烟碱样乙酰胆碱受体的离子通道特性

烟碱样乙酰胆碱受体(AChR)是一种配基门控性离子通道,由5个亚单位(α_2βγα)构成。利用非洲蟾蜍卵母细胞的表达系统可以研究AChR的通道特性和各亚单位所起的作用。电鳗电器官AChR和小牛肌AChR之间门控特性的差别,主要是由δ亚单位决定的;而小牛肌成年型AChR与胚胎型AChR之间的差别,则由ε亚单位决定。     

烟碱对线粒体调节作用的研究进展

烟碱是烟草中的主要致瘾性成分,也是一种毒性物质。线粒体作为一种半自主细胞器,在细胞的生长、分化、凋亡、能量供应与信息传递等过程中发挥重要的功能,线粒体相关机制的失调会对细胞乃至机体产生不可逆的损害。已有研究表明,线粒体是烟碱作用的潜在靶点,烟碱可通过依赖或不依赖烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的方式对线粒体进行调节,且烟碱浓度、烟碱作用时间和作用靶细胞不同时,对线粒体的调节作用也不同。该文聚焦烟碱对线粒体基因表达、动力学、呼吸链、氧化应激及钙稳态和单胺氧化酶活性等的影响,从正向和负向调节作用两方面,综述了烟碱对线粒体的调节作用及其机制,以期为后续研究烟碱对线粒体产生的多重生物学效应的相关机制及防控策略提供思路。     

反复摄取烟碱对脑肌醇含量的影响

急性实验中,间隔５ｍｉｎ反复注射烟碱０．５,１．０,１．０,２．０,２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇｉｐ,３０ｍｉｎ后大鼠大脑皮层及海马中肌醇含量升高,但纹状体中肌醇含量无显著变化;相同条件下,氯化锂１０ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇｉｐ３０ｍｉｎ后大脑皮层和海马中肌醇含量显著降低;慢性实验中,烟碱２．０－１０．０ｍｇ／ｋｇｓｃｂｉｄ１４ｄ后,大鼠大脑皮层中肌醇含量显著增高;烟碱２．６９－１１．５３ｍｇ／ｋｇ／ｄｐｏ６４ｄ后,大鼠大脑皮层中肌醇含量也显著增高。表明烟碱的作用不同于氯化锂,反复给予烟碱可使大鼠大脑皮层中肌醇含量增加。     

百日咳毒素对棉铃虫神经细胞电压门控钠、钙通道的调节作用

用膜片钳技术研究了百日咳毒素对离体培养的棉铃虫幼虫中枢神经细胞电压门控钠、钙通道的影响。结果表明,对照组细胞钠通道在-50～-40mV激活,在-20mV左右电流达到最大值,在记录的20min内、电流．电压关系曲线(I-V)和电流幅值未有明显变化;细胞与百日咳毒素预孵后,钠通道在-40mV左右激活,电流在0mV左右达到最大值,在记录过程中,激活电压和峰值电压继续向正方向移动约10mV、电流持续下降。对照组钙通道在-40～-30mV激活,在0mV左右电流达峰值;经百日咳毒素处理后,I-V曲线向负电位方向移动约10mV,在记录过程中,I-V曲线继续向负电位方向移动,电流的衰减(rundown)现象比对照组严重．此外,百日咳毒素处理引起钙电流达到峰值的时问显著延长。结果提示,百日咳毒素敏感的G蛋白(Gi)可能通过直接途径或间接途径调节棉铃虫神经细胞钠、钙通道的电压敏感性和开放几率以及钙通道由备用态向激活态转化的速度。同时,经百日咳毒素处理后钠通道的,I-V曲线与抗性棉铃虫I-V曲线非常相似,可能暗示Gi蛋白在棉铃虫抗药性形成中发挥作用。     

哺乳动物脑烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的研究进展（综述）

哺乳动物烟碱乙酰胆碱型受体(nAChR)丰要分布于神经肌肉接点、自主神经节及脑组织。神经肌肉接点突触后膜nAChR的功能为十烃季胺(C_(10))所竞争性拮抗,称C_(10)型nAChR。自主神经节突触后膜nAChR的功能为六烃季铵(C_6)所竞争性拮抗,称C_6型nAChR。脑nAChR对激动剂烟碱、对拮抗剂C_6、C_(10)的敏感性等药理学性质不同于C_(10)nAChR,也不完全与C_6nAchR相似,是nAChR的一种新亚型。与CmnAChR的研究相比,脑nAChR的研究明     

细胞骨架对离子通道的调节作用

细胞骨架是细胞的重要保守结构之一,它的作用除了维持细胞的特定形状及细胞内部结构的有序性等基本功能外,还在细胞的物质运输、能量与信息传递、基因表达、细胞的分裂分化及凋亡中起重要作用,细胞骨架的动力学变化代表了一种新的信号转导机制。近来研究表明细胞骨架对离子通道有调节作用。研究细胞骨架与离子通道之间的关系,将有助于了解离子通道活动规律。     

烟碱暴露对成瘾相关烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的影响及调控机理

烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, nAChRs)是由5个亚基组合形成的配体门控离子通道。根据亚基组成和排列的不同, nAChRs存在多种亚型。由于结构与乙酰胆碱相似,烟碱也是nAChRs的激动剂。大量研究表明,烟碱能影响nAChRs的表达和活性。同时, nAChRs又介导了烟碱成瘾的机制。文中基于最新的研究成果,简要综述了nAChRs的类型、分布和测定方法,并重点阐述了烟碱调控nAChRs表达的机制以及nAChRs在烟碱成瘾过程中的介导作用。     

烟碱对氧化震颤素和槟榔碱流涎作用的调节

氧化震颤素和槟榔碱激动唾液腺Ｍ受体剂量依赖性地诱发小鼠流涎,ＥＤ＿（５０）值分别为１１６．２７±２０．１１μｇ／ｋｇｓｃ和９．０２±１．７５ｍｇ／ｋｇｓｃ。烟碱（０．５,１．０ｍｇ／ｋｇｓｃ间隔５ｍｉｎ）预处理后,氧化震颤素和槟榔碱诱发小鼠流涎作用的量效曲线显著左移,ＥＤ＿（５０）值分别降为４３．２５±１１．５２μｇ／ｋｇｓｃ和４．７５±０．７６ｍｇ／ｋｇｓｃ。以美加明阻断Ｎ受体功能后,能对抗烟碱调节Ｍ受体激动剂的流涎作用。以氯化锂抑制肌醇磷酸酶后,能增强烟碱调节Ｍ激动剂的流涎作用。提示烟碱增强唾液腺Ｍ受体对其激动剂的反应性和敏感性,可能与神经元性Ｎ受体干扰唾液腺磷脂酰肌醇代谢有关。     

一株高浓度烟碱降解菌的筛选、分离和初步鉴定

采用以烟碱为唯一碳源氮源的选择培养基,从烟草和植烟土壤中分离筛选出15株高浓度烟碱降解的菌株,其中菌株D9烟碱降解能力最强,其烟碱降解率为82%,耐受烟碱的最高浓度为8 g/L。经常规形态特征、16S rDNA同源序列以及系统进化树分析,初步鉴定该菌株为类似氧化微杆菌,命名为Microbacterium sp. GYC29。本研究为微生物降解烟碱的研究及应用提供了菌种资源。     

烟碱对氨甲酰胆碱降低心率和血压作用的调节

在乌拉坦麻醉的大鼠上,间隔５ｍｉｎ３次静注烟碱１７５ｕｇ／ｋｇ,首剂烟碱后,动物对其负性心认综合利用科生急性耐受,但对其降压作用不产生急性耐受。相同条件下,间隔５ｍｉｎ３次静注氢甲酰胆碱１０ｕｇ／ｋｇ,动物对其负性心率和降压作用均不产生急性耐受。在对烟碱负性心率作用产生急性耐受的大鼠上,静注氨甲酰胆碱５和１０ｕｇ／ｋｇ,负性心率作用显著增强,但降压作用无显著变化。提示烟碱诱导动物对其负性心率作用产     

Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics reveals multisite phosphorylation on mammalian brain voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

Voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels underlie electrical activity of neurons, and are dynamically regulated by diverse cell signaling pathways that ultimately exert their effects by altering the phosphorylation state of channel subunits. Recent mass spectrometric-based studies have led to a new appreciation of the extent and nature of phosphorylation of these ion channels in mammalian brain. This has allowed for new insights into how neurons dynamically regulate the localization, activity and expression through multisite ion channel phosphorylation.     

Structure,function and expression of voltage-dependent sodium channels

Voltage-dependent sodium channels control the transient inward current responsible for the action potential in most excitable cells. Members of this multigene family have been cloned, sequenced, and functionally expressed from various tissues and species, and common features of their structure have clearly emerged. Site-directed mutagenesis coupled with in vitro expression has provided additional insight into the relationship between structure and function. Subtle differences between sodium channel isoforms are also important, and aspects of the regulation of sodium channel gene expression and the modulation of channel function are becoming topics of increasing importance. Finally, sodium channel mutations have been directly linked to human disease, yielding insight into both disease pathophysiology and normal channel function. After a brief discussion of previous work, this review will focus on recent advances in each of these areas.     

Potassium, sodium, calcium and glutamate-gated channels: pore architecture and ligand action

In the last decade, the idea of common organization of certain ion channel families exhibiting diverse physiological and pharmacological properties has received strong experimental support. Transmembrane topologies and patterns of the pore-facing residues are conserved in P-loop channels that include high-selective cation channels and certain ligand-gated channels. X-ray structures of bacterial K+ channels, KcsA, MthK and KvAP, help to understand structure-function relationships of other P-loop channels. Data on binding sites and mechanisms of action of ligands of K+, Na+, Ca2+ and glutamate gated ion channels are considered in view of their possible structural similarity to the bacterial K+ channels. Emphasized are structural determinants of ligand-receptor interactions within the channels and mechanisms of state-dependent action of the ligands.     

Histrionicotoxins: Effects on binding of radioligands for sodium,potassium, and calcium channels in brain membranes

A series of eight histrionicotoxins and two synthetic analogs inhibit binding of [³H]batrachotoxinin B to sites on voltage dependent sodium channels in brain membranes. Perhydrohistrionicotoxin (IC₅₀ 0.33 M) and octahydrohistrionicotoxin (IC₅₀ 1.2 M) are comparable in activities to potent local anesthetics. Histrionicotoxin (IC₅₀ 17 M) and the other histrionicotoxins are much less potent. The histrionicotoxins also inhibit binding of [³H]phencyclidine to putative potassium channels in brain membranes. Histrionicotoxin (IC₅₀ 15 M) and the other histrionicotoxins are much more potent than perhydrohistrionicotoxin (IC₅₀ 200 M), but are at least 200-fold less potent than phencyclidine. The histrionicotoxins enhance binding of [³H]nitrendipine to sites on calcium channels in brain membranes, with the exception of perhydrohistrionicotoxin, which inhibits binding. Structure activity relationships at these channel sites and at the sites for noncompetitive blockers on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel (AChR) complex differ. The histrionicotoxins are more potent at the sites on the AChR complex than at sites on other channels with the exception of perhydrohistrionicotoxin, which has comparable potency at the AChR complex and sodium channels.     

新型钾通道开放剂对心血管ATP-敏感性钾通道基因表达的调节作用

目的：研究脂肪胺类的新型钾通道开放剂（KCO）埃他卡林（Ipt）和氰胍类的KCO吡那地尔（Pin）对大鼠心血管ATP-敏感性钾通道（KATP）的亚基SUR1、SUR2、Kir6．1和Kir6．2等在mRNA水平的调节作用。方法：SD大鼠给药1周后处死并取组织,提取总RNA,利用反转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）研究以上基因在mRNA水平的改变。结果：与正常对照相比,心脏组织中,Ipt和Pin对KATP的4个亚基在mRNA水平均无显著影响;主动脉平滑肌上,Ipt对4个亚基的mRNA表达无显著影响,但Pin可显著上调SUR2的mRNA表达;尾动脉平滑肌上,Ipt对Kit6．1／Kit6．2、Pin对SUR2／Kir6．1均有显著下调的作用。结论：心肌、大动脉平滑肌和小动脉平滑肌KATP基因表达的调控不同,Ipt选择性调节小动脉平滑肌Kit6．1／Kit6．2;Ipt对心血管KATP基因表达的调节作用不同于Pin。     

Modulation of neuronal voltage-activated calcium and sodium channels by polyamines and pH

The endogenous polyamines spermine, spermidine and putrescine are present at high concentrations inside neurons and can be released into the extracellular space where they have been shown to modulate ion channels. Here, we have examined polyamine modulation of voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels (VACCs) and voltage-activated Na(+) channels (VANCs) in rat superior cervical ganglion neurons using whole-cell voltage-clamp at physiological divalent concentrations. Polyamines inhibited VACCs in a concentration-dependent manner with IC(50)s for spermine, spermidine, and putrescine of 4.7 +/- 0.7, 11.2 +/- 1.4 and 90 +/- 36 mM, respectively. Polyamines caused inhibition by shifting the VACC half-activation voltage (V(0.5)) to depolarized potentials and by reducing total VACC permeability. The shift was described by Gouy-Chapman-Stern theory with a surface charge density of 0.120 +/- 0.005 e(-) nm(-2) and a surface potential of -19 mV. Attenuation of spermidine and spermine inhibition of VACC at decreased pH was explained by H(+) titration of surface charge. Polyamine-mediated effects also decreased at elevated pH due to the inhibitors having lower valence and being less effective at screening surface charge. Polyamines affected VANC currents indirectly by reducing TTX inhibition of VANCs at high pH. This may reflect surface charge induced decreases in the local TTX concentration or polyamine-TTX interactions. In conclusion, polyamines inhibit neuronal VACCs via complex interactions with extracellular H(+) and Ca. Many of the observed effects can be explained by a model incorporating polyamine binding, H(+) binding and surface charge screening.     

Molecular properties of sodium and calcium channels

Voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels are responsible for inward movement of sodium and calcium during electrical signals in cell membranes. Their principal subunits are members of a gene family and can function as voltage-gated ion channels by themselves. They are expressed in association with one or more auxiliary subunits which increase functional expression and modify the functional properties of the principal subunits. Structural elements which are required for voltage-dependent activation, selective ion conductance, and inactivation have been identified, and their mechanisms of action are being explored through mutagenesis, expression in heterologous cells, and functional analysis. These experiments reveal that these two channels are built on a common structural theme with variations appropriate for functional specialization of each channel type.