稻螟蛉的寄生蜂(三)——小蜂和细蜂

巳知寄生于稻螟蛉的小蜂和细蜂有14种,其中有6种是完全重寄生的种类。按分类系统,隶属于小蜂总科的小蜂科3种,广肩小蜂科1种,金小蜂科1种,寡节小蜂科(姬小蜂科)3种,扁股小蜂科1种,纹翅小蜂科(赤眼蜂科)3种;细蜂总科的分盾细蜂科2种。这些寄生蜂的绝大部分,都是稻田中常见的种类,与其他害虫或其寄生蜂有广泛的食物连锁关系。各蜂形态、生物学及分布情况简述如下。     

中国发现柄腹柄翅缨小蜂及一新种描述：膜翅目：柄腹柄翅缨小蜂科

中国发现柄腹柄翅缨小蜂及一新种描述（膜翅目：柄腹柄翅缨小蜂科）林乃铨（福建农业大学生物防治研究所,福建省福州市３５０００２）关键词柄腹柄翅缨小蜂,分类研究,新种,分布新记录,中国柄腹柄翅缨小蜂是一类十分稀少的微型寄生蜂,主要特征是：体小而纤细,约０．...     

伊朗八种跳小蜂及一新种记述（膜翅目：小蜂总科）

报道由伊朗设拉子大学农学院采集饲出的与林木害虫有关的７属８种寄生蜂,它们均属膜翅目小蜂总科、跳小蜂科,扬与林木介壳虫有关的Ａｎａｇｙｒｕｓ ｐｓｅｕｄｏｃｏｃｃｉ,Ｃｈｅｉｌｏｎｅｒｒｕｓ ｃｅｒｏｐｌａｓｉｔｓ,Ｄｕｓｍｅｔｉａ ｆａｓｃｉｐｅｎｎｉｓ,Ｈｏｍａｌｏｔｙｌｕｓ ｅｐｈｉｐｐｉｕｍ,与草蛉有关的Ｉｓｏｄｒｏｍｕｓ ａｔｒｉｖｅｎｔｒｉｓ,Ｉｓｏｄｒｍｕｓ ｃｏｌｌｉｍａｃｕｌａｔｕ     

蚜小蜂科一中国新纪录属——原蚜小蜂属记述（膜翅目：小蜂总科）

记述蚜小蜂科1中国新纪录属——原蚜小蜂属Protaphelinus Mackauer,对该属模式种尼氏原蚜小蜂Protaphelinus nikolskajae(Yasnosh)作了重新描述,附有雌、雄形态特征及其蚜虫寄主照片。本研究的尼氏原蚜小蜂采自黑龙江五大连池,寄生火山杨Populus sp.上的远东枝瘿绵蚜Pemphigus borealis Tullgren。目前该属世界仅记载1种,是造瘿蚜虫瘿绵蚜科Pemphyidae瘿绵蚜属Pemphigus的专性寄生蜂。     

榕属与榕小蜂科的分类研究进展

简述了榕树与其传粉者的共生体系,讨论了榕属植物与榕小蜂科的分类历史和现状,指出了二者分 类研究中存在的分歧,并对榕属与榕小蜂科的分类不匹配问题进行了评述。结合我国榕属与榕小蜂科分类的 研究现状,展望今后研究的方向及前景。     

中国长痣小蜂科一新纪录属(膜翅目,长痣小蜂科)

记述了中国长痣小蜂科Tanaostigmatidae 1新纪录属,食瘿蜂小蜂属Cynipencyrtus Ishii,1新纪录种,黄色食瘿蜂小蜂C.flava Ishii.研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆.     

伊朗寄生蓟马的侧姬小蜂属Ceranisus种类记述(膜翅目:姬小蜂科:凹面姬小蜂亚科)(英文)

侧姬小蜂属Ceranisus Walker,1841隶属膜翅目Hymenoptera、小蜂总科Chalcidoidea、姬小蜂科Eulophidae、凹面姬小蜂亚科Entedoninae,是蓟马幼虫重要的寄生蜂,迄今世界上已知16种。该属颜面凹陷,额V字形,槽沟伸达中单眼水平,侧单眼后部有1条完整的沟横穿颅顶,颚眼沟一般不分叉,上颚退化;雌性触角索节2分节,棒节2或3分节;盾纵沟不明显,一般中胸盾片中叶着生2对刚毛,小盾片1对刚毛;前翅缘毛短于翅宽,后翅末端尖锐;腹柄短,宽明显大于(或至少等于)长等特征明显,较易识别。本文首次报道该属伊朗的3种类:月侧姬小蜂Ceranisus menes(Walker,1839),平侧姬小蜂C.planitianus Erds,1966和爱侧姬小蜂C.amanosus Doganlar et al.,2009,这也是该属在伊朗的首次记录。并对近缘种爱侧姬小蜂C.amanosus Doganlar et al.,2009和乌侧姬小蜂C.udnamtak Tryapitsin,2005的鉴别进行了简要讨论。     

蔬菜地潜叶蝇寄生蜂种类研究(Ⅲ)--金小蜂科Pteromalidae和大痣细蜂科Megaspilidae

本文报道蔬菜地潜叶蝇寄生蜂的姬小蜂科 Eulophidae的羽角姬小蜂亚科 Eulophinae和狭面姬小蜂亚科 Elachetinae5属 8种寄生蜂。其中豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂 Diglyphus isaea是蔬菜潜叶蝇寄生蜂优势种。寄主主要是豌豆彩潜蝇、美洲斑潜蝇和葱斑潜蝇等的幼虫和蛹。植物寄主涉及各种蔬菜作物。兰克瑟姬小蜂 Cirrospiluslyncus Walker为中国新记录种 ,另有 5个寄主新记录     

蔬菜地潜叶蝇寄生蜂种类研究（Ⅰ）——羽角姬小蜂亚科Eulophinae和狭面姬小蜂亚科Elachetinae

本文报道蔬菜地潜叶绳寄生蜂的姬小蜂科Eulophidae的羽角姬小蜂亚科Eulophinae和猜面姬小蜂亚科Elachetinae5属8种寄生蜂。其中豌豆潜绳姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea是蔬菜潜叶蝇寄生蜂优势种。寄主主要是豌豆彩潜绳、美洲斑潜蝇和葱斑潜蝇等的幼虫和蛹。植物寄主涉及各种蔬菜作物。兰克瑟姬小蜂Cirrospilus lyncus Walker为中国新记录种,另有5个寄主新记录。     

广西姬小蜂科分类学研究(膜翅目:小蜂总科)

根据1998－2000年作者在广西南部山区的采集,结合中国科学院动物研究所昆虫标本馆馆藏标本的研究,报道了该科4亚科27属81种在广西的分布,其中,4属60种是中国新纪录,本文对前人和作者最近对中国姬小蜂科的分类研究简单作了综述,并对广西的姬小蜂科物种进行了初步的组分分析,根据现有材料得出结论是：1）广西的姬小蜂科区系成分以东洋区和古北成分为主;2）多个区纱成分分布相互重叠,交错。     

Parasites of grass flies (Diptera, Chloropidae) from the order hymenoptera in the Holarctic region

Hymenopterous parasitoids of grass flies of the family Chloropidae from the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions are reviewed. These parasitoids belong to four superfamilies and 16 families of Hymenoptera and were reared from 39 species of Chloropidae in the Palaearctic (less than 6% of the fauna) and only from 10 species in the Nearctic Region. The majority of parasitoids are oligo-or polyphagous species. To a certain degree, the parasitoids are specialized on one of the three host groups: (1) species developing in shoots of cereal and meadow grasses; (2) forest species developing in cones of coniferous trees; and (3) species associated with the common reed, Phragmites australis. In the Palaearctic Region, the majority of parasitoids (91 species) were reared from Oscinella frit L. s. 1.; a significantly smaller number of these parasites is known from this host in the Nearctic Region, nearly half of the parasitoids being common for both regions. The next large group of parasitoids is associated with gall-inducing species of the genus Lipara Meigen (59 species) developing in the common reed. By contrast with two other groups of parasitoids, this one includes many species of the family Ichneumonidae. It should be noted that taxonomic diversity at the third trophic level is markedly greater than at the second level.     

Population dynamics of Thecodiplosis japonensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) under influence of parasitism by Inostemma matsutama and Inostemma seoulis (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae)

To understand influence of two species of parasitoids on host population dynamics, adult population dynamics of pine needle gall midge (PNGM), Thecodiplosis japonensis and two species of parasitoids, Inostemma matsutama and Inostemma seoulis were observed using emergence traps from 1986 to 2005. Density of PNGM decreased after outbreaks in 1986 and 1987 and showed density-dependent regulation. Relationships between density of PNGM and its parasitoids were linear except the period of outbreak regardless of parasitoids species. Relationships between host density and parasitism of I. matsutama and I. seoulis were density-independent and inverse density-dependent, respectively. I. seoulis was the dominant parasitoid against PNGM. Interspecific competition between two parasitoids was not strong and temporal niche segregation between two parasitoids was a possible mechanism for coexistence of two parasitoids. The parasitoid complex responded to changes in host density more sensitively than single parasitoid species. These results suggested that two parasitoid can stabilize PNGM population density without strong negative effects on each species of parasitoids.     

Chalcids of the subfamily Pteromalinae (Hymenoptera,Pteromalidae) as parasitoids of the bark beetles (Coleoptera,Scolytidae) in the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories

Eighteen species of ten genera of bark beetle parasitoids were found in the fauna of Russia and adjacent countries. Sixteen species of the parasitoids are recorded as new to the faunas of Belarus, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and regions of Russia. An annotated list of nineteen species of pteromalids, with data on the material examined, geographic distribution, and hosts is given. New hosts are reported for five species of the bark beetle ectoparasitoids. An original key to eighteen species and ten genera of Pteromalidae parasitizing bark beetles is provided.     

Interspecific competition between Diadegma semiclausum Hellen (Hym., Ichneumonidae) and Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hym., Braconidae) in parasitizing Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidea)

Abstract:  Interspecific competition between Diadegma semiclausum and Cotesia plutellae was investigated at 25°C in the laboratory, by exposing the third instar larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella to both species together, either species alone or by exposing the host larvae already parasitized by one species, at different intervals, to the other. When host larvae were exposed simultaneously to two species in one arena, parasitism rates of the host by each species were not reduced by the presence of the other species; joint parasitism rate by two species was not significantly higher than that by either parasitoid alone. Both parasitoids could lay eggs into the host larvae which had previously been parasitized by the other species, leading to the occurrence of multiparasitized hosts. When host larvae were parasitized first by D. semiclausum and then being followed within 1–2 h by exposing to C. plutellae , or vice versa, ensuing parasitoid cocoons from the multiparasitized host larvae were nearly all C. plutellae . When host larvae were parasitized initially by C. plutellae and then being followed by D. semiclausum two or more days later, all parasitoids ensued from the multiparasitized hosts were C. plutellae . In contrast, when host larvae were parasitized initially by D. semiclausum and then being followed by C. plutellae two or more days later, most host larvae could not survive to prepupae and most of the ensuing parasitoid adults from the surviving hosts were D. semiclausum . Dissections of host larvae at various time intervals after parasitization by the two parasitoids showed that development of both parasitoids in multiparasitized hosts were somewhat arrested, and that the first instar larvae of C. plutellae could initiate a physical attack on the larvae of D. semiclausum and remove the latter.     

Effects of selected insecticides on Diadegma semiclausum（Hymenoptera： Ichneumonidae） and Oomyzus sokolowskii （Hymenoptera： Eulophidae）, parasitoids of Plutella xylostella （Lepidoptera： Plutellidae）

Abstract Field doses of six selected insecticides were tested against the immature (pupae) and mature (adult) stages of Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén) and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov), parasitoids of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Effects of contact toxicity (direct spraying) of the six insecticides on emergence of parasitoids were found negligible on both species except permethrin which caused 37.5% mortality. All adults of both parasitoid species died 24 hours after exposure to chlorfenapyr, emamectin benzoate and permethrin. In contrast, the three insect growth regulators (IGRs), chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron and teflubenzuron, were found harmless to both species, and adult mortality of both parasitoid species was 0–16.7%. However, parasitism by the females of both parasitoid species was severely impaired when the females were offered the three IGR diluted solutions for 24 hours. Effects of oral toxicities of the IGRs on longevity of both parasitoids after 12 hours exposure were found to be significantly different between males and females. Compatibility of tested insecticides with D. semiclausum and O. sokolowskii and integration of compatible insecticides with these parasitoids in integrated pest management programs of crucifers are discussed.     

A Retrospective Analysis of the Establishment and Dispersal of the Introduced Australian Parasitoids Xanthopimpla rhopaloceros (Krieger) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Trigonospila brevifacies (Hardy) (Diptera: Tachinidae) within New Zealand

Two Australian parasitoids, Xanthopimpla rhopaloceros (Krieger) and Trigonospila brevifacies (Hardy), were introduced to New Zealand to control the light-brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana Walker). Dispersal by the parasitoids has since occurred naturally and with the aid of releases in fruit-growing areas. The present geographical range of the parasitoids includes all the North Island and some offshore islands to latitude 41 20 S. X. rhopaloceros is also present to latitude 41 48 S in the South Island. Comparisons of these distributions with those in Australia indicate that climatic conditions may have played a major role in the areas of establishment of both species in New Zealand. The mean winter temperature may be a limiting factor in the dispersal of T. brevifacies and X. rhopaloceros in New Zealand. Other factors that have probably aided the successful dispersal of the parasitoids include the wide distribution of host Tortricidae and the occurrence of tortricid host plants. The areas of New Zealand that appear suitable for further colonization by T. brevifacies include northern areas of the South Island, and both parasitoids could disperse further into suitable climate areas of the east and west coasts of the central South Island. The rate of dispersal for X. rhopaloceros was estimated at 13-24 km/year, and for T. brevifacies at 8-15 km/year.     

Determinants of assemblage size for the parasitoids of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera)

Summary The parasitoids known to attack 191 phytophagous species of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) were used to examine factors influencing parasitoid assemblage size. The number of parasitoid species a midge species supports was tested against nine variables describing geographical, biological and ecological attributes of hosts. The apparency of midge larvae was found to have the greatest influence on parasitoid assemblage size; highly visible species support more parasitoids than less visible ones. Pupation site and midge voltinism also significantly affect associated parasitoids, at least for highly apparent hosts. Biogeographic region, host-plant architecture and the plant parts infested were found to be of secondary importance. The surface texture of infested plant parts, the number of midge larvae occupying galls and the diversity of plant tissues infested have minimal apparent effects on parasitoid richness. Parasitoid assemblage size and total parasitism rates were also found to be positively correlated for 73 galling and nongalling midge species, and gallers typically suffer higher levels of parasitism than non-gallers. Using these data to test the enemy hypothesis, which proposes that the galling habit has evolved to escape attack from parasitoids, we conclude that parasitoid pressure cannot account for the presence of galls in the Cecidomyiidae.     

Fitness of Encarsia sophia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Abstract Fitness and efficacy of Encarsia sophia (Girault & Dodd) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) as a biological control agent was compared on two species of whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) hosts, the relatively smaller sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype ‘B’, and the larger greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Significant differences were observed on green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the laboratory at 27 ± 2°C, 55%± 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 14: 10 h (L: D). Adult parasitoids emerging from T. vaporariorum were larger than those emerging from B. tabaci, and almost all biological parameters of E. sophia parasitizing the larger host species were superior except for the developmental times of the parasitoids that were similar when parasitizing the two host species. Furthermore, parasitoids emerging from T. vaporariorum parasitized more of these hosts than did parasitoids emerging from B. tabaci. We conclude that E. sophia reared from larger hosts had better fitness than from smaller hosts. Those from either host also preferred the larger host for oviposition but were just as effective on smaller hosts. Therefore, larger hosts tended to produce better parasitoids than smaller hosts.     

Ecological and morphological characteristics of endoparasitoids on Elcysma westwoodii (Vollenhoven) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)

Six species of insect endoparasitoids were identified from Elcysma westwoodii, which is the most damaging lepidopteran pest of Prunus yedoensis. From Hymenoptera, two species were identified: a species in Braconidae and Charops striatus in Ichneumonidae. From Diptera, there were four species in Tachinidae: Compsilura concinnata, Exorista sp., Pales sp. and Tachinidae spp. The parasitic ratio was 4.86% (45 of 926 larvae). The hymenopterans were parasitic on 31 individuals of E. westwoodii (68.9%) and the dipterans were parasitic on 14 individuals (31.1%). It was found that parasitoids from the larvae of E. westwoodii were all either endoparasitoids or larval parasitoids. However, Exorista sp. of Tachinidae was found to be either a larval parasitoid or larval-pupal parasitoid. Additionally, all the identified parasitoids were solitary parasitoids, as only one parasite occurred in a larva of E. westwoodii. Because the larva of E. westwoodii eats and molts after it is parasitized, all the parasitoids were identified as koinobionts. There were no big differences in morphological characteristics and life histories between C. striatus and C. concinnata. However, for Exorista sp. and Pales sp., males took 3–5 days longer to emerge from their pupae and had remarkably longer body lengths than females.     

Natural enemies for the cabbage webworm,Hellula undalis (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Malaysia

Four species of larval parasitoids were reared from larvae of the cabbage webworm (CWW),Hellula undalis (Fabr.) (Pyralidae: Glaphyriinae) collected from various cruciferous plants and a capparidaceous weed,Cleome rutidosperma (DC). On cabbage, only two species were recorded,viz, Bassus sp. (Braconidae) andTrathala flavoorbitalis (Cam.) (Ichneumonidae). The other parasitoids were braconids,Chelonus sp. andPhanerotoma sp. Egg or pupal parasitoids were not recorded. The parasitoids were not an important mortality factor of CWW on cabbage because they were usually present at the end of the crop season and their numbers were generally low. On the other hand, predator-exclusion experiments indicated that predators were important in determining the density of CWW on cabbage and the within-generation survival in the field. The major predator was the fire-ant,Solenopsis geminata (F.), which foraged on the prepupae and pupae.