridae; and phages included those of the Caudovirales, Inoviridae, and Microviridae and unclassified phages. In addition to the viruses and phages associated with the insects, plants, and bacterial flora related to the diet and habitation of bats, we identified the complete or partial genome sequences of 13 novel mammalian viruses. These included herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, a circovirus, a bocavirus, picornaviruses, a pestivirus, and a foamy virus. Pairwise alignments and phylogenetic analyses indicated that these novel viruses showed little genetic similarity with previously reported viruses. This study also revealed a high prevalence and diversity of bat astroviruses and coronaviruses in some provinces. These findings have expanded our understanding of the viromes of bats in China and hinted at the presence of a large variety of unknown mammalian viruses in many common bat species of mainland China.     

Metagenomic analysis of the viromes of three North American bat species: viral diversity among different bat species that share a common habitat

Effective prediction of future viral zoonoses requires an in-depth understanding of the heterologous viral population in key animal species that will likely serve as reservoir hosts or intermediates during the next viral epidemic. The importance of bats as natural hosts for several important viral zoonoses, including Ebola, Marburg, Nipah, Hendra, and rabies viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV), has been established; however, the large viral population diversity (virome) of bats has been partially determined for only a few of the ～1,200 bat species. To assess the virome of North American bats, we collected fecal, oral, urine, and tissue samples from individual bats captured at an abandoned railroad tunnel in Maryland that is cohabitated by 7 to 10 different bat species. Here, we present preliminary characterization of the virome of three common North American bat species, including big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), tricolored bats (Perimyotis subflavus), and little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus). In samples derived from these bats, we identified viral sequences that were similar to at least three novel group 1 CoVs, large numbers of insect and plant virus sequences, and nearly full-length genomic sequences of two novel bacteriophages. These observations suggest that bats encounter and disseminate a large assortment of viruses capable of infecting many different animals, insects, and plants in nature.     

Viral gut metagenomics of sympatric wild and domestic canids,and monitoring of viruses: Insights from an endangered wolf population

Animal host–microbe interactions are a relevant concern for wildlife conservation, particularly regarding generalist pathogens, where domestic host species can play a role in the transmission of infectious agents, such as viruses, to wild animals. Knowledge on viral circulation in wild host species is still scarce and can be improved by the recent advent of modern molecular approaches. We aimed to characterize the fecal virome and identify viruses of potential conservation relevance of diarrheic free‐ranging wolves and sympatric domestic dogs from Central Portugal, where a small and threatened wolf population persists in a highly anthropogenically modified landscape. Using viral metagenomics, we screened diarrheic stools collected from wolves (n = 8), feral dogs (n = 4), and pet dogs (n = 6), all collected within wolf range. We detected novel highly divergent viruses as well as known viral pathogens with established effects on population dynamics, including canine distemper virus, a novel bocavirus, and canine minute virus. Furthermore, we performed a 4‐year survey for the six wolf packs comprising this endangered wolf population, screening 93 fecal samples from 36 genetically identified wolves for canine distemper virus and the novel bocavirus, previously identified using our metagenomics approach. Our novel approach using metagenomics for viral screening in noninvasive samples of wolves and dogs has profound implications on the knowledge of both virology and wildlife diseases, establishing a complementary tool to traditional screening methods for the conservation of threatened species.     

Metagenomic Profile of the Viral Communities in Rhipicephalus spp. Ticks from Yunnan,China

Besides mosquitoes, ticks are regarded as the primary source of vector-borne infectious diseases. Indeed, a wide variety of severe infectious human diseases, including those involving viruses, are transmitted by ticks in many parts of the world. To date, there are no published reports on the use of next-generation sequencing for studying viral diversity in ticks or discovering new viruses in these arthropods from China. Here, Ion-torrent sequencing was used to investigate the presence of viruses in three Rhipicephalus spp. tick pools (NY-11, NY-13, and MM-13) collected from the Menglian district of Yunnan, China. The sequencing run resulted in 3,641,088, 3,106,733, and 3,871,851 reads in each tick pool after trimming. Reads and assembled contiguous sequences (contigs) were subject to basic local alignment search tool analysis against the GenBank database. Large numbers of reads and contigs related to known viral sequences corresponding to a broad range of viral families were identified. Some of the sequences originated from viruses that have not been described previously in ticks. Our findings will facilitate better understanding of the tick virome, and add to our current knowledge of disease-causing viruses in ticks living under natural conditions.     

Metagenomic analysis of viral community in the Yangtze River expands known eukaryotic and prokaryotic virus diversity in freshwater

Viruses in aquatic ecosystems are characterized by extraordinary abundance and diversity. Thus far, there have been limited studies focused on viral communities in river water systems. Here, we investigated the virome of the Yangtze River Delta using viral metagenomic analysis. The compositions of viral communities from six sampling sites were analyzed and compared. By using library construction and next generation sequencing, contigs and singlet reads similar to viral sequences were classified into 17 viral families, including nine dsDNA viral families, four ssDNA viral families and four RNA viral families. Statistical analysis using Friedman test suggested that there was no significant difference among the six sampling sites (P > 0.05). The viromes in this study were all dominated by the order Caudovirales, and a group of Freshwater phage uvFW species were particularly prevalent among all the samples. The virome from Nanjing presented a unique pattern of viral community composition with a relatively high abundance of family Parvoviridae. Phylogenetic analyses based on virus hallmark genes showed that the Caudovirales order and CRESS-DNA viruses presented high genetic diversity, while viruses in the Microviridae and Parvoviridae families and the Riboviria realm were relatively conservative. Our study provides the first insight into viral community composition in large river ecosystem, revealing the diversity and stability of river water virome, contributing to the proper utilization of freshwater resource.