水稻叶片中的草酸积累及其与抗白叶枯病的关系（简报）

测定不同生长时期及感染白叶枯病菌前后,水稻叶片中的草酸含量、乙醇酸氧化酶活性变化的结果,进一步证实乙醇酸氧化酶同时具有氧化乙本钱酸的活性,但叶片另的内源草酸含量变化与乙醇酸氧化酶活性变化无关,高感品种玉梅１５３和高抗品种中二占在染病前后内源草酸含量变化之间并无显著差异。     

水稻抗白叶枯病与光呼吸乙醇酸代谢无关

本文探讨水稻抗白叶枯病的能力与Ｈ2 Ｏ2 及光呼吸乙醇酸代谢之间的关系。以水稻 (Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ)感病品种玉梅 1 5 3、抗病品种中二占 (均由广东省农业科学院水稻研究所提供 )为材料。水稻种子以 0 .1 %ＨｇＣｌ2 消毒 5ｍｉｎ后 ,用蒸馏水冲洗4次 ,再用蒸馏水浸种 1ｄ ,置于培养皿中 ,放入人工气候箱中 ( 2 8℃ ,光照度 30 0 0ｌｘ)萌发 ,1周后盆栽 ,在网室内培养 2个月 ,取水稻叶龄一致的倒数第二片叶。白叶枯菌液 (由本校植保系提供 )接种当天配制成 1 0 8ｃｆｕ·ｍｌ- 1 浓度的菌液 ,采用剪叶法接种。光呼吸测定参考Ｓｔｅｗ…     

不同抗性水稻品种感染白叶枯病后的叶片光合速率变化(简报)

水稻抗白叶枯病品种IR_(26)和感病品种金刚30接种白叶枯病菌后,接种叶片的净光合速率均下降。前者下降缓慢,后者随着病斑的扩展下降迅速。两者接种在下部第8叶,其上部健康叶片的净光合速率也增加,IR_(26)叶片净光合速率高于金刚30。     

植物中草酸积累与光呼吸惭醇酸代谢的关系

对几种Ｃ３和Ｃ４植物中草酸含量及相应的乙醇酸氧化酶活性测定结果表明,叶片光呼吸强度及其着急酶活性大小与草酸积累量没有相关性;植物根中均能积累草酸,但未测出乙醇酸氧化酶活性。烟草根、叶中的草酸含量在不同生长时期差异明显,且二者呈显著正相关（ｙ＝２．５６５ｌｎｘ＋２．１３７,ｒ＝０．７４９,Ｐ〈０．００１）,说明振中到可能来自叶片。氧化乙醇酸的瓣活性与氧化乙醛酸的酶的活性呈极显著线性正相关（ｙ＝０．２     

水稻抗白叶枯病基因Xa21的研究进展

Xa21是最早克隆的水稻抗病基因,作为类受体激酶类广谱抗病基因它受到广泛的关注。转基因Xa21材料,很可能成为世界上第一个被批准进行大田释放的水稻转基因材料。本文在简要回顾Xa21的发现、定位和克隆过程之后,总结了目前Xa21基因的抗病作用机理和育种应用研究现状,包括XA21蛋白质激酶的生化特性、AvrXa21的鉴别、Xa21介导的抗病途径、抗病机理等,并对今后的研究进行了展望。     

植物中草酸积累与光呼吸乙醇酸代谢的关系

对几种C3 和C4 植物中草酸含量及相应的乙醇酸氧化酶活性测定结果表明 :叶片光呼吸强度及其关键酶活性大小与草酸积累量没有相关性 ;植物根中均能积累草酸 ,但未测出乙醇酸氧化酶活性。烟草根、叶中的草酸含量在不同生长时期差异明显 ,且二者呈极显著正相关 (y =2 .5 6 5lnx 2 .137,r =0 .749,P <0 .0 0 1) ,说明根中草酸可能来自叶片。氧化乙醇酸的酶的活性与氧化乙醛酸的酶的活性呈极显著线性正相关 (y =0 .2 41x 0 .0 0 6 ,r=0 .96 7,P <0 .0 0 0 1) ,进一步证实是乙醇酸氧化酶催化了两种底物的反应。烟草在不同生长期叶片中草酸总含量变化与相应的乙醇酸氧化酶活性变化亦没有相关性 ;低磷胁迫可显著诱导烟草根叶中的草酸形成和分泌 ,但并未影响乙醇酸氧化酶活性 ,进一步证明草酸积累与该酶活性大小无关     

水稻抗白叶枯病基因Xa-25的分子定位

Xa-25是从体细胞突变体HX-3中鉴定出的水稻抗白叶枯病基因。通过花药培养构建了02428(粳稻)和HX-3(籼稻)的双单倍体(DH)群体,该群体包含了129个稳定株系,以我国长江流域水稻白叶枯病的代表菌株浙173对DH群体进行抗病性鉴定,抗病株系数和感病株系数分别为62和67。共选用覆盖水稻12条染色体的300对SSR引物对02428和HX-3进行多态性分析,有74对引物在双亲之间表现差异。利用这些差异引物对DH群体进行连锁分析,从而将抗白叶枯病基因Xa-25定位到第4染色体长臂末端的两个SSR标记RM6748和RM1153之间,连锁距离分别为9．3cM和3．0cM。     

水稻抗白叶枯病基因及其应用研究进展

由黄单胞菌水稻变种Xanthomonas oryzae pv.Oryzae（Xoo）引起的白叶枯病是水稻重要病害之一。目前,已有37个水稻白叶枯抗性基因被鉴定并报道,其中28个被定位到染色体上,7个被克隆。本文简要综述了水稻白叶枯抗性基因的鉴定、定位和克隆的进展,并讨论了合理利用抗性基因防治白叶枯病的前景。     

水稻抗衰老IPT基因与抗白叶枯病基因Xa23的聚合研究

以转抑制衰老有关的异戊烯基转移酶(IPT)基因株系GC-1、携带抗白叶枯病基因Xa23的“CBB23”和抗稻瘟病水稻品种“合系15号”为供体．采用分子标记辅助选择与生物学鉴定相结合的方法,将IPT基因与Xa23及抗稻瘟病基因进行聚合。在3个复交组合中获得了17株聚合IPT基因与Xa23基因的植株,用这些植株与两系杂交稻亲本9311、E32、培矮64S及W9834S进行杂交和回交,经PCR分子检测和抗白叶枯病、抗稻瘟病鉴定和细胞分裂素含量的测定,最终在4个BC,回交组合“(9311／／／合系15／CBB23／／GC-1)X9311”、“(E32／／／合系15／CBB23／／GC-1)XE32”、“(培矮64S／／／合系15／CBB23／／GC-1)X培矮64S”和“(GC-1／CBB23／／W9834S／合系15)XW9834S”中获得了17株携带IPT基因与Xa23基因的BC1F1植株,这些植株对来自北方稻区21个稻瘟病菌系全部表现为抗。携带IPT基因的抗病植株再与杂交稻亲本进行回交．在2个BC2回交组合“[(9311／／／合系15／CBB23／／GC-1)X9311]X9311’’和“[(E32／／／合系15／CBB23／／GC-1)XE32]XE32”中获得了7株携带IPT基因与Xa23基因的植株,这些植株再经过1—2代回交和自交,即可用于杂交稻育种。     

Oxalate Accumulation as Regulated by Nitrogen Forms and Its Relationship to Photosynthesis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Four-leaf rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.), which had been cultivated in Kimura B complete nutrient solution, were treated with two nitrogen forms by replacing the nitrogen element in the complete solution with sole nitrate or ammonium (2.86 mmol/L). Nitrate-N nutrition tended to increase oxalate content in all parts of the plant, including the leaves, stems, roots, and root exudates, whereas ammonium had the opposite effect. Consequently, marked differences in oxalate content were observed between the two treatments throughout the time tested (0--12 d), with maximal differences of approximately 12-fold at 6 d after treatment. Photosynthetic/respiratory parameters were examined over time simultaneously with changes in oxalate content. Net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (i.e. maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and photochemical quantum yields of photosystem (PS)Ⅱ (φ PSⅡ)), and respiratory rate were not significantly different between plants treated with the two nitrogen forms, although ammonium-fed plants had apparently higher leaf chlorophyll content than nitrate-fed plants. Leaf glucose content was altered little, but the content of fructose, sucrose, and total soluble sugar was significantly higher in the leaves of ammonium-fed plants than nitrate-fed plants, The results indicate that nitrate/ammonium may serve as efficient regulators of oxalate accumulation owing to regulation of metabolism in rice leaves rather than oxalate downward transfer and root excretion, and that photosynthetic metabolism is not directly correlated with the regulation of oxalate accumulation in rice plants.     

Oxalate Accumulation as Regulated by Nitrogen Forms and Its Relationship to Photosynthesis in Rice （Oryza sativa L.）

Four-leaf rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.), which had been cultivated in Kimura B complete nutrient solution, were treated with two nitrogen forms by replacing the nitrogen element in the complete solution with sole nitrate or ammonium (2.86 mmol/L). Nitrate-N nutrition tended to increase oxalate content in all parts of the plant, including the leaves, stems, roots, and root exudates, whereas ammonium had the opposite effect. Consequently, marked differences in oxalate content were observed between the two treatments throughout the time tested (0-12 d), with maximal differences of approximately 12-fold at 6d after treatment. Photosynthetic/respiratory parameters were examined over time simultaneously with changes in oxalate content. Net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (i.e. maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and photochemical quantum yields of photosystem (PS)II (ΦPSⅡ)), and respiratory rate were not significantly different between plants treated with the two nitrogen forms, although ammonium-fed plants had apparently higher leaf chlorophyll content than nitrate-fed plants. Leaf glucose content was altered little, but the content of fructose, sucrose, and total soluble sugar was significantly higher in the leaves of ammonium-fed plants than nitrate-fed plants. The results indicate that nitrate/ammonium may serve as efficient regulators of oxalate accumulation owing to regulation of metabolism in rice leaves rather than oxalate downward transfer and root excretion, and that photosynthetic metabolism is not directly correlated with the regulation of oxalate accumulation in rice plants.     

Accumulation of Soybean Glycinin and Its Assembly with the Glutelins in Rice

Saline-soluble glycinins and insoluble glutelins are the major storage proteins in soybean (Glycine max) and rice (Oryza sativa), respectively. In spite of their differences in solubility properties, both proteins are members of the 11S globulin gene family based on their similarities in primary sequences and processing of the coded protein. Wild-type and methionine-modified glycinin coding sequences were expressed in transgenic rice plants under the control of the rice glutelin GluB-1 promoter. Glycinins were specifically synthesized in the endosperm tissue and co-localized with glutelins in type II protein bodies. They assembled into 7S and 11S species, similar to what was observed in developing soybean seeds. This pattern was quite different from that displayed by the rice glutelins in untransformed plants, in which processed subunits sedimenting at 2S were apparent. In glycinin-expressing transgenic plants, however, glutelins were observed sedimenting at 7S and 11S with lesser amounts in the 2S region. A portion of the glycinins was also found associated in the insoluble glutelin fraction. Renaturation experiments suggested that the hybrid glycinin-glutelin oligomers were formed through specific interactions. Overall, these results indicate that despite significant differences in the assembly of soybean glycinin and rice glutelin, both proteins can assemble with each other to form soluble hexameric oligomers or insoluble aggregates.     

中国野生稻资源及其抗虫性

野生稻在中国有3种：普通野生稻（Oryza rufipogon Griff.),药用野生稻（O.officinalis Watt.et Watt)和疣粒野生稻（O.meyeriana Baill)。主要分布在热带亚热带的江河流域。多项研究表明,野生稻对多种害虫有较强的抗性,利用野生稻的优良特性采用杂交技术选育出新的抗虫品种,或从野生稻中提取抗虫物质对野生稻的利用和环境保护有重要意义。     

Dual Function of Rice OsDR8 Gene in Disease Resistance and Thiamine Accumulation

The function of OsDR8, a rice disease resistance-responsive gene, was studied. Silencing of OsDR8 using an RNA interference approach resulted in phenotypic alteration of the plants. The transgenic plants with repressed expression of OsDR8 showed reduced resistance or susceptibility to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Magnaporthe grisea causing bacterial blight and blast, which are two of the most devastating diseases in rice worldwide, respectively. The putative product of OsDR8 was highly homologous to an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the thiazole precursor of thiamine. Transgenic plants showing repressed expression of OsDR8 and reduced resistance had significantly lower levels of thiamine than the control plants. Exogenous application of thiamine could complement the compromised defense of the OsDR8-silenced plants. The expression level of several defense-responsive genes including the earlier functional genes of defense transduction pathway, OsPOX and OsPAL, and the downstream genes of the pathway, OsPR1a, OsPR1b, OsPR4, OsPR5 and OsPR10, was also decreased in the OsDR8-silenced plants. These results suggest that the impact of OsDR8 on disease resistance in rice may be through the regulation of expression of other defense-responsive genes and the site of OsDR8 function is on the upstream of the signal transduction pathway. In addition, the accumulation of thiamine may be essential for bacterial blight resistance and blast resistance. Gongnan Wang, Xinhua Ding: These authors contributed equally to this work.     

植物叶片中抗坏血酸含量与草酸积累的关系

不同植物和不同生长期烟草叶片中抗坏血酸含量变化与相应的草酸含量变化之间都无显著的相关性;喂饲外源抗坏血酸后的水稻和荞麦叶中草酸含量提高不明显。据此推测：尽管不能排除抗坏血酸可能是植物草酸合成的前体,但其内源含量高低不一定影响植物中草酸积累。     

草酸脱羧酶及其应用

草酸脱羧酶是一种含锰的酶,在白腐菌中广泛存在,少数低等真菌和细菌中也能产生。目前,至少10多种草酸脱羧酶得到了分离和纯化。该酶是一种氨基酸残基在379个左右的单体酶,一般都为酸性糖蛋白,含有2个锰离子,形成2个活性区域;表面一些氨基酸被不同程度地糖基化。晶体结构和其它一些波谱学研究解释了其空间结构和可能的电子传递机制。运用PCR技术和cDNA文库技术,越来越多的草酸脱羧酶基因被克隆。已研究的该酶基因中都含有17个左右的内含子,这些内含子在活性域位置上有比较高的保守性。一些特殊氨基酸序列的存在决定了该酶的表达形式为诱导型,菌株的基因调控序列中含有一段受草酸化合物作用的序列。该酶在一些酵母和植物等异源表达系统中有成功表达的报道。该酶的应用主要集中在以下几方面：造纸废水中的草酸盐降解;食品中的草酸降解;草酸生物检测（如,临床诊断）等。