乙醇耐受性酿酒酵母菌株选育的研究进展

酿酒酵母是工业发酵生产乙醇的重要菌种,但是其发酵产物乙醇对酿酒酵母有明显的抑制作用.选育乙醇耐受性酿酒酵母是克服高浓度乙醇的抑制作用,提高乙醇产量的一条重要途径.本文对近年来国内外选育乙醇耐受性酵母的研究作一综述,旨在为乙醇耐受性酵母的选育提供参考.     

酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性机理研究进展

酿酒酵母(Sacchromyces cerevisiae)一直是主要的生物乙醇和酿酒业发酵菌株, 具有发酵速度快、乙醇产量高特性。然而, 产物乙醇积累造成的毒性效应是限制乙醇产量的主要因素之一, 研究酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性为解决这一工业难题奠定了理论基础。本文从乙醇对酵母细胞生理、细胞结构和组分的影响, 以及酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性的遗传基础方面综述了酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性机理的研究进展。     

三种选育高乙醇耐受性工业酿酒酵母方法的比较

由于乙醇耐性受多基因控制,因此需要从全基因组水平进行改造以期得到高乙醇耐受的突变体。文中分别使用紫外诱变、等离子体诱变及人工转录因子3种方法对工业酿酒酵母Sc4126进行改造,获得了乙醇耐性提高的突变体,并比较了3种方法的正突变率。人工转录因子文库转化的方法获得了最多数量的乙醇耐性突变体,高出紫外诱变和等离子体诱变方法1~2个数量级,且遗传稳定。研究结果表明,人工转录因子技术可以用于对工业酿酒酵母快速进行基因组工程改造。     

酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性的研究进展

生物乙醇作为一种可再生的清洁能源,正在引起人们的广泛关注.酿酒酵母是乙醇生产中最常用的发酵菌株,但是乙醇耐受性往往成为限制酿酒酵母菌乙醇产量的重要因素.选育耐受高浓度乙醇的酵母菌株对于提高乙醇产率具有重要意义.然而传统的菌株改良方法具有育种周期长,突变方向不定等缺点.主要综述了近年来国内外对酿酒酵母菌耐受乙醇的分子生物学机理方面的研究成果,进而总结了提高酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性的基因工程、代谢工程.     

苯甲醛高耐受性酵母菌的选育

介绍一种经过长期诱导、驯化作用来选育耐性菌株的方法。通过固定化细胞的间歇补料培养方式和长期诱导、驯化后,筛选出8株具有较高苯甲醛耐受性的酿酒酵母菌株,其中菌株Sbht-35-23对苯甲醛的耐受性达到0．9％,并保持较高的稳定活性。采用这些具有较高耐性的酿酒酵母菌株生物合成L-苯基乙酰基甲醇(L-PAC),将有利于提高转化率。     

锌指蛋白及人工锌指蛋白对微生物代谢影响的研究进展

锌指蛋白由于锌指结构域序列相对保守,识别DNA序列具有高度特异性,所以成为研究较广泛的DNA结合蛋白,但目前对锌指蛋白的研究多集中在真核细胞,而对微生物锌指蛋白,尤其是原核微生物锌指蛋白的研究相对较少。本文综述了近年来微生物锌指蛋白,尤其是原核微生物锌指蛋白的发现及功能的最新研究进展,以及人工锌指蛋白技术在微生物菌株改造中的应用。特定人工锌指蛋白不仅可调控微生物细胞中多基因控制的复杂性状,例如耐热性、乙醇和丁醇耐性、渗透胁迫耐受性等,还可以利用锌指结构域构建DNA脚手架系统,进而构建复合酶系统,从而提高催化效率和代谢物产量。目前报道的用于微生物代谢调控的人工锌指蛋白利用的都是哺乳动物的基因,未来根据不同微生物中天然锌指蛋白的序列进行人工锌指的设计,将拓展人工转录因子技术在微生物全局基因表达调控中的应用。     

高效发酵木糖生产乙醇酵母菌株的构建

获得高效发酵木糖生产乙醇的酵母菌株是木质纤维素生物转化生产燃料乙醇的重要前提。在4%乙醇驯化的基础上,选择了乙醇耐性提高的休哈塔假丝酵母（Candida shehatae）CICC1766菌株进一步进行紫外诱变,得到了木糖发酵性能较强的呼吸缺陷型突变体,并与乙醇发酵性能良好的酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）ATCC4126进行原生质体融合。采用单亲灭活法对休哈塔假丝酵母原生质体进行紫外灭活,在聚乙二醇（PEG）诱导下融合,对得到的融合子进行木糖发酵能力测定,选择到了一株能够更好地利用木糖产乙醇,并且木糖发酵性能比亲本得到明显提高的融合子F6,此融合子发酵50 g/L木糖,最高乙醇浓度达到18.75g/L,乙醇得率为0.375,达到理论转化值0.511的73.4%。与原始出发菌株CICC1766相比,乙醇产量提高了28%。     

利用SPT3的定向进化提高工业酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性

利用对转录因子的定向进化可对多基因控制的性状进行有效的代谢工程改造。本研究对酿酒酵母负责胁迫相关基因转录的SAGA复合体成分SPT3编码基因进行易错PCR随机突变,并研究了SPT3的定向进化对酿酒酵母乙醇耐性的影响。将SPT3的易错PCR产物连接改造的pYES2.0表达载体并转化酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae4126,构建了突变体文库。通过筛选在高浓度乙醇中耐受性提高的突变株,获得了一株在10%(V/V)乙醇中生长较好的突变株M25。该突变株利用125g/L的葡萄糖进行乙醇发酵时,终点乙醇产量比对照菌株提高了11.7%。由此表明,SPT3是对酿酒酵母乙醇耐性进行代谢工程改造的一个重要的转录因子。     

工业用糖蜜酿酒酵母菌株耐受性分析研究

采用休止细胞梯度生长法, 对工业糖蜜酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)菌株进行高浓度酒精、高温和高渗透压, 以及糠醛毒性、苯酚毒性、乙酸毒性和抗生素G418毒性的耐受性分析。结果表明, 所测定的工业酵母菌株对这些逆境条件的耐受性有明显的差别; 其中AS2.1189和AS2.1190对测定的胁迫条件均表现出相对较好的耐受性; 396对乙酸毒性和G418毒性具有很好的耐受性; 2610对高温表现出较强的耐受性。     

关于四个酵母菌种对乙醇耐受性的研究

本文报道了从存活,生长,发酵能力和氢离子渗漏等角度研究和比较四种酵母菌(Zygosaccharomyces bailii NCYC 1427,Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 431,Harisenula anomala NCYC 711和 Kloeckera apiculata NCYC 468)对乙醇的耐受性。乙醇对酵母在上述特性的抑制程度,取决于乙醇的浓度。Z．Bailii NCYC 1427是四个酵母中乙醇耐受性最强的。在2M的乙醇溶液中,其存活率与无乙醇的对照组一样高。在低于1.5M的乙醇中,其生长率高于 S．Cerevisiae NCYC 431,氢离子渗入细胞的速率增长则低于 S．Cerevisiae 和 H．Anomala。S．Cerevisiae NCYC 431对于乙醇抑制生长的效应耐受性很强,在低于IM的乙醇溶液中,其发酵能力下降得较为缓慢,存活率几乎没有变化。H．Anomala NCYC 711在生长、发酵能力和氢离子渗漏方面对乙醇的抑制作用均表现敏感,但其存活率变化却与S．Cerevisiae NCYC 431很相似。K．Apiculata NCYC 468在存活、生长和发酵能力方面对乙醇的效应是四个菌种中最敏感的。研究结果还表明,乙醇对生长、发酵能力和氢离子渗漏的作用比它对存活的影响大得多。环境条件也影响酵母对乙醇的耐受性。     

Ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in biofilm reactors

Biofilms are natural forms of cell immobilization in which microorganisms attach to solid supports. At ISU, we have developed plastic composite-supports (PCS) (agricultural material (soybean hulls or oat hulls), complex nutrients, and polypropylene) which stimulate biofilm formation and which supply nutrients to the attached microorganisms. Various PCS blends were initially evaluated in repeated-batch culture-tube fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24859) in low organic nitrogen medium. The selected PCS (40% soybean hull, 5% soybean flour, 5% yeast extract-salt and 50% polypropylene) was then used in continuous and repeated-batch fermentation in various media containing lowered nitrogen content with selected PCS. During continuous fermentation, S. cerevisiae demonstrated two to 10 times higher ethanol production in PCS bioreactors than polypropylene-alone support (PPS) control. S. cerevisiae produced 30 g L⁻¹ ethanol on PCS with ammonium sulfate medium in repeated batch fermentation, whereas PPS-control produced 5 g L⁻¹ ethanol. Overall, increased productivity in low cost medium can be achieved beyond conventional fermentations using this novel bioreactor design. Received 20 May 1997/ Accepted in revised form 29 August 1997     

Increased heterologous protein production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing on ethanol as sole carbon source

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely used host organism for the production of heterologous proteins, often cultivated in glucose-based fed-batch processes. This production system however has many factors limiting the productivity, mainly towards the end of the fermentation. For the optimised production of a Camelid antibody fragment this process was evaluated. In shake flask cultivations, it was found that ethanol has a strong effect on productivity increase and therefore glucose and ethanol fed-batch fermentations were compared. It appeared that specific heterologous protein production was up to five times higher in the ethanol cultivation and could be further optimised. Then the key characteristics of ethanol fed-batch fermentations such as growth rate and specific production were determined under ethanol limitation and accumulation and growth limiting conditions in the final phase of the process. It appeared that an optimal production process should have an ethanol accumulation throughout the feed phase of approximately 1% v/v in the broth and that production remains very efficient even in the last phase of the process. This productivity increase on ethanol versus glucose was also proven for several other Camelid antibody fragments some of which were heavily impaired in secretion on glucose, but very well produced on ethanol. This leads to the suggestion that the ethanol effect on improved heterologous protein production is linked to a stress response and folding and secretion efficiency.     

Kinetics of lactose fermentation using a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain

This work presents a multi-route, non-structural kinetic model for interpretation of ethanol fermentation of lactose using a recombinant flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing both the LAC4 (coding for beta-galactosidase) and LAC12 (coding for lactose permease) genes of Kluyveromyces lactis. In this model, the values of different metabolic pathways are calculated applying a modified Monod equation rate in which the growth rate is proportional to the concentration of a key enzyme controlling the single metabolic pathway. In this study, three main metabolic routes for S. cerevisiae are considered: oxidation of lactose, reduction of lactose (producing ethanol), and oxidation of ethanol. The main bioprocess variables determined experimentally were lactose, ethanol, biomass, and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Parameters of the proposed kinetic model were established by fitting the experimental data obtained in a small lab-scale fermentor with the initial lactose concentrations ranging from 5 g/dm3 to 50 g/dm3. A very good agreement between experimental data and simulated profiles of the main variables (lactose, ethanol, biomass, and dissolved oxygen concentrations) was achieved.     

高SO2产量啤酒酵母工业菌株的构建

二氧化硫在啤酒中具有抗氧化的重要功能,而在其形成过程中APS激酶(MET14编码)起着非常重要的作用。以二氧化硫产量较高的青岛啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)YSF-5的总DNA为模板,用PCR方法克隆得到MET14基因。为使目的基因在酿酒酵母中表达,以大肠杆菌-酿酒酵母穿梭质粒YEp352为载体,以PGK1强启动子为调控元件,构建了重组表达质粒pPM,并转化酿酒酵母YS58。转化子在YNB添加亮氨酸、组氨酸和色氨酸的选择性培养基上筛选鉴定,盐酸副玫瑰苯胺法测得转化子的SO2产量是受体菌的2倍左右。在重组表达质粒pPM的基础上添加铜抗性标记基因构建了重组表达质粒pCPM,并转化青岛啤酒工业酵母菌株YSF-38,转化子在YEPD 4mmol/L CuSO4的选择性培养基上筛选鉴定,实验室条件下培养后,测得转化子YSF-38(pCPM)的SO2产量是受体菌的3.2倍。用该转化子在青岛啤酒厂进行小型发酵实验,结果表明在发酵结束时,YSF-38(pCPM)转化子的SO2产量是受体菌的1.4倍。因此,MET14基因的有效表达可以提高啤酒工业酵母的SO2产量。     

High alcohol production by repeated batch fermentation using an immobilized osmotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A repeated batch fermentation system was used to produce ethanol using an osmotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae (VS₃) immobilized in calcium alginate beads. For comparison free cells were also used to produce ethanol by repeated batch fermentation. Fermentation was carried for six cycles with 125, 250 or 500 beads using 150, 200 or 250 g glucose L⁻¹ at 30°C. The maximum amount of ethanol produced by immobilized VS₃ using 150 g L⁻¹ glucose was only 44 g L⁻¹ after 48 h, while the amount of ethanol produced by free cells in the first cycle was 72 g L⁻¹. However in subsequent fed batch cultures more ethanol was produced by immobilized cells compared to free cells. The amount of ethanol produced by free cells decreased from 72 g L⁻¹ to 25 g L⁻¹ after the fourth cycle, while that of immobilized cells increased from 44 to 72 g L⁻¹. The maximum amount of ethanol produced by immobilized VS₃ cells using 150, 200 and 250 g glucose L⁻¹ was 72.5, 93 and 87 g ethanol L⁻¹ at 30°C. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 222–226. Received 16 September 1999/ Accepted in revised form 22 December 1999     

Improved ethanol production of a newly isolated thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain after high-energy-pulse-electron beam

Aims: To isolate thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae with high‐energy‐pulse‐electron (HEPE) beam, to optimize the mutation strain fermentation conditions for ethanol production and to conduct a preliminary investigation into the thermotolerant mechanisms. Methods and Results: After HEPE beam radiation, the thermotolerant S. cerevisiae strain Y43 was obtained at 45°C. Moreover, the fermentation conditions of mutant Y43 were optimized by L3³ orthogonal experiment. The optimal glucose content and initial pH for fermentation were 20% g l^?1 and 4·5, respectively; peptone content was the most neglected important factor. Under this condition, ethanol production of Y43 was 83·1 g l^?1 after fermentation for 48 h at 43°C, and ethanol yield was 0·42 g g^?1, which was about 81·5% of the theoretical yield. The results also showed that the trehalose content and the expression of the genes MSN2, SSA3 and TPS1 in Y43 were higher than those in the original strain (YE0) under the same stress conditions. Conclusions: A genetically stable mutant strain with high ethanol yield under heat stress was obtained using HEPE. This mutant may be a suitable candidate for the industrial‐scale ethanol production. Significance and Impact of the Study: High‐energy‐pulse‐electron radiation is a new efficient technology in breeding micro‐organisms. The mutant obtained in this work has the advantages in industrial ethanol production under thermostress.