吡虫啉与杀虫单对水稻飞虱和螟虫联合作用研究

在室内测定了吡虫啉与杀虫单混配对水稻褐飞虱Ｎｉｌａｐａｒｖａｔａｌｕｇｅｎｓ和二化螟Ｃｈｉｌｏｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓａｌｉｓ的联合作用,并进行了田间试验。结果表明吡虫啉与杀虫单复配对褐飞虱、二化螟有相加和增效作用,以配比1∶20～1∶40增效作用最好。吡虫啉对二化螟有较高的毒杀作用,以点滴法和稻茎浸渍法测得其致死中量为0 8873μｇ/头和0 3743ｍｇ Ｌ,分别是杀虫单的5 168倍和2 19倍。田间试验表明,在室内试验中ＣＴＣ值较高的配比(1∶22～1∶39)的药剂在田间对水稻飞虱和螟虫均有较好的防治效果,防治稻飞虱的防效在94 7%以上,防治二化螟的效果在55 6%～90 6%之间,防治三化螟的效果在55 13%～95 41%之间,防治稻纵卷叶螟的效果在81 6%以上。     

杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟的室内毒力及田间药效

分别测定了8种杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟的室内毒力及田间防效,结果表明:8种杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟的LC50为0.671-10171.07mg.L-1,毒力由高到低的顺序为:甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐>阿维菌素(B1)>氟虫腈>氟铃脲>丙溴磷>毒死蜱>三唑磷>杀虫单。甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素(B1)、氟虫腈、氟铃脲对稻纵卷叶螟的毒力分别为杀虫单的15180.7、5619.3、1611.9、997.2倍。在推荐剂量下,氟虫腈、丙溴磷、毒死蜱对稻纵卷叶螟防治效果较好,防效分别达86.11%、84.73%、83.37%。     

国外稻纵卷叶螟研究概述

<正> 水稻的卷叶性食叶害虫是多个属、种的复合体,包括稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis、稻显纹纵卷叶螟Susumia exigua及刷须野螟属Marasmia spp.,它们分布于东南亚及澳洲等地。其成虫形态及幼虫为害习性彼此甚为相似,颇易混淆,如在斐济,1961年以前,一直将显纹纵卷叶螟错当成刷须野螟;印度还有一种卷食稻叶的麦蛾Brachmia arotrae,也易与之混淆。六十年代以来,日本;越南、印度、马来西亚、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡等地都有稻纵卷叶螟数量上升和大发生的报道,如在日本,1967、1969、1971、1973、1974、1975、1980年都大发生,从而取代了该国过去稻显纹纵卷叶螟的优     

阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯混配对红脉穗螟的增效作用

【目的】阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯作为作用机制不同的2种杀虫剂,常被种植户用于红脉穗螟的防治;但是2种药剂的混配增效作用如何尚不明确。【方法】采用室内生物测定的方法,研究了阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯对红脉穗螟的生物活性,同时开展了2种药剂混配增效作用的研究。【结果】阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯均对红脉穗螟表现出胃毒活性,LC50值分别为22.24和18.18 mg·L~(-1)。阿维菌素(A)和高效氯氰菊酯(B)以质量浓度比(ρA∶ρB)4∶5和9∶5混配,对红脉穗螟表现出联合作用,共毒系数分别为93.78和107.78;以ρA∶ρB=5∶1混配后共毒系数达259.07,表现出显著的增效作用;而以ρA∶ρB=3∶10混配表现出拮抗作用,共毒系数仅为76.72。【结论】阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯在不同的混配比例下,会表现出不同的混配效果。其中,以质量浓度比5∶1混配表现出增效作用。     

不同释放密度和高度对稻螟赤眼蜂防控两种水稻螟虫效果的影响

稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead是二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)和稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée)的优势卵寄生蜂。为优化稻螟赤眼蜂田间释放技术,作者分别在安徽、福建和贵州进行了稻螟赤眼蜂不同释放高度和密度对防控两种水稻螟虫效果影响的田间试验。结果表明,对于防控稻纵卷叶螟,释放量一定时,赤眼蜂在稻株顶部以上5 cm高度、8点/0.07 hm 2释放密度的防治效果优于其他释放密度和高度的处理。而对于防控二化螟,不同释放高度对赤眼蜂防治效果差异不显著。     

nC22矿物油及其与吡虫啉混用对柑橘木虱的室内毒力评价

【目的】室内评价nC22矿物油单独使用,以及与吡虫啉混用对柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri的毒力,并筛选nC22矿物油对吡虫啉防治柑橘木虱具有增效作用的混配比例,为矿物油防治柑橘木虱的应用提供科学依据。【方法】使用nC22矿物油以及阳性对照nC23和nC28矿物油,采用浸渍法和喷雾法分别检测矿物油对柑橘木虱卵和低龄若虫、高龄若虫、成虫的致死作用,以处理后第7天(卵)和第1天(若虫和成虫)的LC 50值评估毒力。将nC22矿物油与吡虫啉以不同配比混配,测定混配液对低龄若虫的毒力,使用交互测定法、共毒因子(co-toxicity factor,CTF)法和共毒系数(co-toxicity coefficient,CTC)法评价矿物油对吡虫啉的增效作用。【结果】单独使用时,nC22矿物油对卵的LC 50值低于nC23和nC28矿物油;对低龄若虫和高龄若虫的LC 50值与nC23矿物油相当,都低于nC28矿物油;对成虫的LC 50值与nC28矿物油相当,都低于nC23矿物油。与吡虫啉混用时,nC22矿物油与吡虫啉混配比例为3∶7,4∶6和7∶3时,矿物油对吡虫啉有增效作用:交互测定法中柑橘木虱低龄若虫的实际死亡率位于等效线的上方,CTF值分别为34.807,22.655和40.798,CTC值分别为187.410,183.876和222.936。3种混配液中7∶3的混配比例对吡虫啉的增效作用最强。【结论】nC22矿物油对柑橘木虱的毒力高于进口nC23矿物油及传统nC28矿物油,且以适当混配比例混用时nC22矿物油对吡虫啉具有显著增效作用,理论上可大幅减少化学杀虫剂的使用量,可进一步通过田间试验进行验证。     

鱼藤酮和茶皂素对槟榔红脉穗螟的联合毒力

【背景】鱼藤酮和茶皂素均为典型的植物源药剂,而两者混配对棕榈害虫的防治效果还未见报道。【方法】采用室内毒力测定方法研究了鱼藤酮和茶皂素以不同比例混配对槟榔红脉穗螟的联合毒力。【结果】鱼藤酮和茶皂素对红脉穗螟3龄幼虫的LC50分别为19.06和35.07 mg·L-1。鱼藤酮和茶皂素以有效成分1∶1、5∶1、1∶2和1∶5混配后,对红脉穗螟均表现出增效作用。其中以1∶5混配处理组的共毒系数最高,达327.26;1∶2混配处理组次之,共毒系数为298.16。【结论与意义】鱼藤酮和茶皂素以合理比例混配,对红脉穗螟具有增效作用。     

氟雷拉纳与三种杀虫剂对灰飞虱的室内毒力及其联合作用

采用点滴法,测定了氟雷拉纳与毒死蜱、吡虫啉、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(简称甲维盐)单剂及其混剂对灰飞虱雌成虫的毒力,并通过共毒系数法评价复配药剂的联合作用。结果表明,氟雷拉纳和甲维盐对灰飞虱的毒力高,药后96 h,其LD_(50)值分别为0.382和0.201 ng/头;毒死蜱和吡虫啉对试虫的毒力低于氟雷拉纳和甲维盐,其LD_(50)值分别为1.127和1.016 ng/头。此外,氟雷拉纳与毒死蜱混配时表现出良好的增效作用,且配比为3∶2时,共毒系数最高为142;氟雷拉纳与甲维盐混配时,对灰飞虱的增效作用不显著,在配比为4∶1时,共毒系数仅为129;而氟雷拉纳与吡虫啉混配,当配比为2∶3和3∶2时对灰飞虱表现为拮抗作用,但配比为1∶4时表现为增效。以上结果说明,氟雷拉纳与毒死蜱复配对灰飞虱具有增效作用,可为研发田间有效防控该害虫的药剂组合提供科学依据。     

稻螟赤眼蜂对二化螟和台湾稻螟的控制潜能评价

为了明确稻螟赤眼蜂种群增长力与水稻螟虫种群增长力之间的关系和评价稻螟赤眼蜂的控害能力,通过生命表方法,组建了二化螟和台湾稻螟在水稻上的实
验种群生命表,以及稻螟赤眼蜂在二化螟卵和台湾稻螟卵上的生殖力表,测定了稻螟赤眼蜂对两种螟虫卵的寄生能力.结果表明：二化螟和台湾稻螟的世代历期（T）分别为56.40 d和47.80 d,内禀增长率（r_m）分别为0.0489和0.072.稻螟赤眼蜂在二化螟卵和台湾稻螟卵上的平均T分别为9.75 d和9.78 d,r_m分别为0.3161和0.3154.通过比较分析稻螟赤眼蜂与两种螟虫的实验种群生命表参数,可知稻螟赤眼蜂能够有效控制两种水稻螟虫,赤眼蜂种群增长力相对于螟虫种群是超前而不是跟随关系.     

中国水稻害虫发生与防治研究进展

<正> 水稻害虫对我国水稻的高产、稳产影响极大,一般年份损失约10％,大发生年达20％。据中国科学院动物研究所报道,全国稻区已知的稻虫种类有250多种,其中严重危害的有二化螟、三化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、褐飞虱、白背飞虱和黑尾叶蝉等6种;某些年份或局部地区危害较重的有大螟、稻苞虫、稻蓟马等31种;其余种类危害较轻或偶而见到。我国稻虫种类虽多,但其中以     

三种杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫和天敌的影响

通过对施用杀虫剂吡虫啉、抗蚜威、广谱性杀虫剂氧化乐果对麦田蚜虫和天敌的影响进行分析 ,结果表明 ,施用杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫防效高 ,对其天敌有保护作用 ,且瓢蚜比降低。使用 1 0 %吡虫啉( 1 0g 667m2 )后 5～ 2 5天瓢蚜比为 1∶34～ 1∶1 70 ;用 50 %抗蚜威 ( 5g 667m2 )后 1 0～ 2 0天瓢蚜比为 1∶31～1∶1 95;而广谱性杀虫剂氧化乐果 ( 50mL 667m2 )对麦田蚜虫防效好 ,对天敌杀伤力大 ,药后 1 5天瓢蚜比为1∶2 65。施用化学农药可使蚜茧蜂寄生率提高。     

Can insecticide mixtures be considered to surmount neonicotinoid resistance in Bemisia tabaci?

Cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci is an important polyphagous pest worldwide. It is exposed to various chemical insecticides throughout the year, resulting in the rapid development of insecticide resistance. Mixtures of insecticides with distinct modes of action could enhance the toxicity of chemicals more effectively than sequences or rotations in resistant pest populations. Bioassays were conducted to study the efficacy of mixtures of neonicotinoid and ketoenol insecticides at different ratios against a laboratory susceptible (Lab-WB) and a neonicotinoid resistant (TMX-SEL) strain of B. tabaci Asia I. The results showed that mixtures of imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam or dinotefuran with spiromesifen at 1:1, 1:10 and 1:20 ratios and of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam or dinotefuran with spirotetramat at 1:1 ratio significantly increased (p < 0.05) toxicity to neonicotinoids in TMX-SEL strain. The combination indices of each tested neonicotinoids + ketoenols at 1:1 ratio and of acetamiprid + spiromesifen, and imidacloprid or dinotefuran + spirotetramat at 1:10 ratio for TMX-SEL strain were significantly below 1, suggesting synergistic interactions. The inhibitors PBO and DEF largely overcame resistance to the tested neonicotinoids, while none of the synergists significantly restored the susceptibility of B. tabaci to ketoenols. Increased activities of P450 monooxygenase and esterase were observed in TMX-SEL strain with an elevated 2.76 and 1.32-fold, respectively. Mixtures of neonicotinoids with spiromesifen or spirotetramat at a 1:1 ratio could be used to restore the neonicotinoid susceptibility in B. tabaci.     

Synergistic effect and field control efficacy of the binary mixture of permethrin and chlorpyrifos to brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens)

The brown Planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens is a major pest of rice production in tropical Asia. The appearance of insecticide resistance challenges the control of BPH in field. The development of new insecticide is expensive and time-consuming. Thus, the precise and proper use of existing compounds becomes an important issue in resistance management of this pest. In this study, five commercial insecticides of BPH (permethrin, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam) were tested to explore the toxicity of the binary mixture between different kinds of insecticides. In all combinations of mixture, the mixtures of permethrin and chlorpyrifos displays synergistic effect at three different mixture ratios (1:1, 1:10 and 10:1). The strongest synergism observed in permethrin/ chlorpyrifos mixtures at 1:1 ratio (Combination index, CI = 0.39). Addition of enzyme inhibitor followed by detoxification enzyme activity assays suggested that the mechanism of synergistic effect of permethrin/chlorpyrifos mixture may result from inhibition of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and esterase activity. This inference can be supported through two lines of evidence. One is decrease of toxicity when permethrin/chlorpyrifos mixture in a 1:1 ratio plus triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or piperonyl butoxide (PBO), but increase of toxicity when permethrin/chlorpyrifos mixture in a 10:1 ratio plus TPP or PBO. Another is exposure of the 3rd instar nymphs to permethrin/chlorpyrifos mixture after 72 h also significantly decreased both cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and esterase activity. Further field trail showed the mixture of 50 ppm permethrin +50 ppm chlorpyrifos increased the field control efficiency significantly rather than permethrin alone or chlorpyrifos alone. Our study indicated that the mixture of permethrin and chlorpyrifos in a 1:1 ratio might be an effective method for the control of BPH in paddy field.     

Evaluation of synergistic interactions between the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) pathogen Beauveria bassiana and the insecticides, imidacloprid, and cyromazine

Laboratory studies investigated the interaction between the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and sublethal doses of the insecticides imidacloprid and cyromazine when applied to larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). When second instars were fed potato leaf discs treated with sublethal doses of imidacloprid and a range of doses of B. bassiana, a synergistic action was demonstrated. Similar results were observed when larvae were sprayed directly with B. bassiana conidia and immediately fed leaf discs treated with imidacloprid. No synergistic interaction was detected when larvae were fed leaf discs treated with sublethal doses ofimidacloprid 24 h after application of B. bassiana conidia to larvae. However, a synergistic interaction was detected when larvae were fed leaf discs treated with imidacloprid and sprayed with B. bassiana conidia 24 h later. Although sublethal doses of both imidacloprid and the triazine insect growth regulator (IGR) cyromazine prolonged the duration of the second instar, only imidacloprid interacted with B. bassiana to produce a synergistic response in larval mortality. In leaf consumption studies, the highest dose of B. bassiana tested promoted feeding in inoculated second instars. Feeding was inhibited when larvae were fed foliage treated with sublethal doses of imidacloprid and significantly reduced when fed foliage treated with a sublethal dose of cyromazine. Starvation of larvae for 24 h immediately after B. bassiana treatment produced a similar result to the combined treatment of B. bassiana and imidacloprid and increased the level of mycosis when compared with B. bassiana controls. Imidacloprid treatment affected neither the rate of germination of B. bassiana conidia on the insect cuticle nor the rate at which conidia were removed from the integument after application. The statistical analysis used to detect synergism and the possible role of starvation-induced stress factors underlying the observed synergistic interactions are discussed.     

Combination treatment with MEK and AKT inhibitors is more effective than each drug alone in human non-small cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo

AZD6244 and MK2206 are targeted small-molecule drugs that inhibit MEK and AKT respectively. The efficacy of this combination in lung cancer is unknown. Our previous work showed the importance of activated AKT in mediating resistance of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to AZD6244. Thus we hypothesized that dual inhibition of both downstream MEK and AKT pathways would induce synergistic antitumor activity. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of AZD6244 and MK2206 individually on a large panel of lung cancer cell lines. Then, we treated 28 human lung cancer cell lines with a combination of AZD6244 and MK2206 at clinically applicable drug molar ratios. The AZD6244-MK2206 combination therapy resulted in a synergistic effect on inhibition of lung cancer cell growth compared to the results of single drug treatment alone. MK2206 enhanced AZD6244-induced Bim overexpression and apoptosis in A549 and H157 cells. When we tested the combination of AZD6244 and MK2206 at ratios of 8∶1, 4∶1, 2∶1, and 1∶8, we found that the synergistic effect of the combination therapy was ratio-dependent. At ratios of 8∶1, 4∶1, and 2∶1, the drug combination consistently demonstrated synergy, whereas decreasing the ratio to 1∶8 resulted in a loss of synergy and produced an additive or antagonistic effect in most cell lines. Furthermore, the AZD6244-MK2206 combination therapy showed synergy in the suppression of A549 and H157 xenograft tumor growth and increased mean animal survival time. The AZD6244-MK2206 combination therapy resulted in effective inhibition of both p-ERK and p-AKT expression in tumor tissue. In addition, a significant increase of apoptosis was detected in tumor tissue from mice treated with AZD6244-MK2206 compared with that from the single agent treated mice. Our study suggests that the combination of AZD6244 and MK2206 has a significant synergistic effect on tumor growth in vitro and in vivo and leads to increased survival rates in mice bearing highly aggressive human lung tumors.     

苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ混合物对棉铃虫幼虫神经细胞钠通道的影响

杀虫植物苦皮藤Celastrus angulatus的主要活性成分苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ处理后昆虫的中毒症状分别表现为麻醉和兴奋,但苦皮藤素Ⅳ对苦皮藤素Ⅴ的毒杀效果具有增效作用,苦皮藤素Ⅴ对苦皮藤素Ⅳ的麻醉作用基本没有影响。应用全细胞膜片钳技术,就苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ不同比例（3∶1,1∶1,1∶3）混合物对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫离体培养神经细胞钠离子通道的影响进行了比较。结果表明：苦皮藤素Ⅳ和苦皮藤素Ⅴ的不同比例混合物对钠通道（TTX-S）电流作用与二者所占比例有关,苦皮藤素Ⅳ比例大,表现出苦皮藤素Ⅳ对通道的阻滞效应,钠电流被抑制; 苦皮藤素Ⅴ比例大,则表现出对通道的激活,钠电流增大。另外,两者不同比例混合物对钠通道（TTX-S）电流的激活电压无明显影响,但对峰值电压影响显著,可使其向正电位方向移动10～20 mV。这些结果说明苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ可能作用于一个相同的钠通道结合位点或别构偶联位点,二者对钠通道的作用是一种拮抗作用。     

Effect of lecithin on the inhibitory efficiency of α-tocopherol during methyl oleate oxidation

It has been established that the effect of lecithin on the oxidation of methyl oleate depends on the rate of the free radical initiation: lecithin does not affect the reaction rate at high rates of radical initiation (the initiated oxidation) and accelerates the oxidation at low rates (autooxidation), causing the reduction of the induction period. The inhibitory action of mixtures of lecithin and the natural antioxidant α-tocopherol depends on the concentrations of both α-tocopherol and lecithin at different rates of oxidation. The inhibitory efficiency of mixtures with low concentrations of α-tocopherol is close to additive. Increasing the initial concentration of α-tocopherol in mixtures causes a gain in the synergistic effect. The synergistic effect depends extremally on lecithin concentration at high concentrations of α-tocopherol. The mechanism of the synergistic effect for the mixtures of α-tocopherol and lecithin is discussed.