贵州蚋属一新种 (双翅目：蚋科)

 记述采自贵州雷公山的蚋属一新种, 显著蚋Simulium (Simulium) prominentum, 新种 。根据其蛹和幼虫的特征显著而命名, 对其幼期形态进行描述并与其近缘种作分类讨论。     

贵州蚋属一新种(双翅目：蚋科)

记述采自贵州雷公山的蚋属一新种, 显著蚋Simulium (Simulium) prominentum, 新种。根据其蛹和幼虫的特征显著而命名, 对其幼期形态进行描述并与其近缘种作分类讨论。     

Quantitative studies on the eggs of Simulium (Simulium) ornatum Meigen and Simulium (Wilhelmia) equinum L. in a chalk stream in southern England

Abstract.

• 1 The egg masses of Simulium ornatum, S.equinum and S.vernum are described and information is given on numbers of eggs per egg mass and the size and number of batches laid by individual females.
• 2 The oviposition sites were studied in relation to water velocity, wind speed and direction.
• 3 The incubation periods at different river temperatures and the effects of desiccation on percentage hatch and incubation times were investigated.
• 4 The numbers of eggs laid were assessed for the winter generations of S. ornatum and S.equinum. The relevance of these to the overall production estimates is discussed

     

兴义维蚋多线染色体研究（英文）

首次在国内对兴义维蚋Simulium (Wilhelmia) xingyiense的多线染色体进行研究, 并提供其多线染色体标准图。选取兴义维蚋的成熟幼虫, 用改良苯酚品红染色法进行唾腺多线染色体制备, 并进行测量、 描述及分析。结果表明： 兴义维蚋多线染色体数目为3对（2n=6）。Ⅰ号染色体具中央着丝粒, Ⅱ和Ⅲ号染色体均为亚中央着丝粒染色体。核仁组织者区位于Ⅰ号染色体短臂近着丝粒端。巴尔比尼氏环和双泡位于Ⅱ号染色体短臂近中央位置。3对染色体的着丝粒区可形成明显的染色中心。兴义维蚋多线染色体具有多态性的倒位, 倒位频率为0.64。兴义维蚋多线染色体的着丝粒、 核仁组织区、 巴氏环、 双泡等主要特征性结构的位置及形态恒定一致,可作为该种的重要鉴别特征。其多态性的倒位可为该蚋种在细胞水平上进行蚋类分类鉴别和系统发育等研究提供基础资料。     

穴蚁蛉幼虫期的食物量对各虫态历期的影响研究

穴蚁蛉在自然条件下１年发生１代,本实验证明,不同的饲食频率可影响幼虫的发育历期,在每天饲给１头米蛾成虫的情况下,１年可发生３代。１个世代可以在全历期都处于长日照和没有低温的条件下完成,其发育可以不需要光周期变化诱发,１５日饲食１次的穴蚁蛉,３龄 虫     

Drift behaviour and microhabitat selection in the preimaginal stages of Simulium chutteri (Diptera Simuliidae)

The aquatic stages of the cattle biting pest, Simulium chutteri Lewis utilize river flow in their dispersal and colonization behaviour. Peaks of drifting activity in S. chutteri larvae occurred in the early morning and late afternoon. It is deduced that female flies scatter eggs onto slow flowing waters upstream of rapids. Larvae hatch from drifting eggs and colonize substrates in slower flowing regions upstream of rapids, while later stage instars move into faster flowing regions within rapids where they complete their development. This microhabitat selection by S. chutteri leads to rapid attainment of large population sizes in suitable sections of river and reduces competition between different stage larvae. In their utilization of a variety of microhabitats the larvae of this species differ from co-existing simuliid species which restrict developmental stages to single habitats.Catastrophic drift was recorded for S. chutteri larvae and could be a mechanism to regulate population size.Drift of simuliid larvae off rapids was not related to benthic population densities in the rapids and was therefore not due to excessive production. It is concluded that larval drift off rapids is related to habitat disturbances associated with water flow fluctuations and the activity of aquatic predators and other animals.The distribution of S. chutteri in the Vaal River is restricted by oviposition requirements of the adult female. Knowledge of drift behaviour and water flow requirements of Simuliidae have been applied to manage the population size of S. chutteri in the Vaal River.     

河南省蚋属一新种(双翅目:蚋科)

记述采自河南1新种:河南纺蚋Simulium (Nevermannia) henanense, sp. nov.。根据其外生殖器的形状、幼虫和蛹的特征,本新种隶属于Simulium (Nevermannia)的宽足蚋组vernum-group。其蛹的特征与中国的 S. (N.) xinbinense 和西马来西亚的 S. (N.) kurtaki 相似,但是与后2种在雌虫股节的颜色、幼虫后颊裂和直肠腮的形状迥异,可资鉴别。模式标本存放于贵阳医学院生物学教研室。正模:♀,河南焦作云台山白龙潭,海拔 1 060 m,东经113°25',北纬35°14',韦静采;副模:1♀,12蛹,18幼虫,同正模。     

贵州纺蚋亚属二新种(双翅目： 蚋科)

记述了采自贵州雷公山自然保护区的纺蚋二新种,清水纺蚋Simulium (Nevermannia) qingshuiense sp. Nov.和桥落纺蚋S. (N.) qiaolaoense sp. Nov.,二者均以其产地命名。文中对其成虫、蛹和幼虫形态进行了全面描述,并与其近缘种进行分类讨论。模式标本存放在贵阳医学院生物学教研室。     

青海特蚋亚属一新种(双翅目:蚋科)

Simulium (Tetisimulium) xiaodaoense sp. nov. is described based on the female specimens collected from Qinghai, China. This species is assigned to the subgenus Tetisimulium, and is closely related to S. (T.) tachengense An and Mahe, 1994 and S. (T.) wutaishanense An and Yan, 2003. However, it is clearly differentiated from them by the structure of gonapophyses, genital fork, genital plate, paraproct and cercus of the female. All the specimens are kept in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing.     

Two new species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) from Peninsular Malaysia, with keys to Peninsular Malaysian members of the Simulium ceylonicum species-group

Two new species of black flies, Simulium (Gomphostilbia) roslihashimisp. n. and Simulium (Gomphostilbia) lurauensesp. n., are described on the basis of reared adult, pupal and larval specimens collected from Peninsular Malaysia. These two new species are placed in the ceylonicum species-group within the subgenus Gomphostilbia. Simulium (Gomphostilbia) roslihashimisp. n. is most distinctive with the male having almost entirely yellow antennae, and Simulium (Gomphostilbia) lurauensesp. n. is characterized in the female by having the elongate sensory vesicle and the yellowish-white hairs on the base of the costal vein and on the stem vein, in the male by the greater number of large upper-eye facets and the spindle-shaped hind basitarsi which are much narrower than the hind tibiae and femora and in the pupa by the small terminal hooks. Keys to species of the ceylonicum species-group reported from Peninsular Malaysia are provided for females, males, pupae and mature larvae.     

思茅新木蛾幼虫取食行为的研究

本文对思茅新木蛾Neospastis simaona Wang幼虫的取食行为、取食偏好性以及明暗条件对其取食量的影响进行了观察研究,为该昆虫的防治提供了理论依据。研究结果表明:思茅新木蛾幼虫随着龄期的增加,取食次数增多,取食总时间增加,但一次取食时间无明显变化;思茅新木蛾幼虫对木荷(Schima superba)有强烈嗜食性,4龄幼虫喜食木荷幼叶,5、6龄幼虫对木荷幼叶、成熟叶无明显偏好性;明暗条件对思茅新木蛾4至6龄幼虫的取食量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。     

Identification of semiochemicals attractive to Simulium vittatum (IS‐7)

Many blackfly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) are economically important insect pests, both as nuisance biters and as vectors of pathogens of medical and veterinary relevance. Among the important blackfly pest species in North America is Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt sensu lato. The objective of this study was to identify compounds excreted by mammalian hosts that are attractive to host‐seeking S. vittatum females. The attractiveness of putative compounds to colonized S. vittatum was tested through electrophysiological (electroantennography; n = 58 compounds) and behavioural (Y‐tube assays; n = 7 compounds in three concentrations) bioassays. Five compounds were significantly attractive to host‐seeking S. vittatum females: 1‐octen‐3‐ol; 2‐heptanone; acetophenone; 1‐octanol, and naphthalene. These candidate compounds might be useful as attractants in traps that could be developed for use in alternative or complementary management tactics in programmes to suppress nuisance blackfly populations, or for the collection of samples in which to study the transmission ecology of pathogens transmitted by blackflies of the S. vittatum complex.     

Activity and swimming speed at time of first feeding of halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) larvae

Atlantic halibut larvae show an increase in activity, together with a decrease in swimming speed during active periods, occurring from day 26 onwards, which corresponds approximately to 50% yolk absorption.     

青岛近岸海域马粪海胆摄食的实验生态学研究

对采自青岛近岸海域的马粪海胆从其对各种饵料的选择和摄食吸收、温度与自身湿重对其摄食率的影响以及摄食活动特征等方面进行实验生态学研究。结果表明 ,马粪海胆在多种海藻并存的情况下 ,对海带及裙带菜等褐藻具明显的选择性 ,对石花菜及孔石莼等藻类的喜好性较差 ,但在食物匮乏条件下 ,马粪海胆的食谱则变得相当广泛。马粪海胆对裙带菜及海带的摄食率均明显高于孔石莼 ,但其对孔石莼的饵料吸收率则高于海带及裙带菜。马粪海胆的摄食受温度条件及自身湿重的影响 ,温度偏离适宜范围对摄食有抑制作用 ,日摄食率与湿重呈显著的指数下降关系 ,摄食率与湿重、温度因子可建立具较高可靠性的指数回归模型。马粪海胆对食物的口面吸附与对其摄食密切相关 ,其摄食活动与湿重呈显著的指数下降关系 ,而与排便活动呈显著的正相关 ,随湿重增加排便活动虽呈下降趋势 ,但未达显著水平。自然光照条件下马粪海胆的夜间摄食强度通常高于日间 ,但在全遮盖的无光照条件下这种昼夜摄食差异则变得不显著 ;对摄食活动的连续观测表明马粪海胆的摄食活动受光强变化的影响 ,其摄食活动的高峰出现在光强减弱的早间及傍晚 ,而日间的强光照环境会抑制其摄食活动     

Diel abundance, migration and feeding of fish larvae (Eleotridae) in a floodplain billabong

Eleotrid larvae (2.1–16 mm) were collected from surface waters of a billabong in south-eastern Australia. Estimates of larval density in plankton net samples at night averaged 148.3 larvae per m³ and 16.6 larvae per m³ during the day. In contrast, pump samples provided density estimates of 8.3 larvae per m³ at night and 0.9 larvae per m³ during the day. Larval densities did not differ between open water, snag (fallen tree) and Typha habitats, but Typha habitats yielded larger larvae than other habitats. 32.9% of larvae in pump samples were damaged and unmeasurable, creating a bias favouring larger larvae. The modal length of larvae in net samples at night was 5–6 mm, compared with 3–4 mm during the day, reflecting both greater net avoidance by larger larvae during the daytime and dispersal of smaller larvae from the surface at night. Dispersion patterns of larvae suggest that classes of larvae smaller than, and larger than 5.0 mm exhibit reciprocal diel vertical migration behaviour linked to ontogenetic changes in diet. Larvae less than 5 mm fed only during the day and preyed exclusively on rotifers, whereas larger larvae continued to feed at night and consumed mostly planktonic crustaceans.     

Effects of elevated CO2 on feeding preference and performance of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae

Multiple‐choice assays were conducted in the laboratory to examine the effect of CO₂‐induced changes in leaf quality on growth, nutritional indices and preferences of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae. The tested tree species, one‐year‐old aspen (Populus pseudo‐simonii Kitag.), two‐year‐old birch (Betula platyphylla) and three‐year‐old oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch.) were transplanted to open‐top chambers at ambient or elevated CO₂ (650 ppm) concentrations in May 2005. The present study was conducted in 2006. Leaves from the upper and lower crowns of each tree species were sampled and analysed, respectively. On both measurement dates (24 July 2006 and 16 August 2006), there were significant CO₂ effects on levels of condensed tannin, starch, nitrogen and C : N ratio. But only on the latter date, were the concentrations of total phenolics, soluble sugar, carbon and total non‐structural carbohydrates significantly affected by elevated CO₂. Leaf dry weight content and specific leaf weight were almost completely unaffected by CO₂ enrichment. Gypsy moth larvae exhibited a clear selectivity for tested leaf types (leaves from the upper and lower crowns of each tree species) even in their early instar stage, with the upper leaves of P. pseudo‐simonii being the most preferable and the lower leaves of Q. mongolica being the least preferred. The changes in leaf quality significantly reduced larval growth and altered partial indices of insect performance (e.g., relative growth rate and relative consumption rate). However, at least in this short‐term choice feeding assay (13 days), the CO₂‐induced changes in leaf quality had no significant effects on food preference behaviour of the gypsy moth larvae, neither within the limited range of host plants nor within the leaves at different canopy heights of the same tree species.     

兴义维蚋幼虫扭动摄食方式的神经-肌肉结构基础

蚋类幼虫为河流清洁者,可作为水污染的指标.本文用抗辣根过氧化物酶抗体(anti-HRP)和鬼笔环肽(phalloidin),通过免疫荧光显示兴义维蚋Simulium xingyiense幼虫腹神经索及外周神经与肌肉连接结构.结果表明幼虫腹神经索由11对神经节及连接的神经索组成.每对体神经节由两团神经胞体聚合而成,细胞核分布呈无头无尾的Φ形.在1～5腹神经节两侧,纵神经连接横神经呈现"梯形结构";虫体腹部肌肉分横肌、纵肌和斜肌3类肌群.神经节中部发出两对侧神经入腹肌,再继续分支,其神经末梢呈链珠状突触结构连接肌肉,增加神经与肌肉的接触面积.这种神经-肌肉的连接方式可能与兴义维蚋幼虫扭动摄食行为有关.本研究初步阐述了兴义维蚋幼虫腹神经索及腹部神经与肌肉连接的细微结构基础.     

陕西省蚋属一新种记述(双翅目:蚋科)

Simulium (Simulium) liubaense, sp. nov. is described based on the female specimens collected from Liuba, Shaanxi Province, China. This species is assigned to the variegotum-group of the subgenus Simulium, and is closely related to S. (S.) jingfui Cai and An, 2008, S. (S.) taiwanicum Takaoka, 1979, S. (S.) hackeri Edwards 1928, S. (S.) chamlongi Takaoka and Suzuki, 1984. However it is clearly differentiated from them by the structure of cibarium, genital fork, genital plate, paraproct and cercus of the female. All the specimens are kept in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing.