人白细胞介素-2结构与镇痛功能关系的研究

免疫调节因子白细胞介素-2(IL-2)具有中枢镇痛功能。实验采用基因定位突变技术,获得系列IL-2突变体,并测定其免疫学活性和镇痛能力,发现无免疫学活性的IL-2突变体20Leu-IL-2仍具有中枢镇痛能力,而44Leu-IL-2,45 Val-IL-2虽保留了免疫学活性,但其镇痛能力显著性下降或消失,阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮能够阻断IL-2的中枢镇痛作用,而不能影响IL-2对CTLL-2细胞的增殖作用。抗内源性阿片肽血清与IL-2能发生明显的交叉反应。实验结果提示,IL-2分子是通过由第45位Tyr残基及空间上相近的Phe残基等组成的镇痛功能位点与阿片受体相结合而发挥镇痛效应。     

白细胞介素－2活化DNA结合因子的研究

用凝胶阻滞分析的方法, 发现鼠T淋巴细胞系CTLL-2在白细胞介素-2(IL-2)刺激下可活化一个DNA结合因子, 它与γ-干扰素活化序列(GAS)专一性结合, 命名这个DNA结合因子为白细胞介素-2活化核因子(IL-2-NAF).IL-2-NAF的活化非常迅速, 不需要新的蛋白质合成, 并且它的活化程度随着IL-2刺激细胞的时间的不同而发生相应的变化. 进一步研究表明, IL-2-NAF的活化过程是通过酪氨酸激酶的信号传递途径, 并且它本身的酪氨酸残基也被磷酸化, 酪氨酸残基的磷酸化为其结合DNA所必需. IL-4、γ-IFN刺激CTLL-2细胞不活化与GAS专一性结合的因子. 而在Hut-102细胞中, IL-2、IL-4均可活化GAS结合因子, 但活化程度较弱.     

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)体内外对单个核细胞白细胞介素-1和白细胞介素-2诱生活性影响的研究

本研究用PAP法、胸腺细胞增殖法、脾细胞增殖法,分别检测16例体外HBV感染的骨髓单个核细胞与16例慢性乙型肝炎患者体内感染的骨髓单个核细胞(MNCs)中的HBcAg和白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)的诱生活性(以△cpm值表示)。结果显示,体外HBV感染组与体内HBV感染组骨髓MNCs中HBcAg检出率分别为50％和43.7％。本实验结果表明,HBV在体外感染骨髓MNCs,且与体内自然感染相符,但光镜下未观察到致细胞病变效应(CPE)。体外感染组与体内感染组IL-I和IL-2活性均较对照组明显下降(P<0.01)。且细胞中HBcAg检出阳性者较阴性者下降更为明显(P<0.01)。IL-1和IL-2诱生活性降低与HBV侵染免疫细胞及其在细胞内复制有密切关系,从而提示,IL-1和IL-2降低可能影响HBV的清除而引起慢性化过程。     

人IL-24基因原核表达载体的构建及蛋白的表达纯化

构建人白细胞介素24(IL-24)原核表达载体并利用ELP-Intein系统表达纯化可溶性的IL-24蛋白。通过PCR扩增不含信号肽的人IL-24基因,将IL-24基因插入p ET-ELP-Intein质粒构建重组表达载体p ET-ELP-Intein-IL-24。将重组质粒转化至E.coliBLR(DE3),20℃下经IPTG诱导表达。利用ELP蛋白在不同温度下发生相变的特点和Intein蛋白的自切割反应纯化可溶性IL-24蛋白,将纯化得到的IL-24蛋白进行Western blot鉴定。用Annexin V-FITC/PI细胞凋亡检测试剂盒检测IL-24蛋白的生物学活性。成功构建了重组表达载体p ET-ELP-Intein-IL-24,第一次通过原核表达方法表达并纯化出了可溶性的IL-24蛋白。Western blot检测显示目的蛋白能与IL-24抗体特异性结合,表明纯化出的蛋白确实为IL-24蛋白。细胞凋亡检测实验证明IL-24蛋白能显著地诱导hep G2细胞发生凋亡。     

融合蛋白pIL6-IL2在E.coli中的表达及活性鉴定

白细胞介素 2 (interleukin 2 ,IL-2 )与白细胞介素 6(interleukin 6,IL-6)能分别刺激T淋巴细胞增殖与B淋巴细胞分泌免疫球蛋白 ,从而促进动物机体的细胞免疫与体液免疫 ;另外IL2与IL6在发挥生物学活性时还有相互协同作用。因此 ,将去除信号肽的猪白细胞介素 6(pIL-6)与猪白细胞介素 2 (pIL-2 )cDNAs序列通过一段Linker相连 ,克隆到E .coli表达载体pPET-2 8a中。该融合蛋白IL6-IL2在E .coli表达菌BL2 1 (DE3)中获得成功表达 ,SDS-PAGE分析分子量约为40kDa ,表达量达到总菌体的 66.26%。用IL6依赖的B9细胞与IL2依赖的CTLL细胞增殖试验进行融合蛋白IL6 IL2的生物活性检测 ,其活性可分别达到 0.8× 10³U /mg和 6.4× 10³ U/mg。     

IL-6/JAK2/STAT3信号通路在肿瘤中的作用

白细胞介素是由多种细胞产生并作用于多种细胞的一类细胞因子.白细胞介素家族成员包括白细胞介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)、白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、多集落刺激因子、合成抑制因子等,影响细胞的增殖、生存、分化、迁移、侵袭、...     

HIV感染患者血清IL-2、IL-16水平和CD4细胞计数的相关性分析

目的:探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染患者血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-16(IL-16)水平和CD4细胞计数的相关性。方法:选择2017年3月至2018年3月我院接诊的50例HIV感染患者作为观察组及同期于我院进行体检的健康人群40例作为对照组。检测和比较两组血清IL-2、IL-16与CD4细胞计数,并分析观察组血清IL-2、IL-16与CD4细胞计数的相关性。结果:观察组患者血清IL-2、IL-16水平及CD4细胞计数显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);Pearson相关分析结果显示观察组患者血清IL-2、IL-16水平与CD4细胞计数呈显著正相关(r=0.514,r=0.499,P0.05)。结论:HIV感染患者血清IL-2、IL-16水平显著下调,并与CD4细胞计数呈显著正相关,可在一定程度上反映HIV感染的严重度。     

重组人IL-4抗血清的制备及鉴定

白细胞介素4(IL-4)是一种由TH2细胞分泌的具有多种生物学活性的细胞因子,是机体免疫系统的重要成员,在参与机体免疫调节方面有重要作用。据文献报道,IL-4在临床上与过敏性哮喘、皮炎等疾病有关,美国Genzyme公司已研制开发ELISA试剂盒检测IL-4水平,但价格昂贵。本实验制备rhIL-4抗血清以应用于IL-4的生物学活性研究及临床检测IL-4水平等方面。     

脾虚大鼠脑内IL-1β、IL-2 表达的变化及益气扶正中药的干预研究*

目的:研究脾虚模型大鼠脑内白细胞介素1 β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)的活性表达,以及扶正益气中药的干预作用.方法:40只大鼠随机分成4组,正常组、模型组、治疗1组(四君子汤组)、治疗2组(玉屏风散组),每组各10只.采用苦降泻下、饮食失节加劳倦过度法建立大鼠脾虚模型,采用免疫组化法检测下丘脑腹侧核、海马CA1区的IL-1β和IL-2表达变化与四君子汤玉屏风散的治疗作用.结果:IL-1β在海马CA1区和下丘脑腹侧核表达明显降低,IL-2在海马CA1区和下丘脑腹侧核表达明显降低;四君子汤治疗组IL-1β和IL-2在上述脑区表达明显上升;玉屏风散治疗组IL-1β和IL-2在上述脑区表达呈紊乱变化现象.结论:益气扶正中药四君子汤、玉屏风散可能通过影响免疫器官、调控细胞因子IL-1β和IL-2活性表达而调节机体免疫功能.     

白细胞介素-2对大鼠心肌收缩功能的影响涉及一氧化氮机制

为深入研究细胞因子白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)对心肌收缩功能的影响及其可能机制,本实验采用酶解分离成年大鼠心室肌细胞模型,用视频跟踪计算机系统记录测定单个心室肌细胞收缩反应并用双波长荧光系统检测细胞[Ca2+]i.心肌细胞收缩参数包括最大收缩幅度(dL)、细胞最大收缩速度(+dL/dtmax)、细胞最大舒张速度(-dL/dtmax)和舒张末期细胞长度.结果显示,IL-2(2-1000U/ml)浓度依赖性地抑制心肌细胞dL、±dL/dtmax和舒张末期细胞长度;用一氧化氮(ni-tric oxide,NO)合酶抑制剂L-NAME(100mmol/L)和可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(sGC)抑制剂ODQ(10mmol/L)可减弱IL-2对心肌细胞收缩的抑制作用,iNOS抑制剂Aminoguanidine(100mmol/L)对IL-2的作用则无明显影响.200 U/ml的IL-2可降低单个心室肌细胞电刺激诱导的钙瞬变幅度;ODQ(10mmol/L)可明显抑制IL-2对心肌细胞钙瞬变的作用.以上结果提示IL-2对大鼠心肌细胞收缩功能具有直接抑制作用,其机制可能通过刺激NOS活性,增加NO的生成,激活可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(sGC)从而导致细胞内Ca2+含量降低所致.     

Ornithine decarboxylase induction and polyamine biosynthesis are required for the growth of interleukin-2- and interleukin-3-dependent cell lines

The objective of this study was to evaluate induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, and subsequent polyamine accumulation in interleukin-2 (IL-2)- and interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent growth. The CTLL-20 and FDC-P1 cell lines, which have been shown to be absolutely dependent on IL-2 and IL-3, respectively, were used in these studies. The CTLL-20 and FDC-P1 cells each had different temporal patterns of ODC induction following lymphokine stimulation. ODC levels increased rapidly in the FDC-P1 cells, peaking 4 hr after stimulation with IL-3. In contrast, peak ODC activity in the CTLL-20 cells occurred 18 hr following stimulation with IL-2 and reached eightfold higher levels than those observed in the FDC-P1 cells. Treatment with D,L-alpha-difluoromethylornithine X HCl X H2O (DFMO), a specific irreversible inhibitor of ODC activity, completely abrogated lymphokine-dependent ODC induction in both the CTLL-20 and FDC-P1 cell lines. Similarly, intracellular levels of the polyamines putrescine and spermidine were reduced in both cell lines following DFMO treatment. DFMO treatment reduced both IL-2- and IL-3-dependent proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. However, this inhibition could be reversed by the addition of exogenous putrescine. DFMO treatment had no effect on cell viability. Polyamine-depleted CTLL-20 and FDC-P1 cells showed decreased absorption of IL-2 and IL-3 activity, respectively. However, the addition of exogenous putrescine restored the ability of the cells to absorb the appropriate lymphokine. These data are the first to demonstrate that ODC induction and polyamine biosynthesis are required in lymphokine dependent growth.     

Adrenocorticotropic hormone controls Concanavalin A activation of rat lymphocytes by modulating IL-2 production

The initiation of DNA synthesis and secretion of Interleukin 2 (IL-2) was measured in isolated rat splenic lymphocytes following activation with Concanavalin A (ConA). The extent of 3H-thymidine incorporation into activated cells was tested when cultured with various concentrations of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). A paradoxical dose-response curve resulted when ACTH caused a biphasic response of augmenting and inhibiting 3H-thymidine uptake in lymphocytes depending on the hormone concentration. Low levels of ACTH (0.001-1-nM) augmented 3H-thymidine uptake and high levels (10-1000 nM) reversed the effect. The optimal ACTH concentration was 10 pM ACTH in the presence of 5 ug/ml ConA and there was no ACTH effect on quiescent cells (no ConA). Conditioned media from splenic lymphocytes treated with various concentrations of ConA or ACTH was tested for increased uptake of 3H-thymidine by the IL-2 growth dependent Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Leukemia (CTLL-2) cells. ConA conditioned medium could sustain the CTLL-2 cells indicating the presence of IL-2. Conditioned medium from splenic lymphocytes treated with both ConA and 100 pM ACTH further increased CTLL-2 cell proliferation indicating an additional increase of IL-2 secretion. The identity of IL-2 was confirmed by using an anti-rat IL-2 antibody to neutralize the growth potential of the conditioned medium. ACTH alone had no effect on the CTLL-2 cell proliferation indicating the effect is due solely to induced IL-2 found in the conditioned medium. IL-2 levels in the conditioned media were quantitated by ELISA assay; splenic lymphocytes produced 4.2 ng/ml to ConA only, 19.2 ng/ml in ConA plus 10 nM ACTH, and no detectable IL-2 at ConA plus 10 uM ACTH. These results demonstrated that ACTH modulates IL-2 secretion from activated lymphocytes, which is both biphasic and concentration dependent.     

Phorbol esters inhibit apoptosis in IL-2-dependent T lymphocytes

The effect of phorbol esters on the proliferation and survival of interleukin-2(IL-2)-dependent cells was studied using an IL-2-dependent T cell line (CTLL-2) and blasts of BALB/c mouse spleen cells stimulated with Concanavalin A. Addition of phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) to CTLL-2 or ConA blasts induces a mitogenic response which is 25-40% of that elicited by IL-2. Interleukin 2 deprivation leads to a marked decline in the number of viable cells (50% of CTLL-2 cells have died after 8-10 hours incubation in IL-2-free medium). The mechanism of cell death seems to correspond to the suicide process known as apoptosis since an early degradation of DNA into oligonucleosome-size fragments could be observed after removal of the growth factor. When present, PDBu inhibits both the activation of the endonuclease and the development of the cell death process in CTLL-2 cells and ConA-blasts deprived of IL-2. Taken together, our results suggest that the tumor promoters phorbol esters inactivate in T cells the mechanism of cell elimination triggered by IL-2 deprivation and may help to explain why transformation of T cells decreases or even abolishes their requirements of IL-2 for survival and growth.     

Gene transfer investigations of p56-LCK function in IL-2-dependent T-cell lines: implications for mechanisms of IL-2-signal transduction.

Recently, the SRC-like non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase p56-LCK has been shown to physically associate with the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2-R) complex and to undergo rapid elevations in its tyrosine kinase activity upon stimulation of T lymphocytes with IL-2. The functional significance of p56-LCK kinase activation for IL-2-mediated lymphocyte responses, however, has never been directly assessed. Using gene transfer approaches, we have achieved markedly elevated levels of p56-LCK kinase activity in the IL-2-dependent cytolytic T-cell line CTLL-2 and the helper line HT-2. CTLL-2 and HT-2 cells that were stably transfected with expression plasmids encoding either the normal human p56-LCK or a constitutively active version of the mouse p56-LCK kinase (LCK[Y505]) contained striking elevations in the levels of tyrosine phosphorylation on several proteins (34-36, 50-60, 62-68, 77-78, 104-110 kDa), as determined by immunoblot analysis using anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. CTLL-2 and HT-2 LCK- and LCK(Y505F)-transfected cells remained dependent on IL-2 for their growth and survival in culture despite the findings that (i) IL-2 specifically stimulated elevations in the activity of the endogenous p56-LCK in untransfected CTLL-2 cells without affecting the activities of the other SRC-like kinases in these cells (p59-FYN, p62-YES) and that (ii) IL-2-mediated regulation of p56-LCK correlated with IL-2-driven proliferation of these T cells. Specifically, no elevation in the proliferation (DNA synthesis) or growth of these T cells was found at any of the concentrations of IL-2 examined (0.01-25 U/ml), relative to untransfected and control transfected cells. Furthermore, when cultured in the absence of IL-2, transfected T cells whose relative levels of p56-LCK activity were elevated by approximately 20-50-fold died with the same kinetics as control cells and underwent apoptosis, as defined by uptake of trypan blue dye and DNA fragmentation assays, respectively. Taken together, these data indicate that while IL-2 can up-regulate the enzymatic activity of p56-LCK, elevated levels of p56-LCK tyrosine kinase activity are insufficient to stimulate IL-2-mediated pathways required for T-cell growth and survival. These findings thus imply the existence of other signal-transducing molecules, besides p56-LCK, that physically participate in IL-2R complexes and that are necessary for initiation of the biochemical events ultimately responsible for IL-2's pleiotropic actions on lymphocytes.     

Induction of Bcl-xL Expression by Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax through NF-κB in Apoptosis-Resistant T-Cell Transfectants with Tax

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax is thought to play a pivotal role in immortalization of T cells. We have recently shown that the expression of Tax protected the mouse T-cell line CTLL-2 against apoptosis induced by interleukin-2 (IL-2) deprivation and converted its growth from being IL-2 dependent to being IL-2 independent. In this study, we demonstrate that constitutive expression of bcl-xl but not bcl-2, bcl-xs, bak, bad, or bax was associated with apoptosis resistance after IL-2 deprivation in CTLL-2 cells that expressed Tax. Transient-transfection assays showed that bcl-x promoter was transactivated by wild-type Tax. Similar effects were observed in mutant Tax retaining transactivating ability through NF-kappaB. Deletion or substitution of a putative NF-kappaB binding site identified in the bcl-x promoter significantly decreased Tax-induced transactivation. This NF-kappaB-like element was able to form a complex with NF-kappaB family proteins in vitro. Furthermore, Tax-induced transactivation of the bcl-x promoter was also diminished by the mutant IkappaBalpha, which specifically inhibits NF-kappaB activity. Our findings suggest that constitutive expression of Bcl-x(L) induced by Tax through the NF-kappaB pathway contributes to the inhibition of apoptosis in CTLL-2 cells after IL-2 deprivation.     

Gangliosides suppress the proliferation of autoreactive cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: ganglioside effects on IL-2 activity

Gangliosides have been shown to suppress human and murine lymphocyte proliferative responses in vitro. We tested the suppressive effects of gangliosides on the proliferation of autoreactive lymphoid cells obtained from Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Exogenous rat brain gangliosides inhibited both antigen- and mitogen-induced proliferation by as much as 79 and 93%, respectively. Gangliosides similarly inhibited the antigen-induced proliferation of a myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive T-cell line which is able to passively induce EAE. Suppression was greatest when gangliosides were added at the initiation of culture, and was not abrogated by supraoptimal antigen concentration. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) activity in culture supernatants was not diminished by the addition of gangliosides. Gangliosides did not inhibit the IL-2-induced proliferation of a murine IL-2-dependent cell line, CTLL-20, unless the IL-2 was first preincubated with gangliosides before the addition of CTLL-20. Preincubation of CTLL-20 with gangliosides resulted in no inhibition of the subsequent responses to IL-2. Exogenous gangliosides did not decrease the binding of a monoclonal antibody directed against the rat cell surface IL-2 receptor. Addition of exogenous IL-2 to ganglioside-suppressed cultures had no effect or only partially restored the proliferative responses. Therefore, gangliosides were shown to inhibit the proliferation of autoreactive lymphoid cells without affecting IL-2 production or IL-2 receptor expression.     

Interleukin-2 carbohydrate recognition modulates CTLL-2 cell proliferation

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) specifically recognizes high-mannose type glycans with five or six mannosyl residues. To determine whether the carbohydrate recognition activity of IL-2 contributes to its physiological activity, the inhibitory effects of high-mannose type glycans on IL-2-dependent CTLL-2 cell proliferation were investigated. Man(5)GlcNAc(2)Asn added to CTLL-2 cell cultures inhibited not only phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases but also IL-2-dependent cell proliferation. We found that a complex of IL-2, IL-2 receptor alpha, beta, gamma subunits, and tyrosine kinases was formed in rhIL-2-stimulated CTLL-2 cells. Among the components of this complex, only the IL-2 receptor alpha subunit was stained with Galanthus nivalis agglutinin which specifically recognizes high-mannose type glycans. This staining was diminished after digestion of the glycans with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H or D, suggesting that at least a N-glycan containing Man(5)GlcNAc(2) is linked to the extracellular portion of the IL-2 receptor alpha subunit. Our findings indicate that IL-2 binds the IL-2 receptor alpha subunit through Man(5)GlcNAc(2) and a specific peptide sequence on the surface of CTLL-2 cells. When IL-2 binds to the IL-2Ralpha subunit, this may trigger formation of the high affinity complex of IL-2-IL-2Ralpha, -beta, and -gamma subunits, leading to cellular signaling.     

Activation of a tyrosine protein kinase is an early event in the stimulation of T lymphocytes by interleukin-2

The ability of the T lymphocyte growth factor interleukin 2 (IL-2) to activate a tyrosine protein kinase in vivo was assessed by using antibodies to phosphotyrosine in conjunction with immunoblots. Treatment of the murine IL-2-dependent cytotoxic T cell line CTLL-2 with IL-2 resulted in an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins of molecular weights ranging from 38,000 to 120,000. The tyrosine phosphorylation in the various proteins increased in a concomitant fashion and reached a maximum level within 15 min. The concentration of IL-2 required for inducing this phosphorylation was similar to that required for stimulating [3H]thymidine uptake, indicating that the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation correlated with the ability of IL-2 to stimulate the proliferation of the CTLL-2 cells. IL-2 was also found to induce the phosphorylation of proteins on tyrosine residues in short term cultures of human T lymphocytes. These results suggest that IL-2, like other polypeptide growth factors, acts by stimulating the activity of a tyrosine protein kinase.