水稻(威优49)幼苗根系K~+(~(86)Rb~+)吸收的调节

杂交稻威优49幼苗根系的K~+(~(86)Rb~+)吸收速率受到根含钾量的直接反馈调节,而与地上部的含钾量无显著相关性。随着根部含钾量的增加,K~+(~(86)Rb~+)净吸收的速率减小。净吸收速率的改变主要是由于内流速率的变化,而受外流速率变化的影响不大。根系上运K~+(~(86)Rb~+)滞后于吸收约1.5h。但上运一旦开始后,运输速率便不受根和地上部含钾量变化的影响。这表明杂交稻威优49幼苗根系K~+(~(86)Rb~+)吸收速率的改变主要受根部液泡含钾量的调节,而向上运输则决定于细胞质的K~+(~(86)Rb~+)状态。     

Ca~(++)促进大麦根K~+吸收的过程分析

吸收溶液中CaCl_2促进了大麦根K~+净吸收,Ca~(++)本身对H~+分泌无影响,Cl~-减少了H~+净分泌量。 含有~(86)Rb的大麦根在1m mol/L KCl溶液中发生~(86)Rb外流,在H_2O、1m mol/L NaCl或0.5 m mol/L CaCl_2中没有明显外流。VO_4~(3-)、NaN_3和4℃低温均可以减少根段在1m mol/L KCl溶液中的~(86)Rb外流量。Ca~(++)抑制K~+(~(86)Rb~+)的外流,EDTA加剧外流,Ca~(++)可以逆转EDTA的效应。 Ca~(++)抑制K~+(~(86)Rb)外流和促进K~+净吸收的趋势相吻合。K~+吸收的通量分析结果表明,Ca~(++)抑制K~+通过质膜的外流,促进K~+由细胞质向液泡中转运,而不影响K~+通过质膜的内流速率。     

耐低钾籼稻幼苗根部的K~ (~(86)Rb~ )运输和通量分析

用通量分析的方法比较研究籼稻73—07和税稻80—66根部K~ (~(86)Rb~ )的吸收和运输的差异。耐低钾的籼稻73—07根部吸收和运输K~ (~(86)Rb~ )的速率显著高于不耐低钾的釉稻80—66。前者的J_(oc)和J_(cx)分别为后者的5.9和5.6倍。籼稻73—07根部的Q_c和Q_v均高于籼稻80—66。由于上运速度快,籼稻73—07的t_c/2显著小于籼稻80—66,表明籼稻73—07根部的K~ (~(86)Rb~ )周转快,有利于根部从低钾介质中吸收K~ 。     

三系杂交稻幼苗NH_4~+、K~+吸收的动力学分析

三系杂交稻幼苗的NH_4~+吸收速率,汕优6号〉汕优3号〉南优3号〉军优。在亲本与子代的关系上,杂交第一代(F_1)的NH_4~+吸收速率介于父本与母本之间,而偏向于父本。在NH_4~+吸收的动力学参数方面,F_1的K_m小于母本而大于父本;F_1的V_(max)都大于母本而小于父本。杂交稻的NH_4~+吸收速率受到父本的遗传影响。 汕优6号、汕优3号和南优3号的K~+吸收速率很相近而且都大于亲本,表现有杂交优势。虽然优势不是很强,但在一生中可积累很多的钾。 NH_4~+抑制水稻幼苗K~+的吸收速率,但并不完全抑制K~+的吸收。K~+对NH_4~+的吸收速率没有影响。NH_4~+抑制K~+的吸收有竞争的性质。NH_4~+抑制K~+吸收的这种方式很可能是一种变构调节。     

盐渍土壤大果沙枣树主要矿质阳离子的吸收和分配特征

为探明大果沙枣树体矿质离子渗透调节机制,比较分析了盐渍化生境中1～12a生树的根、枝和叶部主要矿质阳离子的吸收、分配特征。结果表明:(1)大果沙枣树体内Ca~(2+)的积累量最高(13.79 g/kg),K~+次之(5.92 g/kg),Na~+最低(1.00 g/kg);随着树龄的增大,大果沙枣根部的Na~+以及枝和叶部的K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的积累量均逐渐增大,而根部的K~+含量则逐渐减少;高龄段(10～12a)树体根部的Na~+累积量显著(P0.05)高于中低龄(1～9a)段。(2)大果沙枣树体内K~+/Na~+最大(15.36),Mg~(2+)/Na~+次之(12.25),Ca~(2+)/Na~+最小(10.51),根和枝部的K~+/Na~+均随着树龄的增大而降低,叶部则表现相反。(3)土壤中的K~+和Mg~(2+)向根方向、根部K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)向枝方向以及根部的K~+和Mg~(2+)向叶方向的选择运移系数均随着树龄的增大呈直线上升趋势。(4)土壤中Na~+与根部Na~+含量呈极显著正相关关系(0.687,P0.01),与叶部的K~+含量呈显著正相关(0.605,P0.05);土壤中K~+含量与根部的Na~+、叶部的K~+分别呈显著和极显著正相关(0.544,0.676),与根部的Mg~(2+)呈显著负相关关系(-0.499)。研究发现,大果沙枣树生长过程中主要通过根部对Na~+的聚积作用,以及K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)在枝、叶部的吸收积累来维持植物体离子平衡,以适应盐渍土壤环境。     

Na~ ,K~ 和ABA对盐胁迫大麦根液泡膜ATPase活性的影响

许多植物液泡膜ATPaso活性与植物抗盐性有关(Bremberger等1988,Matsumoto和Chung 1988,Gabarino和Dupont 1988)。当植物生长在高浓度NaCl环境中时,液泡膜上Na~ /K~ 交换对维持细胞质中高K~ /Na~ 起重要作用(Jeschke     

钒酸钠、叠氮钠对小麦根细胞K~+吸收和质膜K~+-Mg~(2+)-ATPase的作用

Neurospora细胞膜质子泵(H~+-ATPase)专一性抑制剂钒酸钠,抑制小麦离体根K~+的吸收与H~+分泌,并抑制小麦根细胞膜-K~+-Mg~(2+)-ATPase活力。它对K~+吸收的抑制效应,可能是抑制质膜K~+-Mg~(2+)-ATPase活力的结果。而且在起抑制作用的时间上有明显地不同,表明钒酸钠对K~+、H~+在细胞膜中的通道影响不同。叠氮钠解链小麦根的呼吸,降低根细胞的ATP水平,但从实验开始就完全抑制小麦根K~+的吸收,对质膜K~+-Mg~(2+)-ATP-ase的活力没有影响。可能叠氮钠只阻止“载体”对K~+接受的过程。应用~86R_b+示踪的K~+吸收试验表明,钒酸钠对小麦根K~+吸收的抑制%,不为增加外部溶液K~+浓度而减低。增加底物ATP浓度,也不能减低钒酸钠对质膜-ATPase的抑制%。钒酸钠的抑制作用是非竞争性抑制。~3H-亮氨酸渗入试验表明钒酸钠对“载体”的合成没有干扰作用。VO_4~(3-)离子明显促进小麦根的呼吸,并提高根细胞的ATP水平,这种ATP水平的提高,可能是质膜-ATPase受到抑制,主动运输过程减弱的结果。     

一个异源胞质单体附加系小麦的遗传分析

以长穗偃麦草(Elytrigia elongata=Agropyron elongatum,2n=70)为母本,普通小麦为父本,进行核代换回交,在第九次回交的F_1(BC,F_1)代里,发现了一个异源胞质单体附加系小麦,代号E617。以E617做母本,普通小麦做父本进行杂交,杂种F_1出现正常株和弱株两种类型。正常株具有43条染色体,弱株具有42条染色体。反交,以普通小麦做母本,E617做父本,杂种F_1,无论是具有43条染色体还是具有42条染色体的植株,都是正常的。正反杂交结果表明,长穗偃麦草细胞质对普通小麦的细胞核产生了抑制作用,使核质杂种生长不正常,而附加一条特异的长穗偃麦草染色体(或端体),就能消除长穗偃麦草细胞质的抑制作用,使核质杂种恢复正常生长。     

元麦叶切段与其原生质体的~(86)Rb~ 吸收及H~ 分泌的比较分析

叶切段和原生质体的~(86)Rb 吸收在1 h内与时间成正比,H~ 分泌在pH 5.4～5.6时明显减弱。两者的~(86)Rb~ 吸收和H~ 分泌对FC、CCCP、DES、DCMU、NaN_3、黑暗处理的反应程度相似。酶处理及脱壁没有使~(86)Rb~ 吸收和H~ 分泌发生很大的改变。 高渗条件下的叶切段的~(86)Rb~ 吸收速率比等水势条件下的快,但两者对上述多种处理的反应程度相似。~(86)Rb~ 吸收都与时间成正比。等渗及高渗条件下的叶切段的H~ 分泌对供气不足的敏感性相似。高渗处理没有使~(86)Rb~ 吸收的基本机制发生很大的改变。 0.6 M甘露醇的高渗条件下的叶切段的~(86)Rb~ 吸收速率比0.4 M甘露醇的高渗溶液下的叶切段大得多。说明膨压不是~(86)Rb~ 吸收的调节信号。 漂浮叶切段没有供氧不足的现象,DCMU处理不能使叶切段及原生质体的~(86)Rb~ 吸收和H~ 分泌减少到黑暗水平,说明氧化磷酸化和光合磷酸化均与物质运输的能量有关。     

脱落酸对菜豆根溢泌的调节

1×10~(-6)MABA促进经去离子水或10 mM KCl溶液预处理启再置于去离子水中的菜豆根的溢泌量,促进K~ 、Cl~-、NO~3~-、H_2PO_4~-向木质部的运输速率和这些离子在溢泌液中的浓度。但对根系的K~ 离子吸收无促进作用,也无抑制作用。 ABA处理的菜豆根20分钟之内,~(86)Rb~ 的运输速率为对照的1.4倍,溢泌速率为对照的3.5倍。6-BA抑制溢泌速率和离子向木质部的运输速率,6-BA降低ABA的促进作用。 菜豆叶片上涂布的ABA(90μg/株)可以运向根部,使根部的ABA含量增加到对照的3.6倍。菜豆植株的地上部经干热风处理后,根内的ABA含量减少到对照的大约1/3,根的溢泌速率和K~ 的运输速率也随之减少。     

Structure and function of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

In mammals, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) is the only known enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to homocysteine and adenosine. AdoHcy is the product of all adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent biological transmethylations. These reactions have a wide range of products, and are common in all facets of biometabolism. As a product inhibitor, elevated levels of AdoHcy suppress AdoMet-dependent transmethylations. Thus, AdoHcyase is a regulator of biological transmethylation in general. The three-dimensional structure of AdoHcyase complexed with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and the inhibitor (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′,3′-dihyroxycyclopenten-1-yl)adenine (DHCeA) was solved by a combination of the crystallographic direct methods program, SnB, to determine the selenium atom substructure and by treating the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data as a special case of multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme architecture resembles that observed for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, with the catalytic domain and the cofactor binding domain each containing a modified Rossmann fold. The two domains form a deep active site cleft containing the cofactor and bound inhibitor molecule. A comparison of the inhibitor complex of the human enzyme and the structure of the rat enzyme, solved without inhibitor, suggests that a 17° rigid body movement of the catalytic domain occurs upon inhibitor/substrate binding.     

Recent developments and applications of immobilized laccase

Laccase is a promising biocatalyst with many possible applications, including bioremediation, chemical synthesis, biobleaching of paper pulp, biosensing, textile finishing and wine stabilization. The immobilization of enzymes offers several improvements for enzyme applications because the storage and operational stabilities are frequently enhanced. Moreover, the reusability of immobilized enzymes represents a great advantage compared with free enzymes. In this work, we discuss the different methodologies of enzyme immobilization that have been reported for laccases, such as adsorption, entrapment, encapsulation, covalent binding and self-immobilization. The applications of laccase immobilized by the aforementioned methodologies are presented, paying special attention to recent approaches regarding environmental applications and electrobiochemistry.     

脑出血和脑梗死患者血清谷氨酸,甘氨酸和丙氨酸浓度的改变及意义

目的探讨血清中谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸含量变化与脑出血和脑梗死的关系,为今后临床深入研究提供参考资料。方法用氨基酸分析仪对２３例急性脑出血和２６例脑梗死病人谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸进行测定,并与对照组进行比较。结果病人组的兴奋性氨基酸谷氨酸的含量明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,病人组的抑制性氨基酸甘氨酸和丙氨酸的含量与对照组无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论提示兴奋性氨基酸谷氨酸可能作为损伤因素参与脑出血和脑梗死脑损伤的发生。     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

铜、镉对三种豆科植物生长及氮磷钾含量的影响

为了解豆科植物在Cu、Cd单一污染土壤中的生长状况及对土壤养分的吸收利用特点,采用盆栽实验研究了Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)单一污染下紫花苜蓿、红三叶、沙打旺3种豆科植物的株高、根长、生物量和叶、茎部N、P、K、Cu和Cd含量的变化情况.Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)处理浓度分别为:0、400、800、1200 mg·kg~(-1)和0、1、10、20 mg·kg~(-1).结果表明,3种豆科植物对Cu和Cd均有较强的吸收能力,除红三叶叶片中Cu含量外,3种豆科植物根、茎、叶中Cd和Cu的含量均与土壤中重金属添加量呈显著正相关.3种豆科植物在严重Cd~(2+)污染的土壤中均能正常生长.在Cu~(2+)添加量≤1200 mg·kg~(-1)时,红三叶能正常生长,而紫花苜蓿的生长则受到显著抑制作用,沙打旺在Cu~(2+)添加量≥800 mg·kg~(-1)时生长受到抑制.土壤Cu~(2+)添加量≤1200 mg·kg~(-1)时,能促进紫花苜蓿对N、P、K的吸收;Cu~(2+)添加量≤800 mg·kg~(-1)时,对红三叶N、P、K含量没有明显影响;Cu~(2+)添加量≤400 mg·kg~(-1)时,可提高沙打旺中N、P、K含量,但当Cu~(2+)添加量≥800 mg·kg~(-1)时则显著降低.土壤Cd~(2+)添加量≤20 mg·kg~(-1)时,对紫花苜蓿和红三叶茎叶以及沙打旺茎部的N、P、K含量有促进作用,但对沙打旺叶片的N、P、K含量起抑制作用.总体来看,3种豆科植物对Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)均有一定的耐性,红三叶对Cu~(2+)的耐性较好,紫花苜蓿对Cd~(2+)的耐性较好.

Abstract：

Aimed to understand the growth status and nutrient uptake of leguminous plants under soil copper-or cadmium contamination, a pot experiment with Medicago sativa, Trifolium pre-tense, and Astragalus adsurgens was conducted, with their plant height, root length, plant bio-mass, and N, P, K, Cu and Cd contents in leaf and stem measured. The application amounts of Cu~(2+) and Cd~(2+) were 0,400, 800, and 1200 mg·kg~(-1), and 0, 1, 10, and 20 mg·kg~(-1), re-spectively. All the test three leguminous plants had strong capability of absorbing Cu and Cd.The Cu and Cd contents in their roots, stems, and leaves, except the Cu content in T. Pratease leaf, were significantly positively correlated with the application amounts of Cu~(2+) and Cd~(2+). Un-der the application of Cd~(2+), all the three leguminous plants grew normally. When the application amount of Cu~(2+) was≤1200 mg·kgM-1, T. Pratense grew normally, while the growth of M. Sativa was significantly inhibited. The growth of A. Adsurgens was inhibited when the application amount of Cu~(2+) was≥800 mg·kg~(-1). An apphcation amount of≤1200 mg·kg~(-1) of Cu~(2+) pro-moted the N, P and K absorption of M. Sativa, but applying≤800 mg·kg~(-1) of Cu~(2+) had little effects on the N, P and K absorption of T. Pretense. The N, P and K contents of A. Adsurgens in-creased when the application amount of Cu~(2+) was ≤400 mg·kg~(-1), but decreased significantly when the Cu~(2+) application amount was≥800 mg·kg~(-1). When the application amount of Cd~(2+)was≤20 mg·kg~(-1) , the N, P and K contents in M. Sativa and T. Pratense stems and leaves and in A. Adsurgens stem increased, while those in A. Adsurgens leaf decreased. As a whole, the three leguminous plants all had certain tolerance to Cu~(2+) and Cd~(2+) stresses, especially T. Prat-ease to Cu~(2+) and M. Sativa to Cd~(2+).     

Structure and distribution of lignin in primary and secondary cell walls of maize coleoptiles analyzed by chemical and immunological probes

Lignin is an integral constituent of the primary cell walls of the dark-grown maize (Zea mays L.) coleoptile, a juvenile organ that is still in the developmental state of rapid cell extension. Coleoptile lignin was characterized by (i) conversion to lignothiolglycolate derivative, (ii) isolation of polymeric fragments after alkaline hydrolysis, (iii) reactivity to antibodies against dehydrogenative polymers prepared from monolignols, and (iv) identification of thioacidolysis products typical of lignins. Substantial amounts of lignin could be solubilized from the coleoptile cell walls by mild alkali treatments. Thioacidolysis analyses of cell walls from coleoptiles and various mesocotyl tissues demonstrated the presence of guaiacyl-, syringyl- and (traces of)p-hydroxyphenyl units besidesp-coumaric and ferulic acids. There are tissue-specific differences in amount and composition of lignins from different parts of the maize seedling. Electron-microscopic immunogold labeling of epitopes recognized by a specific anti-guaiacyl/syringyl antibody demonstrated the presence of lignin in all cell walls of the 4-d-old coleoptile. The primary walls of parenchyma and epidermis were more weakly labeled than the secondary wall thickenings of tracheary elements. No label was found in middle lamellae and cell corners. Lignin epitopes appeared first in the tracheary elements on day 2 and in the parenchyma on day 3 after sowing. Incubation of coleoptile segments in H₂O₂ increased the amount of extractable lignin and the abundance of lignin epitopes in the parenchyma cell walls. Lignin deposition was temporally and spatially correlated with the appearance of epitopes for prolinerich proteins, but not for hydroxyproline-rich proteins, in the cell walls. The lignin content of coleoptiles was increased by irradiating the seedlings with white or farred light, correlated with the inhibition of elongation growth, while growth promotion by auxin had no effect. It is concluded that wall stiffness, and thus extension growth, of the coleoptile can be controlled by lignification of the primary cell walls. Primary-wall lignin may represent part of an extended polysaccharide-polyphenol network that limits the extensibility of the cell walls.Abbreviations G, S, H guaiacyl, syringyl andp-hydroxyphenyl constituents of lignin - HRGP hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein - LTGA lignothioglycolic acid - PRP proline-rich protein Dedicated to Professor Benno Parthier on occasion of his 65th birthdayDeceased 7 November 1996     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Differences in properties of peanut seed lectin and purified galactose- and mannose-binding lectins from nodules of peanut

Two lectins were purified by affinity chromatography from mature peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) nodules, and compared with the previously characterised seed lectin of this plant. One of the nodule lectins was similar to the seed lectin in its molecular weight and amino-acid composition and ability to bind derivatives of galactose. However, unlike the seed lectin, this nodule lectin appeared to be a glycoprotein and the two lectins were only partially identical in their reaction with antibodies prepared against the seed lectin. The other nodule lectin also appeared to be a glycoprotein but bound mannose/glucose-like sugar derivatives, and differed from the seed lectin in molecular weight, antigenic properties and amino-acid composition.Abbreviations Gal galactose - Gle glucose - GNL galactose-binding nodule lectin - Fru fructose - MNL mannosebinding nodule lectin - M _r rerative molecular mass - PBS phosphate-buffered saline - PSL peanut seed lectin - SDS sodium dodecyl sulphate - Sorb sorbitol     

眶额叶微量注射谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸对胃运动的影响及其机制探讨

目的:研究眶额叶(OFC)的谷氨酸(Glu)和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量变化对胃运动的影响及其调节神经机制。方法:实验采用了大鼠眶额叶微量注射给药,结合核团损毁的方法,以记录胃内压,统计胃收缩幅度作为胃运动变化的指标。结果:①OFC注射Glu可显著降低胃收缩幅度,损毁杏仁核后可反转该效应,胃收缩幅度显著增强;损毁蓝斑核后,Glu的作用无显著性变化。②OFC注射GABA可显著增强胃的收缩幅度,损毁蓝斑核后消除该效应;损毁杏仁核后,胃收缩幅度进一步增强。结论:外源性增加OFC区Glu含量导致的抑胃效应可能是通过增强了杏仁核的经常性抑胃作用而引起的;而增加OFC区GABA的含量引起的胃运动增强与蓝斑核密切相关。     

Consequences of ions and pH on the supramolecular organization of sphingomyelin and sphingomyelin/cholesterol bilayers

For drug delivery purpose the anticancer drug S12363 was loaded into ESM/Chol-liposomes using either a pH or an ammonium gradient. Association between the drug and the liposome depends markedly on the liposome membrane structure. Thus, ESM and ESM/Chol bilayer organization had been characterized by coupled DSC and XRDT as a function of both cholesterol concentration and aqueous medium composition. ESM bilayers exhibited a ripple lamellar gel phase P(beta') below the melting temperature and adopted a L(beta)-like gel phase upon Chol insertion. Supramolecular organization of ESM and ESM/Chol bilayers was not modified by citrate buffer or ammonium sulfate solution whatever the pH (3< or = pH < or =7). Nevertheless, in ESM bilayer, ammonium sulfate salt induced a peculiar organization of head groups, leading to irregular d-spacing and weakly correlated bilayers. Moreover, in the presence of salts, a weakening of van der Waals attraction forces was seen and led to a swelling of the water layer.